imagine imagine you live in a utopia what does it look like
what does it look like
what does it look like maybe it’s filled with futuristic cities
maybe it’s filled with futuristic cities
maybe it’s filled with futuristic cities maybe it’s a rural world in which people
maybe it’s a rural world in which people
maybe it’s a rural world in which people live in harmony with the natural
live in harmony with the natural
live in harmony with the natural environment I wonder if my utopia is the
environment I wonder if my utopia is the
environment I wonder if my utopia is the same as your utopia or the person
same as your utopia or the person
same as your utopia or the person sitting next to you I wonder if there’s
sitting next to you I wonder if there’s
sitting next to you I wonder if there’s mental illness in your utopia about
mental illness in your utopia about
mental illness in your utopia about about 10 years ago I was driving around
about 10 years ago I was driving around
about 10 years ago I was driving around the m25 and my car helpfully decided to
the m25 and my car helpfully decided to
the m25 and my car helpfully decided to dump its coolant to all over the road I
dump its coolant to all over the road I
dump its coolant to all over the road I called the breakdown service and a very
called the breakdown service and a very
called the breakdown service and a very nice guy called Graham came out looked
nice guy called Graham came out looked
nice guy called Graham came out looked at my car and confirmed that it did
at my car and confirmed that it did
at my car and confirmed that it did indeed it did in the deed need to be
indeed it did in the deed need to be
indeed it did in the deed need to be towed it’s a couple of hours drive from
towed it’s a couple of hours drive from
towed it’s a couple of hours drive from London to Oxford so he had quite a long
London to Oxford so he had quite a long
London to Oxford so he had quite a long time to chat on the journey as as you do
time to chat on the journey as as you do
time to chat on the journey as as you do he asked me what it is that I do for a
he asked me what it is that I do for a
he asked me what it is that I do for a living and I explained that I’m a
living and I explained that I’m a
living and I explained that I’m a scientist I’m interested in the
scientist I’m interested in the
scientist I’m interested in the biological basis of mental health and
biological basis of mental health and
biological basis of mental health and mental illness he then told me the most
mental illness he then told me the most
mental illness he then told me the most extraordinary story about his childhood
extraordinary story about his childhood
extraordinary story about his childhood extraordinary because he was raised by
extraordinary because he was raised by
extraordinary because he was raised by his mum who was later diagnosed with
his mum who was later diagnosed with
his mum who was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder he told me very vividly
bipolar disorder he told me very vividly
bipolar disorder he told me very vividly what it was like to see her symptoms
what it was like to see her symptoms
what it was like to see her symptoms through a child’s eyes and there was one
through a child’s eyes and there was one
through a child’s eyes and there was one thing that he said in particular that
thing that he said in particular that
thing that he said in particular that has really struck struck me and stuck
has really struck struck me and stuck
has really struck struck me and stuck with me he said that one day she taken
with me he said that one day she taken
with me he said that one day she taken to her bed she was very depressed and
to her bed she was very depressed and
to her bed she was very depressed and she couldn’t get up he’d gone in to see
she couldn’t get up he’d gone in to see
she couldn’t get up he’d gone in to see if he could coax her out of bed but he
if he could coax her out of bed but he
if he could coax her out of bed but he said as soon as he walked in the door he
said as soon as he walked in the door he
said as soon as he walked in the door he knew that that wasn’t going to happen in
knew that that wasn’t going to happen in
knew that that wasn’t going to happen in his words I looked at the bed and I saw
his words I looked at the bed and I saw
his words I looked at the bed and I saw this woman in the bed that looked like
this woman in the bed that looked like
this woman in the bed that looked like my mum but I could see it wasn’t my mum
my mum but I could see it wasn’t my mum
my mum but I could see it wasn’t my mum really in subsequent years I’ve had the
really in subsequent years I’ve had the
really in subsequent years I’ve had the privilege to talk to lots and lots of
privilege to talk to lots and lots of
privilege to talk to lots and lots of people about their experiences with
people about their experiences with
people about their experiences with mental health and mental illness I doubt
mental health and mental illness I doubt
mental health and mental illness I doubt there’s a single person here who hasn’t
there’s a single person here who hasn’t
there’s a single person here who hasn’t been touched by this in some way and
been touched by this in some way and
been touched by this in some way and what I’ve learned is that everybody’s
what I’ve learned is that everybody’s
what I’ve learned is that everybody’s experience is different some people see
experience is different some people see
experience is different some people see their illness as entirely separate from
their illness as entirely separate from
their illness as entirely separate from themselves you may have heard how
themselves you may have heard how
themselves you may have heard how Churchill used to refer to his
Churchill used to refer to his
Churchill used to refer to his depression as a black dog but for other
depression as a black dog but for other
depression as a black dog but for other people it’s more complicated they find
people it’s more complicated they find
people it’s more complicated they find their symptoms into oven with who they
their symptoms into oven with who they
their symptoms into oven with who they are as individuals some people have told
are as individuals some people have told
are as individuals some people have told me they see their ill self is like a
me they see their ill self is like a
me they see their ill self is like a shadow self of themselves whilst for
shadow self of themselves whilst for
shadow self of themselves whilst for other people their symptoms are a core
other people their symptoms are a core
other people their symptoms are a core part of who
part of who
part of who their personality and who they are as
their personality and who they are as
their personality and who they are as individuals it’s this complexity that
individuals it’s this complexity that
individuals it’s this complexity that drove me to work in this field I think
drove me to work in this field I think
drove me to work in this field I think it’s absolutely fascinating that we can
it’s absolutely fascinating that we can
it’s absolutely fascinating that we can start to understand these things from a
start to understand these things from a
start to understand these things from a biological point of view and
biological point of view and
biological point of view and fundamentally I think that understanding
fundamentally I think that understanding
fundamentally I think that understanding the biology of mental health and mental
the biology of mental health and mental
the biology of mental health and mental illness tells us a lot about who we are
illness tells us a lot about who we are
illness tells us a lot about who we are as humans before we can consider whether
as humans before we can consider whether
as humans before we can consider whether there would be mental illness in a
there would be mental illness in a
there would be mental illness in a utopia I’d like to spend a few minutes
utopia I’d like to spend a few minutes
utopia I’d like to spend a few minutes telling you about what we know about the
telling you about what we know about the
telling you about what we know about the causes of mental illness
causes of mental illness
causes of mental illness the first thing probably the most
the first thing probably the most
the first thing probably the most important thing is that there is no
important thing is that there is no
important thing is that there is no single cause of mental illness instead
single cause of mental illness instead
single cause of mental illness instead and the symptoms that we see in people
and the symptoms that we see in people
and the symptoms that we see in people appear to arise from lots of things that
appear to arise from lots of things that
appear to arise from lots of things that individually slightly increase
individually slightly increase
individually slightly increase somebody’s risk of becoming ill we call
somebody’s risk of becoming ill we call
somebody’s risk of becoming ill we call these risk factors another thing that we
these risk factors another thing that we
these risk factors another thing that we know is that genes are really important
know is that genes are really important
know is that genes are really important we know that genes form a major
we know that genes form a major
we know that genes form a major component of all of the major mental
component of all of the major mental
component of all of the major mental illnesses the extent to which genes are
illnesses the extent to which genes are
illnesses the extent to which genes are important varies between different
important varies between different
important varies between different diagnoses for example they seem to be
diagnoses for example they seem to be
diagnoses for example they seem to be less important in depression than they
less important in depression than they
less important in depression than they are in schizophrenia and bipolar
are in schizophrenia and bipolar
are in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but nonetheless genes are
disorder but nonetheless genes are
disorder but nonetheless genes are important in all of these conditions in
important in all of these conditions in
important in all of these conditions in the last year’s it’s really exciting
the last year’s it’s really exciting
the last year’s it’s really exciting time for me to be working in the field
time for me to be working in the field
time for me to be working in the field because we’ve started to move from the
because we’ve started to move from the
because we’ve started to move from the sort of generic understanding that genes
sort of generic understanding that genes
sort of generic understanding that genes are important to understanding the
are important to understanding the
are important to understanding the specifics in the last few years people
specifics in the last few years people
specifics in the last few years people have started to identify the precise
have started to identify the precise
have started to identify the precise parts of the human genome that is our
parts of the human genome that is our
parts of the human genome that is our entire genetic makeup that predispose us
entire genetic makeup that predispose us
entire genetic makeup that predispose us to develop mental illness as a biologist
to develop mental illness as a biologist
to develop mental illness as a biologist this is hugely exciting but it’s also a
this is hugely exciting but it’s also a
this is hugely exciting but it’s also a massive challenge because what genes
massive challenge because what genes
massive challenge because what genes absolutely don’t do is to encode mental
absolutely don’t do is to encode mental
absolutely don’t do is to encode mental illness genes don’t encode
illness genes don’t encode
illness genes don’t encode hallucinations psychosis low mood mania
hallucinations psychosis low mood mania
hallucinations psychosis low mood mania or edit any of the other complex
or edit any of the other complex
or edit any of the other complex symptoms that we see in people instead
symptoms that we see in people instead
symptoms that we see in people instead what genes do is to encode molecules
what genes do is to encode molecules
what genes do is to encode molecules these molecules form to build cells
these molecules form to build cells
these molecules form to build cells these cells form networks in the brain
these cells form networks in the brain
these cells form networks in the brain and it’s this network activity that
and it’s this network activity that
and it’s this network activity that gives rise to the complex psychological
gives rise to the complex psychological
gives rise to the complex psychological processes that are altered in patients
processes that are altered in patients
processes that are altered in patients with mental illness so for me the
with mental illness so for me the
with mental illness so for me the challenge that is to understand these
challenge that is to understand these
challenge that is to understand these links how do we get from a single part
links how do we get from a single part
links how do we get from a single part of the human genome up to the complex
of the human genome up to the complex
of the human genome up to the complex symptoms that people experience
symptoms that people experience
symptoms that people experience it’s a massive challenge but I think it
it’s a massive challenge but I think it
it’s a massive challenge but I think it has huge potential not only in
has huge potential not only in
has huge potential not only in understanding these illnesses better but
understanding these illnesses better but
understanding these illnesses better but also in terms of developing treatments
also in terms of developing treatments
also in terms of developing treatments to give you an example from my own
to give you an example from my own
to give you an example from my own research
research
research I’m currently interested in a family of
I’m currently interested in a family of
I’m currently interested in a family of genes that encode calcium channels what
genes that encode calcium channels what
genes that encode calcium channels what these genes do is they sit on the
these genes do is they sit on the
these genes do is they sit on the surface of electrically active cells
surface of electrically active cells
surface of electrically active cells like heart cells and brain cells and
like heart cells and brain cells and
like heart cells and brain cells and they allow calcium into the cell when
they allow calcium into the cell when
they allow calcium into the cell when the cell is electrically active
the cell is electrically active
the cell is electrically active the thing is though these genes are
the thing is though these genes are
the thing is though these genes are really complicated they don’t each gene
really complicated they don’t each gene
really complicated they don’t each gene doesn’t just encode one calcium channel
doesn’t just encode one calcium channel
doesn’t just encode one calcium channel but instead encodes tens or maybe even
but instead encodes tens or maybe even
but instead encodes tens or maybe even hundreds of different slightly different
hundreds of different slightly different
hundreds of different slightly different calcium channels so what my research is
calcium channels so what my research is
calcium channels so what my research is trying to do is to understand which of
trying to do is to understand which of
trying to do is to understand which of these calcium channels are most
these calcium channels are most
these calcium channels are most important for mental illness because I
important for mental illness because I
important for mental illness because I think this will give us some insight
think this will give us some insight
think this will give us some insight into the biology in addition I’m also
into the biology in addition I’m also
into the biology in addition I’m also trying to identify those that are
trying to identify those that are
trying to identify those that are present in the brain versus other
present in the brain versus other
present in the brain versus other electrically active tissues like the
electrically active tissues like the
electrically active tissues like the heart I think this could be really
heart I think this could be really
heart I think this could be really important for developing new treatments
important for developing new treatments
important for developing new treatments because obviously if we want to treat
because obviously if we want to treat
because obviously if we want to treat the symptoms of psychiatric illnesses
the symptoms of psychiatric illnesses
the symptoms of psychiatric illnesses mental illnesses we probably want to
mental illnesses we probably want to
mental illnesses we probably want to target the calcium channels that are
target the calcium channels that are
target the calcium channels that are present in the brain and not those that
present in the brain and not those that
present in the brain and not those that are present in the heart because doing
are present in the heart because doing
are present in the heart because doing so is likely to cause side effects
so is likely to cause side effects
so is likely to cause side effects well they genes are really important
well they genes are really important
well they genes are really important they’re far from being the entire story
they’re far from being the entire story
they’re far from being the entire story we know that the environment plays a
we know that the environment plays a
we know that the environment plays a huge role in predisposition to mental
huge role in predisposition to mental
huge role in predisposition to mental illness stress and trauma for example
illness stress and trauma for example
illness stress and trauma for example are big risk factors for developing
are big risk factors for developing
are big risk factors for developing depression and birth complications and
depression and birth complications and
depression and birth complications and the use of cannabis during adolescence
the use of cannabis during adolescence
the use of cannabis during adolescence have small but measurable effects on
have small but measurable effects on
have small but measurable effects on risk for things like schizophrenia it’s
risk for things like schizophrenia it’s
risk for things like schizophrenia it’s tempting always to kind of argue about
tempting always to kind of argue about
tempting always to kind of argue about where the genes environment are more
where the genes environment are more
where the genes environment are more importance and this does happen a lot
importance and this does happen a lot
importance and this does happen a lot both in my field and more widely but I
both in my field and more widely but I
both in my field and more widely but I think to do so misses the point because
think to do so misses the point because
think to do so misses the point because what these things do genes and
what these things do genes and
what these things do genes and environment is to alter the function of
environment is to alter the function of
environment is to alter the function of the brain and it’s the brain and the
the brain and it’s the brain and the
the brain and it’s the brain and the psychological processes that it gives
psychological processes that it gives
psychological processes that it gives rise to that are core to mental illness
rise to that are core to mental illness
rise to that are core to mental illness so simplistically you could think that
so simplistically you could think that
so simplistically you could think that maybe what your genes do is to build
maybe what your genes do is to build
maybe what your genes do is to build your brain to be a certain way that
your brain to be a certain way that
your brain to be a certain way that makes you more or less resilient so the
makes you more or less resilient so the
makes you more or less resilient so the things that you encounter as you go
things that you encounter as you go
things that you encounter as you go about your business in the world but I
about your business in the world but I
about your business in the world but I think this is an
think this is an
think this is an simplification your brain is it just a
simplification your brain is it just a
simplification your brain is it just a blob of jelly hanging about in your
blob of jelly hanging about in your
blob of jelly hanging about in your heads waiting to see what happens when
heads waiting to see what happens when
heads waiting to see what happens when you blunder around the world the brain
you blunder around the world the brain
you blunder around the world the brain is highly dynamic and it’s extremely
is highly dynamic and it’s extremely
is highly dynamic and it’s extremely plastic it changes in response to
plastic it changes in response to
plastic it changes in response to absolutely everything we do so waking up
absolutely everything we do so waking up
absolutely everything we do so waking up this morning having a cup of coffee that
this morning having a cup of coffee that
this morning having a cup of coffee that you had before you came in here learning
you had before you came in here learning
you had before you came in here learning something new all of these things have
something new all of these things have
something new all of these things have measurable effects on your brain so the
measurable effects on your brain so the
measurable effects on your brain so the environment changes our brain we also
environment changes our brain we also
environment changes our brain we also know that the environment changes the
know that the environment changes the
know that the environment changes the way in which our genes operate but
way in which our genes operate but
way in which our genes operate but perhaps counter-intuitively I think that
perhaps counter-intuitively I think that
perhaps counter-intuitively I think that our genes also influence the environment
our genes also influence the environment
our genes also influence the environment in which we find ourselves I know this
in which we find ourselves I know this
in which we find ourselves I know this is a slightly kind of odd concept so
is a slightly kind of odd concept so
is a slightly kind of odd concept so I’ll walk you through an example we know
I’ll walk you through an example we know
I’ll walk you through an example we know that genes influence how light you
that genes influence how light you
that genes influence how light you people people are to be risk seeking or
people people are to be risk seeking or
people people are to be risk seeking or risk averse we also know that people who
risk averse we also know that people who
risk averse we also know that people who are more risk seeking are more likely to
are more risk seeking are more likely to
are more risk seeking are more likely to use illicit drugs or cannabis so this is
use illicit drugs or cannabis so this is
use illicit drugs or cannabis so this is an example whereby if your genes make
an example whereby if your genes make
an example whereby if your genes make you more risk seeking you you might be
you more risk seeking you you might be
you more risk seeking you you might be more likely to use cannabis which is one
more likely to use cannabis which is one
more likely to use cannabis which is one of the environmental risk factors so
of the environmental risk factors so
of the environmental risk factors so taking all of this together the causes
taking all of this together the causes
taking all of this together the causes of mental illness are extremely complex
of mental illness are extremely complex
of mental illness are extremely complex both genes and the environment are
both genes and the environment are
both genes and the environment are important but I think that what we
important but I think that what we
important but I think that what we should really be thinking about is in
should really be thinking about is in
should really be thinking about is in terms of what these things do to the
terms of what these things do to the
terms of what these things do to the brain and the psychological process is
brain and the psychological process is
brain and the psychological process is that the brain gives rise to notably all
that the brain gives rise to notably all
that the brain gives rise to notably all the treatments we have for mental
the treatments we have for mental
the treatments we have for mental illness at the moment target the brain
illness at the moment target the brain
illness at the moment target the brain either directly by influencing direct
either directly by influencing direct
either directly by influencing direct brain function in the case of drugs or
brain function in the case of drugs or
brain function in the case of drugs or indirectly in the case of psychological
indirectly in the case of psychological
indirectly in the case of psychological therapies by acting on the psychological
therapies by acting on the psychological
therapies by acting on the psychological processes that the brain gives rise to
processes that the brain gives rise to
processes that the brain gives rise to so what does all this mean for our
so what does all this mean for our
so what does all this mean for our utopia what even is a utopia I strongly
utopia what even is a utopia I strongly
utopia what even is a utopia I strongly suspect that when I asked you to think
suspect that when I asked you to think
suspect that when I asked you to think about that everybody was thinking about
about that everybody was thinking about
about that everybody was thinking about something slightly different however for
something slightly different however for
something slightly different however for the purposes of argument we need to have
the purposes of argument we need to have
the purposes of argument we need to have a definition of a utopia because I’m
a definition of a utopia because I’m
a definition of a utopia because I’m standing here on this stage we’re going
standing here on this stage we’re going
standing here on this stage we’re going to go with my utopia and if you want to
to go with my utopia and if you want to
to go with my utopia and if you want to live in my utopia you have to live by my
live in my utopia you have to live by my
live in my utopia you have to live by my rules rule 1 no changing genes
rules rule 1 no changing genes
rules rule 1 no changing genes I’ve seen enough sci-fi movies to know
I’ve seen enough sci-fi movies to know
I’ve seen enough sci-fi movies to know that this never ends well but there’s
that this never ends well but there’s
that this never ends well but there’s two very good reasons in the case of
two very good reasons in the case of
two very good reasons in the case of mental illness why we absolutely
mental illness why we absolutely
mental illness why we absolutely wouldn’t want to do this the first is
wouldn’t want to do this the first is
wouldn’t want to do this the first is pragmatic
pragmatic
pragmatic the genetics of mental illness are
the genetics of mental illness are
the genetics of mental illness are incredibly complicated it’s not the case
incredibly complicated it’s not the case
incredibly complicated it’s not the case that it’s just one or two genes that are
that it’s just one or two genes that are
that it’s just one or two genes that are altering our risk for mental illness
altering our risk for mental illness
altering our risk for mental illness rather it’s tens hundreds or perhaps
rather it’s tens hundreds or perhaps
rather it’s tens hundreds or perhaps even thousands so I can’t see that we
even thousands so I can’t see that we
even thousands so I can’t see that we would ever be able to get to a place
would ever be able to get to a place
would ever be able to get to a place where we can look at somebody’s genetics
where we can look at somebody’s genetics
where we can look at somebody’s genetics and predict with any level of certainty
and predict with any level of certainty
and predict with any level of certainty whether or not they are going to become
whether or not they are going to become
whether or not they are going to become ill the second reason is more
ill the second reason is more
ill the second reason is more philosophical but I think it’s actually
philosophical but I think it’s actually
philosophical but I think it’s actually more important and that is this the
more important and that is this the
more important and that is this the genes that alter our risk for mental
genes that alter our risk for mental
genes that alter our risk for mental illness are the ones that influence
illness are the ones that influence
illness are the ones that influence brain function as such I think it’s
brain function as such I think it’s
brain function as such I think it’s highly likely that these are also the
highly likely that these are also the
highly likely that these are also the same genes that influence who we are as
same genes that influence who we are as
same genes that influence who we are as individuals our unique personalities in
individuals our unique personalities in
individuals our unique personalities in my utopia I don’t want it filled with
my utopia I don’t want it filled with
my utopia I don’t want it filled with everybody who’s the same with a perfect
everybody who’s the same with a perfect
everybody who’s the same with a perfect brain who thinks in a certain way I want
brain who thinks in a certain way I want
brain who thinks in a certain way I want to capture all of the unique human
to capture all of the unique human
to capture all of the unique human diversity in the world
diversity in the world
diversity in the world so no changing genes the environment
so no changing genes the environment
so no changing genes the environment however that definitely needs to change
however that definitely needs to change
however that definitely needs to change my utopia is an egalitarian society
my utopia is an egalitarian society
my utopia is an egalitarian society where people are treated with equally
where people are treated with equally
where people are treated with equally and with equal respect for one another
and with equal respect for one another
and with equal respect for one another as a result levels of trauma and stress
as a result levels of trauma and stress
as a result levels of trauma and stress plummet and with them risk for things
plummet and with them risk for things
plummet and with them risk for things like depression particularly so we would
like depression particularly so we would
like depression particularly so we would definitely see a decrease in levels of
definitely see a decrease in levels of
definitely see a decrease in levels of mental illness within the population
mental illness within the population
mental illness within the population other environmental risk factors might
other environmental risk factors might
other environmental risk factors might be more difficult to change however if
be more difficult to change however if
be more difficult to change however if you think about birth complications for
you think about birth complications for
you think about birth complications for example obviously in my utopia mental
example obviously in my utopia mental
example obviously in my utopia mental health medical care will be exemplary
health medical care will be exemplary
health medical care will be exemplary but I think we’re going to struggle to
but I think we’re going to struggle to
but I think we’re going to struggle to completely eliminate birth complications
completely eliminate birth complications
completely eliminate birth complications for the simple reason that we’ve evolved
for the simple reason that we’ve evolved
for the simple reason that we’ve evolved to be a species that has a very large
to be a species that has a very large
to be a species that has a very large brain and a very big head and ultimately
brain and a very big head and ultimately
brain and a very big head and ultimately a small body and just so the logistics
a small body and just so the logistics
a small body and just so the logistics of birth are inherently risky for us so
of birth are inherently risky for us so
of birth are inherently risky for us so some things in the environment we can
some things in the environment we can
some things in the environment we can change some things we may or may not be
change some things we may or may not be
change some things we may or may not be able to change in the middle though I
able to change in the middle though I
able to change in the middle though I think there’s quite an interesting gray
think there’s quite an interesting gray
think there’s quite an interesting gray area I strongly suspect that when you
area I strongly suspect that when you
area I strongly suspect that when you take out big risk factors for mental
take out big risk factors for mental
take out big risk factors for mental illness like stress and trauma that
illness like stress and trauma that
illness like stress and trauma that you’ll start to see other environmental
you’ll start to see other environmental
you’ll start to see other environmental risk factors emerge that we can’t detect
risk factors emerge that we can’t detect
risk factors emerge that we can’t detect at the moment ultimately I think
at the moment ultimately I think
at the moment ultimately I think anything that’s not great for our brain
anything that’s not great for our brain
anything that’s not great for our brain is probably going to be an environmental
is probably going to be an environmental
is probably going to be an environmental risk factor for mental
risk factor for mental
risk factor for mental on this so why not get rid of all of
on this so why not get rid of all of
on this so why not get rid of all of these things well we could do that but
these things well we could do that but
these things well we could do that but three of my favorite things are surfing
three of my favorite things are surfing
three of my favorite things are surfing skiing and glass of red wine none of
skiing and glass of red wine none of
skiing and glass of red wine none of these things sorry to break it to you
these things sorry to break it to you
these things sorry to break it to you are likely to be terribly good for my
are likely to be terribly good for my
are likely to be terribly good for my brain but I can’t imagine a utopia in
brain but I can’t imagine a utopia in
brain but I can’t imagine a utopia in which I wasn’t allowed to do these
which I wasn’t allowed to do these
which I wasn’t allowed to do these things taking all of this together I
things taking all of this together I
things taking all of this together I think that there would definitely be a
think that there would definitely be a
think that there would definitely be a decrease a dramatic decrease in the
decrease a dramatic decrease in the
decrease a dramatic decrease in the amount of mental illness and utopia but
amount of mental illness and utopia but
amount of mental illness and utopia but I think there will still be some level
I think there will still be some level
I think there will still be some level of mental illness present I also think
of mental illness present I also think
of mental illness present I also think the types of mental illness that we see
the types of mental illness that we see
the types of mental illness that we see will change quite markedly so I think
will change quite markedly so I think
will change quite markedly so I think factors that are more affected by
factors that are more affected by
factors that are more affected by environment like depression for example
environment like depression for example
environment like depression for example and anxiety will be more more reduced in
and anxiety will be more more reduced in
and anxiety will be more more reduced in this utopia than the kind of diagnosis
this utopia than the kind of diagnosis
this utopia than the kind of diagnosis like bipolar disorder and depression
like bipolar disorder and depression
like bipolar disorder and depression which are more genetic in origin so I
which are more genetic in origin so I
which are more genetic in origin so I just want to leave you with one final
just want to leave you with one final
just want to leave you with one final thought and that is this I believes
thought and that is this I believes
thought and that is this I believes firmly that the risk factors for mental
firmly that the risk factors for mental
firmly that the risk factors for mental illness overlap substantially with the
illness overlap substantially with the
illness overlap substantially with the risk factors with the factors that make
risk factors with the factors that make
risk factors with the factors that make us our individual unique people and
us our individual unique people and
us our individual unique people and therefore I think on some level mental
therefore I think on some level mental
therefore I think on some level mental illness is the price that we pay for our
illness is the price that we pay for our
illness is the price that we pay for our unique and diverse humanity thank you
”
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