good morning or afternoon rather morning it’s good start isn’t it now I want to
it’s good start isn’t it now I want to
it’s good start isn’t it now I want to start this talk by taking a look at the
start this talk by taking a look at the
start this talk by taking a look at the glass of water in front of you you got
glass of water in front of you you got
glass of water in front of you you got one glass of water bottle of water
one glass of water bottle of water
one glass of water bottle of water whatever it is just taking your hand and
whatever it is just taking your hand and
whatever it is just taking your hand and look at it up close and just tell me
look at it up close and just tell me
look at it up close and just tell me what you see
what you see
what you see it’s colorless still bit featureless to
it’s colorless still bit featureless to
it’s colorless still bit featureless to be honest boring maybe is the word
be honest boring maybe is the word
be honest boring maybe is the word you’re using in your head right now so
you’re using in your head right now so
you’re using in your head right now so what on earth are we going to talk about
what on earth are we going to talk about
what on earth are we going to talk about for the next 15 minutes well as it
for the next 15 minutes well as it
for the next 15 minutes well as it happens boring things are things that I
happens boring things are things that I
happens boring things are things that I get interested in sometimes and in
get interested in sometimes and in
get interested in sometimes and in moments of idle speculation I think
moments of idle speculation I think
moments of idle speculation I think about them years and years and years ago
about them years and years and years ago
about them years and years and years ago in one of these idle moments of
in one of these idle moments of
in one of these idle moments of speculation I was thinking about water
speculation I was thinking about water
speculation I was thinking about water in the context of this this is the pH
in the context of this this is the pH
in the context of this this is the pH scale so over there pH 1 acids pH 14
scale so over there pH 1 acids pH 14
scale so over there pH 1 acids pH 14 alkali and I was thinking to myself the
alkali and I was thinking to myself the
alkali and I was thinking to myself the the only thing I can think of that’s pH
the only thing I can think of that’s pH
the only thing I can think of that’s pH 7 neutral neither acid nor alkaline is
7 neutral neither acid nor alkaline is
7 neutral neither acid nor alkaline is water and now you know started to think
water and now you know started to think
water and now you know started to think about that I thought oh of course that
about that I thought oh of course that
about that I thought oh of course that makes sense because an acid is just
makes sense because an acid is just
makes sense because an acid is just defined as something that sir has a
defined as something that sir has a
defined as something that sir has a concentration of H+ ions hydrogen nuclei
concentration of H+ ions hydrogen nuclei
concentration of H+ ions hydrogen nuclei and the more you have of them the
and the more you have of them the
and the more you have of them the further the lower the pH the more Oh H
further the lower the pH the more Oh H
further the lower the pH the more Oh H minus ions you have in solution in
minus ions you have in solution in
minus ions you have in solution in something hydroxide you get higher in
something hydroxide you get higher in
something hydroxide you get higher in the pH scale so sodium hydroxide drain
the pH scale so sodium hydroxide drain
the pH scale so sodium hydroxide drain cleaner is 14 pH 14 and that is an
cleaner is 14 pH 14 and that is an
cleaner is 14 pH 14 and that is an alkali the only thing that has an equal
alkali the only thing that has an equal
alkali the only thing that has an equal number of H+ and OH h minus ions is h o
number of H+ and OH h minus ions is h o
number of H+ and OH h minus ions is h o h which is water obvious
it’s very neat to write it’s very neat
it’s very neat to write it’s very neat another neat thing about water is how it
another neat thing about water is how it
another neat thing about water is how it boils at exactly 100 degrees Celsius and
boils at exactly 100 degrees Celsius and
boils at exactly 100 degrees Celsius and freezes at exactly zero degrees Celsius
freezes at exactly zero degrees Celsius
freezes at exactly zero degrees Celsius very very neat considering how messy
very very neat considering how messy
very very neat considering how messy nature actually is and you think how is
nature actually is and you think how is
nature actually is and you think how is this possible of course we’ve defined
this possible of course we’ve defined
this possible of course we’ve defined the temperature scale using water that’s
the temperature scale using water that’s
the temperature scale using water that’s why it’s like that you know Convention
why it’s like that you know Convention
why it’s like that you know Convention does play its role in science and you
does play its role in science and you
does play its role in science and you know I started to pull at these sort of
know I started to pull at these sort of
know I started to pull at these sort of meat hanging threads for for my own
meat hanging threads for for my own
meat hanging threads for for my own entertainment and what I discovered was
entertainment and what I discovered was
entertainment and what I discovered was something actually quite disturbing and
something actually quite disturbing and
something actually quite disturbing and uncomfortable water isn’t the boring
uncomfortable water isn’t the boring
uncomfortable water isn’t the boring liquid that you think it is it isn’t
liquid that you think it is it isn’t
liquid that you think it is it isn’t this sort of Placid thing in the
this sort of Placid thing in the
this sort of Placid thing in the background it’s actually very very very
background it’s actually very very very
background it’s actually very very very strange stuff I mean for example this
strange stuff I mean for example this
strange stuff I mean for example this this is an iceberg as you might see and
this is an iceberg as you might see and
this is an iceberg as you might see and what you’re seeing there is a solid ice
what you’re seeing there is a solid ice
what you’re seeing there is a solid ice floating on liquid water they’re the
floating on liquid water they’re the
floating on liquid water they’re the same material and this obviously is
same material and this obviously is
same material and this obviously is beautiful and you’re thinking that well
beautiful and you’re thinking that well
beautiful and you’re thinking that well what’s weird about that well the weird
what’s weird about that well the weird
what’s weird about that well the weird thing is of course that you can see the
thing is of course that you can see the
thing is of course that you can see the iceberg at all ice is a solid it should
iceberg at all ice is a solid it should
iceberg at all ice is a solid it should float down to the bottom of its liquid
float down to the bottom of its liquid
float down to the bottom of its liquid like everything else in chemistry but it
like everything else in chemistry but it
like everything else in chemistry but it doesn’t it floats because when water
doesn’t it floats because when water
doesn’t it floats because when water molecules freeze they produce large gaps
molecules freeze they produce large gaps
molecules freeze they produce large gaps in them in the crystal structure which
in them in the crystal structure which
in them in the crystal structure which means that ice is less dense and it
means that ice is less dense and it
means that ice is less dense and it floats the top this is so strange
floats the top this is so strange
floats the top this is so strange in chemistry terms that it’s kind of
in chemistry terms that it’s kind of
in chemistry terms that it’s kind of mind-boggling and we don’t see it every
mind-boggling and we don’t see it every
mind-boggling and we don’t see it every day in fact you’re probably used to
day in fact you’re probably used to
day in fact you’re probably used to something like this where ice is in your
something like this where ice is in your
something like this where ice is in your drink and you don’t notice the fact that
drink and you don’t notice the fact that
drink and you don’t notice the fact that it’s floating and that is weird
it’s floating and that is weird
it’s floating and that is weird chemistry that is so strange
chemistry that is so strange
chemistry that is so strange this is substance that you just don’t
this is substance that you just don’t
this is substance that you just don’t see the weirdness is off right now in
see the weirdness is off right now in
see the weirdness is off right now in front of you you’ve got liquid water the
front of you you’ve got liquid water the
front of you you’ve got liquid water the molecule h2o is very light similar like
molecule h2o is very light similar like
molecule h2o is very light similar like molecules at this temperature and
molecules at this temperature and
molecules at this temperature and pressure in this room would be gases
pressure in this room would be gases
pressure in this room would be gases ammonia methane these things are gases
ammonia methane these things are gases
ammonia methane these things are gases why’s water liquid at this temperature
why’s water liquid at this temperature
why’s water liquid at this temperature it kind of makes no sense
it kind of makes no sense
it kind of makes no sense this is a weird substance chemists are
this is a weird substance chemists are
this is a weird substance chemists are slightly frightened frightened of
slightly frightened frightened of
slightly frightened frightened of studying it but if it wasn’t so strange
studying it but if it wasn’t so strange
studying it but if it wasn’t so strange and there are many many more strange
and there are many many more strange
and there are many many more strange things about it if it wasn’t so strange
things about it if it wasn’t so strange
things about it if it wasn’t so strange and we wouldn’t be here today this is a
and we wouldn’t be here today this is a
and we wouldn’t be here today this is a substance that for example can flow
substance that for example can flow
substance that for example can flow upwards against the force of gravity it
upwards against the force of gravity it
upwards against the force of gravity it floats on its own liquid it makes no
floats on its own liquid it makes no
floats on its own liquid it makes no sense if you all not try and understand
sense if you all not try and understand
sense if you all not try and understand some of these things I mean this is not
some of these things I mean this is not
some of these things I mean this is not magical it is because of certain
magical it is because of certain
magical it is because of certain understood bits of science at least in
understood bits of science at least in
understood bits of science at least in the basic sense you have to look at the
the basic sense you have to look at the
the basic sense you have to look at the structure of a water molecule there it
structure of a water molecule there it
structure of a water molecule there it is in the middle h2o
is in the middle h2o
is in the middle h2o two hydrogen’s and an oxygen in the
two hydrogen’s and an oxygen in the
two hydrogen’s and an oxygen in the middle and what you’re looking at is a
middle and what you’re looking at is a
middle and what you’re looking at is a molecule that’s slightly bent at about
molecule that’s slightly bent at about
molecule that’s slightly bent at about 104 degrees and it’s neutral
104 degrees and it’s neutral
104 degrees and it’s neutral electrically neutral it just floats
electrically neutral it just floats
electrically neutral it just floats around happily being electrically
around happily being electrically
around happily being electrically neutral but that isn’t the end of the
neutral but that isn’t the end of the
neutral but that isn’t the end of the story of course the oxygen is ever so
story of course the oxygen is ever so
story of course the oxygen is ever so slightly negative fractionally negative
slightly negative fractionally negative
slightly negative fractionally negative and two hydrogens are ever so slightly
and two hydrogens are ever so slightly
and two hydrogens are ever so slightly positive just in tens the electronic
positive just in tens the electronic
positive just in tens the electronic structure so you get this slightly just
structure so you get this slightly just
structure so you get this slightly just as very slight dipole change in the
as very slight dipole change in the
as very slight dipole change in the electric electric poles around the water
electric electric poles around the water
electric electric poles around the water molecule Matt means that the hydrogen of
molecule Matt means that the hydrogen of
molecule Matt means that the hydrogen of one with its fractional positive charge
one with its fractional positive charge
one with its fractional positive charge is slightly attracted to the oxygen of
is slightly attracted to the oxygen of
is slightly attracted to the oxygen of another molecule and the hydrogen above
another molecule and the hydrogen above
another molecule and the hydrogen above that one is attracted to this one this
that one is attracted to this one this
that one is attracted to this one this is called a hydrogen bond it happens in
is called a hydrogen bond it happens in
is called a hydrogen bond it happens in many many different types of molecules
many many different types of molecules
many many different types of molecules that have these sorts of bonds but with
that have these sorts of bonds but with
that have these sorts of bonds but with water it’s particularly special because
water it’s particularly special because
water it’s particularly special because water can form four of these hydrogen
water can form four of these hydrogen
water can form four of these hydrogen bonds and they’re really small
bonds and they’re really small
bonds and they’re really small fractional charges that can come and go
fractional charges that can come and go
fractional charges that can come and go as the molecules move around in a sense
as the molecules move around in a sense
as the molecules move around in a sense they’re not that important if you if you
they’re not that important if you if you
they’re not that important if you if you were to Justice or look to look at the
were to Justice or look to look at the
were to Justice or look to look at the values of the bonding the bonds that
values of the bonding the bonds that
values of the bonding the bonds that combine hydrogen oxygen are way stronger
combine hydrogen oxygen are way stronger
combine hydrogen oxygen are way stronger than any of these bonds here but that’s
than any of these bonds here but that’s
than any of these bonds here but that’s slight attraction between different
slight attraction between different
slight attraction between different molecules in water gives it a set of
molecules in water gives it a set of
molecules in water gives it a set of really interesting properties that
really interesting properties that
really interesting properties that virtually nothing else has so for
virtually nothing else has so for
virtually nothing else has so for example the feet the fact that water is
example the feet the fact that water is
example the feet the fact that water is a liquid at room temperature and
a liquid at room temperature and
a liquid at room temperature and pressure is because in liquid that all
pressure is because in liquid that all
pressure is because in liquid that all these
these
these bonds forming all the time and it just
bonds forming all the time and it just
bonds forming all the time and it just takes that little bit extra energy to
takes that little bit extra energy to
takes that little bit extra energy to transform a liquid into a gas which
transform a liquid into a gas which
transform a liquid into a gas which means that at this temperature water is
means that at this temperature water is
means that at this temperature water is a liquid or something like ammonia boils
a liquid or something like ammonia boils
a liquid or something like ammonia boils at several hundred degrees below
at several hundred degrees below
at several hundred degrees below freezing
freezing
freezing maybe not several hundred degrees
maybe not several hundred degrees
maybe not several hundred degrees hundred 50 or something and this also
hundred 50 or something and this also
hundred 50 or something and this also leads to many other very interesting
leads to many other very interesting
leads to many other very interesting properties so let me go back one one the
properties so let me go back one one the
properties so let me go back one one the other thing about this is that it shows
other thing about this is that it shows
other thing about this is that it shows that water loves to stick to itself and
that water loves to stick to itself and
that water loves to stick to itself and it loves to stick to everything else
it loves to stick to everything else
it loves to stick to everything else around it you know when when Newton and
around it you know when when Newton and
around it you know when when Newton and the alchemists were looking for the
the alchemists were looking for the
the alchemists were looking for the universal solvent they didn’t think the
universal solvent they didn’t think the
universal solvent they didn’t think the water would be it but it is it dissolves
water would be it but it is it dissolves
water would be it but it is it dissolves absolutely everything given enough time
absolutely everything given enough time
absolutely everything given enough time you think about the Grand Canyon that’s
you think about the Grand Canyon that’s
you think about the Grand Canyon that’s basically been dissolved by water over
basically been dissolved by water over
basically been dissolved by water over hundreds of thousands of millions of
hundreds of thousands of millions of
hundreds of thousands of millions of years water dissolves everything it
years water dissolves everything it
years water dissolves everything it loves to stick to things but it doesn’t
loves to stick to things but it doesn’t
loves to stick to things but it doesn’t like to stick to anything more but it
like to stick to anything more but it
like to stick to anything more but it likes to stick to itself it’s quite a
likes to stick to itself it’s quite a
likes to stick to itself it’s quite a narcissistic molecule in that respect if
narcissistic molecule in that respect if
narcissistic molecule in that respect if you’ve ever if you’d want a glass of
you’ve ever if you’d want a glass of
you’ve ever if you’d want a glass of water in front of you if you look at the
water in front of you if you look at the
water in front of you if you look at the edges of the the surface of the water
edges of the the surface of the water
edges of the the surface of the water you’ll see that they go up on the water
you’ll see that they go up on the water
you’ll see that they go up on the water on the side of the bottle the same thing
on the side of the bottle the same thing
on the side of the bottle the same thing happens on ponds and everything this is
happens on ponds and everything this is
happens on ponds and everything this is a slight meniscus at the top and that’s
a slight meniscus at the top and that’s
a slight meniscus at the top and that’s because water sticks to itself and at
because water sticks to itself and at
because water sticks to itself and at the boundary of different more different
the boundary of different more different
the boundary of different more different media let’s say water and air it’s
media let’s say water and air it’s
media let’s say water and air it’s actually if you’re it’s actually
actually if you’re it’s actually
actually if you’re it’s actually relatively difficult to pierce the top
relatively difficult to pierce the top
relatively difficult to pierce the top of the water now you and I can do this
of the water now you and I can do this
of the water now you and I can do this because we’re you know much more
because we’re you know much more
because we’re you know much more powerful than the hydrogen bonds but
powerful than the hydrogen bonds but
powerful than the hydrogen bonds but like insects in slight insects like pond
like insects in slight insects like pond
like insects in slight insects like pond skaters and those kinds of things can
skaters and those kinds of things can
skaters and those kinds of things can just float on these things and treat
just float on these things and treat
just float on these things and treat them as if they’re solid surfaces and
them as if they’re solid surfaces and
them as if they’re solid surfaces and that same property the ability for water
that same property the ability for water
that same property the ability for water to stick to itself especially on very
to stick to itself especially on very
to stick to itself especially on very narrow tubes imagine these bottles of
narrow tubes imagine these bottles of
narrow tubes imagine these bottles of water in front of you are very very very
water in front of you are very very very
water in front of you are very very very narrow the meniscus would be quite
narrow the meniscus would be quite
narrow the meniscus would be quite pronounced it allows water to actually
pronounced it allows water to actually
pronounced it allows water to actually flow upwards against the force of
flow upwards against the force of
flow upwards against the force of gravity which is useful if you are a
gravity which is useful if you are a
gravity which is useful if you are a tree and want to get water from your
tree and want to get water from your
tree and want to get water from your roots to the crown of your leaves use of
roots to the crown of your leaves use of
roots to the crown of your leaves use of all of us because it means that blood
all of us because it means that blood
all of us because it means that blood can get to the
can get to the
can get to the tips of a right to the top of your brain
tips of a right to the top of your brain
tips of a right to the top of your brain in small capillaries in fact water is so
in small capillaries in fact water is so
in small capillaries in fact water is so fundamental to life that it’s doing
fundamental to life that it’s doing
fundamental to life that it’s doing multiple multiple jobs inside you and
multiple multiple jobs inside you and
multiple multiple jobs inside you and all life that you will be able to live
all life that you will be able to live
all life that you will be able to live without it it’s right now transporting
without it it’s right now transporting
without it it’s right now transporting energy into and out of your cells it’s
energy into and out of your cells it’s
energy into and out of your cells it’s creating the environment in your cells
creating the environment in your cells
creating the environment in your cells that mean that proteins and DNA actually
that mean that proteins and DNA actually
that mean that proteins and DNA actually function in the right way they fold into
function in the right way they fold into
function in the right way they fold into the right shapes to do the jobs they
the right shapes to do the jobs they
the right shapes to do the jobs they need to do everywhere on earth that
need to do everywhere on earth that
need to do everywhere on earth that there’s water there is life and there is
there’s water there is life and there is
there’s water there is life and there is no life on earth without water in fact
no life on earth without water in fact
no life on earth without water in fact it’s often thought that life started in
it’s often thought that life started in
it’s often thought that life started in water itself for 1/2 billion years ago
water itself for 1/2 billion years ago
water itself for 1/2 billion years ago at the bottom of the ocean where
at the bottom of the ocean where
at the bottom of the ocean where hydrothermal vents these cracks in the
hydrothermal vents these cracks in the
hydrothermal vents these cracks in the ocean floor are sort of spewing heat
ocean floor are sort of spewing heat
ocean floor are sort of spewing heat lots of energy up through the ocean
lots of energy up through the ocean
lots of energy up through the ocean floors it’s a place where minerals and
floors it’s a place where minerals and
floors it’s a place where minerals and heat sort of combine and three half
heat sort of combine and three half
heat sort of combine and three half billion years ago the early ancestors to
billion years ago the early ancestors to
billion years ago the early ancestors to what we now call cells would have
what we now call cells would have
what we now call cells would have started to be created in those sorts of
started to be created in those sorts of
started to be created in those sorts of environments and another interesting
environments and another interesting
environments and another interesting property of water allowed for the
property of water allowed for the
property of water allowed for the complexity of life that we see around us
complexity of life that we see around us
complexity of life that we see around us I told you about water floating it’s a
I told you about water floating it’s a
I told you about water floating it’s a curiosity for sure you know but it’s
curiosity for sure you know but it’s
curiosity for sure you know but it’s also fundamental in us being here today
also fundamental in us being here today
also fundamental in us being here today across the history of the earth we’ve
across the history of the earth we’ve
across the history of the earth we’ve had many many ice ages and so that’s
had many many ice ages and so that’s
had many many ice ages and so that’s there where the surface of the earth
there where the surface of the earth
there where the surface of the earth completely freezes over and if there was
completely freezes over and if there was
completely freezes over and if there was life evolving by those times and any of
life evolving by those times and any of
life evolving by those times and any of those times when ice age has happened
those times when ice age has happened
those times when ice age has happened and water froze in a let’s say normal
and water froze in a let’s say normal
and water froze in a let’s say normal way in other words from the bottom up
way in other words from the bottom up
way in other words from the bottom up and the bottom it’s wherever it is up to
and the bottom it’s wherever it is up to
and the bottom it’s wherever it is up to the surface then every time there was an
the surface then every time there was an
the surface then every time there was an ice age any microbe or life-form that
ice age any microbe or life-form that
ice age any microbe or life-form that was evolving and living at the bottom of
was evolving and living at the bottom of
was evolving and living at the bottom of ponds and rivers would have been
ponds and rivers would have been
ponds and rivers would have been destroyed the earth would have been
destroyed the earth would have been
destroyed the earth would have been sterilized pretty much every single time
sterilized pretty much every single time
sterilized pretty much every single time there’s an ice age but because water
there’s an ice age but because water
there’s an ice age but because water freezes from the top down it means that
freezes from the top down it means that
freezes from the top down it means that the water underneath as something
the water underneath as something
the water underneath as something freezes from the top down is insulated
freezes from the top down is insulated
freezes from the top down is insulated from whatever conditions are on the set
from whatever conditions are on the set
from whatever conditions are on the set the outside so therefore for the three a
the outside so therefore for the three a
the outside so therefore for the three a half billion years that life has been on
half billion years that life has been on
half billion years that life has been on this planet there’s always been liquid
this planet there’s always been liquid
this planet there’s always been liquid water because of this fundamental
water because of this fundamental
water because of this fundamental strange property of ice floating has
strange property of ice floating has
strange property of ice floating has always been liquid water and a place for
always been liquid water and a place for
always been liquid water and a place for life to continuously evolve into the
life to continuously evolve into the
life to continuously evolve into the rich complexity that we see around us
rich complexity that we see around us
rich complexity that we see around us today and if water can do all these
today and if water can do all these
today and if water can do all these things here on earth the question you
things here on earth the question you
things here on earth the question you got to ask yourself is why can’t do it
got to ask yourself is why can’t do it
got to ask yourself is why can’t do it anywhere else and this is an interesting
anywhere else and this is an interesting
anywhere else and this is an interesting area of discovery because we now know
area of discovery because we now know
area of discovery because we now know there’s water on every single body in
there’s water on every single body in
there’s water on every single body in the solar system pretty much every
the solar system pretty much every
the solar system pretty much every single body from the from the poles of
single body from the from the poles of
single body from the from the poles of mercury to the mountains of water ice on
mercury to the mountains of water ice on
mercury to the mountains of water ice on Pluto has water everywhere on Enceladus
Pluto has water everywhere on Enceladus
Pluto has water everywhere on Enceladus this is a moon of Saturn we recently
this is a moon of Saturn we recently
this is a moon of Saturn we recently discovered that underneath the thick icy
discovered that underneath the thick icy
discovered that underneath the thick icy crust there are oceans of water huge
crust there are oceans of water huge
crust there are oceans of water huge oceans of water in fact they burst out
oceans of water in fact they burst out
oceans of water in fact they burst out of the surface this is a picture taken
of the surface this is a picture taken
of the surface this is a picture taken by Cassini they burst out this is a
by Cassini they burst out this is a
by Cassini they burst out this is a graphic but these disciplines were
graphic but these disciplines were
graphic but these disciplines were discovered by Cassini and these are
discovered by Cassini and these are
discovered by Cassini and these are plumes of water are just flowing out we
plumes of water are just flowing out we
plumes of water are just flowing out we now know of course that the oceans Ilham
now know of course that the oceans Ilham
now know of course that the oceans Ilham Enceladus are actually warm and we also
Enceladus are actually warm and we also
Enceladus are actually warm and we also know that they sit on rocks that’s very
know that they sit on rocks that’s very
know that they sit on rocks that’s very similar to the conditions in which the
similar to the conditions in which the
similar to the conditions in which the water on life on earth started this is
water on life on earth started this is
water on life on earth started this is Enceladus Europa has similar conditions
Enceladus Europa has similar conditions
Enceladus Europa has similar conditions which is a moon of Jupiter there are
which is a moon of Jupiter there are
which is a moon of Jupiter there are probably other bodies on the solar
probably other bodies on the solar
probably other bodies on the solar system where this happens and if you
system where this happens and if you
system where this happens and if you look beyond the solar system of course
look beyond the solar system of course
look beyond the solar system of course in recent decade we’ve confirmed the
in recent decade we’ve confirmed the
in recent decade we’ve confirmed the existence of several thousand exoplanets
existence of several thousand exoplanets
existence of several thousand exoplanets which orbit other Suns the predictions
which orbit other Suns the predictions
which orbit other Suns the predictions are there are trillions of these in our
are there are trillions of these in our
are there are trillions of these in our galaxy exoplanets now we don’t know how
galaxy exoplanets now we don’t know how
galaxy exoplanets now we don’t know how likely is that when you get conditions
likely is that when you get conditions
likely is that when you get conditions like this life will spontaneously start
like this life will spontaneously start
like this life will spontaneously start we don’t know that number but what we do
we don’t know that number but what we do
we don’t know that number but what we do know now is that the number on the other
know now is that the number on the other
know now is that the number on the other side in other words the possibilities
side in other words the possibilities
side in other words the possibilities for it are exponentially higher than we
for it are exponentially higher than we
for it are exponentially higher than we knew before because there aren’t going
knew before because there aren’t going
knew before because there aren’t going to be in those trillions of planets
to be in those trillions of planets
to be in those trillions of planets hundreds of thousands if not millions of
hundreds of thousands if not millions of
hundreds of thousands if not millions of planets with liquid water which is the
planets with liquid water which is the
planets with liquid water which is the essentially the signature you look for
essentially the signature you look for
essentially the signature you look for when you start to look for life
when you start to look for life
when you start to look for life we’re just in case you don’t know what
we’re just in case you don’t know what
we’re just in case you don’t know what water looks like so the thing about
water looks like so the thing about
water looks like so the thing about water
water
water my ideal curiosity at the beginning
my ideal curiosity at the beginning
my ideal curiosity at the beginning which was that why is it pH 7 why is the
which was that why is it pH 7 why is the
which was that why is it pH 7 why is the temperature scales so neat
temperature scales so neat
temperature scales so neat we’ve already handled that one that’s
we’ve already handled that one that’s
we’ve already handled that one that’s because we’ve defined these things using
because we’ve defined these things using
because we’ve defined these things using water and so many other things in
water and so many other things in
water and so many other things in science and culture all of our lives
science and culture all of our lives
science and culture all of our lives everything is defined by water our
everything is defined by water our
everything is defined by water our entire logical world is built around
entire logical world is built around
entire logical world is built around water but first civilizations started
water but first civilizations started
water but first civilizations started around you know coastlines and rivers
around you know coastlines and rivers
around you know coastlines and rivers because we need it so much power and or
because we need it so much power and or
because we need it so much power and or politics of based around water in many
politics of based around water in many
politics of based around water in many respects and to be honest they are this
respects and to be honest they are this
respects and to be honest they are this is that this is the substance it’s our
is that this is the substance it’s our
is that this is the substance it’s our connection to the very first humans if
connection to the very first humans if
connection to the very first humans if we go back to thousands of years to meet
we go back to thousands of years to meet
we go back to thousands of years to meet the first humans we wouldn’t understand
the first humans we wouldn’t understand
the first humans we wouldn’t understand what they ate what they spoke or what
what they ate what they spoke or what
what they ate what they spoke or what the language they spoke while their
the language they spoke while their
the language they spoke while their customs but we certainly understand what
customs but we certainly understand what
customs but we certainly understand what they do with water and they would
they do with water and they would
they do with water and they would understand what we do with water it’s
understand what we do with water it’s
understand what we do with water it’s our connection also to anything that
our connection also to anything that
our connection also to anything that might be out there because out there in
might be out there because out there in
might be out there because out there in other civil I ain’t civilized far away
other civil I ain’t civilized far away
other civil I ain’t civilized far away civilizations if they exist or even
civilizations if they exist or even
civilizations if they exist or even simple fly forms they may use other
simple fly forms they may use other
simple fly forms they may use other molecules to build their bodies they may
molecules to build their bodies they may
molecules to build their bodies they may use other molecules to transfer genetic
use other molecules to transfer genetic
use other molecules to transfer genetic information from one generation to the
information from one generation to the
information from one generation to the next but I bet you it’s a very high
next but I bet you it’s a very high
next but I bet you it’s a very high likelihood that they use water to make
likelihood that they use water to make
likelihood that they use water to make all those things actually function so
all those things actually function so
all those things actually function so once again lift up your glass of water
once again lift up your glass of water
once again lift up your glass of water or your bottle of water and look at it
or your bottle of water and look at it
or your bottle of water and look at it now and just tell me one more time what
now and just tell me one more time what
now and just tell me one more time what do you see in that glass of water now
”
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