what role does medicinal chemists play in drug research so let me just give you
in drug research so let me just give you
in drug research so let me just give you a very very crude background of what
a very very crude background of what
a very very crude background of what research is about the drug research
research is about the drug research
research is about the drug research typically can be divided to two stages
typically can be divided to two stages
typically can be divided to two stages the first one will be what we call a
the first one will be what we call a
the first one will be what we call a trap discovery and this is a stage a
trap discovery and this is a stage a
trap discovery and this is a stage a compound of interest which can
compound of interest which can
compound of interest which can potentially act as a drug is identified
potentially act as a drug is identified
potentially act as a drug is identified the later stage is what we call drug
the later stage is what we call drug
the later stage is what we call drug development and this is a stage where
development and this is a stage where
development and this is a stage where all preclinical and for I as well as
all preclinical and for I as well as
all preclinical and for I as well as humans will be carried out medicinal
humans will be carried out medicinal
humans will be carried out medicinal chemists are properly involved in drug
chemists are properly involved in drug
chemists are properly involved in drug discovery stage in this drug discovery
discovery stage in this drug discovery
discovery stage in this drug discovery stage what the medicinal chemists did to
stage what the medicinal chemists did to
stage what the medicinal chemists did to synthesize purify characterize and
synthesize purify characterize and
synthesize purify characterize and compound so it’s pretty boring you
compound so it’s pretty boring you
compound so it’s pretty boring you myself
myself
myself right so huh but they played an
right so huh but they played an
right so huh but they played an important role framing the hypothesis of
important role framing the hypothesis of
important role framing the hypothesis of a new track project so they have an
a new track project so they have an
a new track project so they have an important role to play as after a hit
important role to play as after a hit
important role to play as after a hit compound has been identified hip
compound has been identified hip
compound has been identified hip compound basically means a compound
compound basically means a compound
compound basically means a compound which is pal
which is pal
which is pal it is a medicine chemist who tends
it is a medicine chemist who tends
it is a medicine chemist who tends decide which part of the molecule change
decide which part of the molecule change
decide which part of the molecule change or modify in order to enhance or
or modify in order to enhance or
or modify in order to enhance or maximize its activity and during this
maximize its activity and during this
maximize its activity and during this fine-tuning process a project may feel
fine-tuning process a project may feel
fine-tuning process a project may feel drugs that we have today exist is due in
drugs that we have today exist is due in
drugs that we have today exist is due in part to medicine chemists can tirelessly
part to medicine chemists can tirelessly
part to medicine chemists can tirelessly to solve one problem and over the years
to solve one problem and over the years
to solve one problem and over the years many new approaches in drug discovery
many new approaches in drug discovery
many new approaches in drug discovery has been made and one of the most
has been made and one of the most
has been made and one of the most significant that I want to share with
significant that I want to share with
significant that I want to share with you is the emergence of biologics so
you is the emergence of biologics so
you is the emergence of biologics so biologics
biologics
biologics eclis engineer products based on living
eclis engineer products based on living
eclis engineer products based on living organism the proposition of using
organism the proposition of using
organism the proposition of using biologics to true or to cure diseases is
biologics to true or to cure diseases is
biologics to true or to cure diseases is about just imagine such as cancer using
about just imagine such as cancer using
about just imagine such as cancer using peptides or proteins antibodies or even
peptides or proteins antibodies or even
peptides or proteins antibodies or even cells so very recently there are
cells so very recently there are
cells so very recently there are researchers who has been using t-cells
researchers who has been using t-cells
researchers who has been using t-cells in trying to cure cancer
in trying to cure cancer
in trying to cure cancer so t-cells is basically a subtype of
so t-cells is basically a subtype of
so t-cells is basically a subtype of your white blood cells what these people
your white blood cells what these people
your white blood cells what these people did was to harvest the T cells from a
did was to harvest the T cells from a
did was to harvest the T cells from a patient’s body reprogram it to make it
patient’s body reprogram it to make it
patient’s body reprogram it to make it targets specifically against tumor
targets specifically against tumor
targets specifically against tumor cancers and then put it back into a
cancers and then put it back into a
cancers and then put it back into a patient so this type of technology say
patient so this type of technology say
patient so this type of technology say just five years ago because as drug
just five years ago because as drug
just five years ago because as drug discovery is basically dominated by
discovery is basically dominated by
discovery is basically dominated by small molecules the small molecules are
small molecules the small molecules are
small molecules the small molecules are organic compounds typically less than
organic compounds typically less than
organic compounds typically less than $1,000 they are very very small
$1,000 they are very very small
$1,000 they are very very small molecules so in comparison for example
molecules so in comparison for example
molecules so in comparison for example one strain of your DNA basically a
one strain of your DNA basically a
one strain of your DNA basically a billion Delta so small molecules have
billion Delta so small molecules have
billion Delta so small molecules have served as well over the past few decades
served as well over the past few decades
served as well over the past few decades remember your paracetamol
remember your paracetamol
remember your paracetamol or your panadol or your aspirin these
or your panadol or your aspirin these
or your panadol or your aspirin these are all small molecules so small
are all small molecules so small
are all small molecules so small molecules are very popular because they
molecules are very popular because they
molecules are very popular because they are easy to manipulate as well as easy
are easy to manipulate as well as easy
are easy to manipulate as well as easy to produce but they have one drawback in
to produce but they have one drawback in
to produce but they have one drawback in the sense that the tip but they are not
the sense that the tip but they are not
the sense that the tip but they are not specific so what this means is that
specific so what this means is that
specific so what this means is that there’s always a remote chance of these
there’s always a remote chance of these
there’s always a remote chance of these small molecules acting as drugs
small molecules acting as drugs
small molecules acting as drugs interacting with unknown these
interacting with unknown these
interacting with unknown these at Target and this could spell problem
at Target and this could spell problem
at Target and this could spell problem later on in a position in terms of side
later on in a position in terms of side
later on in a position in terms of side effects so on the other hand logics are
effects so on the other hand logics are
effects so on the other hand logics are very specific and it acts only on one
very specific and it acts only on one
very specific and it acts only on one particular target and the fact that
particular target and the fact that
particular target and the fact that biologics is based on living organism it
biologics is based on living organism it
biologics is based on living organism it is perceived is perceived but it’s not
is perceived is perceived but it’s not
is perceived is perceived but it’s not always the case that it is safer with
always the case that it is safer with
always the case that it is safer with less side effects so have come a long
less side effects so have come a long
less side effects so have come a long way during the past few years in 2014
way during the past few years in 2014
way during the past few years in 2014 six of the top ten best-selling drugs
six of the top ten best-selling drugs
six of the top ten best-selling drugs are smaller molecules so the trend was
are smaller molecules so the trend was
are smaller molecules so the trend was reversed in 2015 and 2016 where the DOM
reversed in 2015 and 2016 where the DOM
reversed in 2015 and 2016 where the DOM blood drops down to only two with the
blood drops down to only two with the
blood drops down to only two with the rest dominated by biologists so we can
rest dominated by biologists so we can
rest dominated by biologists so we can actually see a changing trend over here
actually see a changing trend over here
actually see a changing trend over here in between the popularity of biologics
in between the popularity of biologics
in between the popularity of biologics and small molecules the de jure is
and small molecules the de jure is
and small molecules the de jure is sustainable it’s left to be seen but no
sustainable it’s left to be seen but no
sustainable it’s left to be seen but no matter whether we are talking about
matter whether we are talking about
matter whether we are talking about biologics or small molecules is still
biologics or small molecules is still
biologics or small molecules is still take five to six years in terms of drug
take five to six years in terms of drug
take five to six years in terms of drug discovery and if you include that with
discovery and if you include that with
discovery and if you include that with drug development and to bring a drug
drug development and to bring a drug
drug development and to bring a drug from the lab bench to clean it it will
from the lab bench to clean it it will
from the lab bench to clean it it will still take about 10 to 15 years and
still take about 10 to 15 years and
still take about 10 to 15 years and still very long time it’s not to mention
still very long time it’s not to mention
still very long time it’s not to mention the success rate extremely low success
the success rate extremely low success
the success rate extremely low success rate of just 0.05 percent on average
rate of just 0.05 percent on average
rate of just 0.05 percent on average coupled with hefty price tag of more
coupled with hefty price tag of more
coupled with hefty price tag of more than 2.6 billion u.s. dollar
than 2.6 billion u.s. dollar
than 2.6 billion u.s. dollar so now you know why sometime drugs are
so now you know why sometime drugs are
so now you know why sometime drugs are sorted right so one of the trend which
sorted right so one of the trend which
sorted right so one of the trend which scientists has been looking at is on
scientists has been looking at is on
scientists has been looking at is on heart of therapy the one of the ways
heart of therapy the one of the ways
heart of therapy the one of the ways that we could do it is repurpose or
that we could do it is repurpose or
that we could do it is repurpose or drugs what this means is that
nutrients so humans have been
nutrients so humans have been repurposing we have been changing into
repurposing we have been changing into
repurposing we have been changing into museums we have we have been changing
museums we have we have been changing
museums we have we have been changing all tires into swings and so on and so
all tires into swings and so on and so
all tires into swings and so on and so forth so why not drugs
forth so why not drugs
forth so why not drugs so repurposing in drug discovery refers
so repurposing in drug discovery refers
so repurposing in drug discovery refers to a situation when a poof drop finds
to a situation when a poof drop finds
to a situation when a poof drop finds another use which is to treat a
another use which is to treat a
another use which is to treat a different disease so James black a Nobel
different disease so James black a Nobel
different disease so James black a Nobel laureate in Maxim wants water that the
laureate in Maxim wants water that the
laureate in Maxim wants water that the best way to find a nutria is to start
best way to find a nutria is to start
best way to find a nutria is to start one a very wise man anybody knows vigor
one a very wise man anybody knows vigor
one a very wise man anybody knows vigor all right I can see some guys over there
all right I can see some guys over there
all right I can see some guys over there nodding the head smiling yeah so Hydra
nodding the head smiling yeah so Hydra
nodding the head smiling yeah so Hydra was originally developed to treat
was originally developed to treat
was originally developed to treat cardiovascular disease but along the way
cardiovascular disease but along the way
cardiovascular disease but along the way in this clear sense that makes a better
in this clear sense that makes a better
in this clear sense that makes a better treatment in treating erectile
treatment in treating erectile
treatment in treating erectile dysfunction and it’s popular for its
dysfunction and it’s popular for its
dysfunction and it’s popular for its later application as people tends to
later application as people tends to
later application as people tends to forget what’s originally developed for
forget what’s originally developed for
forget what’s originally developed for so this just shows one of the success
so this just shows one of the success
so this just shows one of the success successful ways of repurposing and audre
successful ways of repurposing and audre
successful ways of repurposing and audre so it makes complete sense to Reaper it
so it makes complete sense to Reaper it
so it makes complete sense to Reaper it will only take only called an encode 300
will only take only called an encode 300
will only take only called an encode 300 million u.s. dollar and six and half
million u.s. dollar and six and half
million u.s. dollar and six and half years to repurpose a lot compared to 2.6
years to repurpose a lot compared to 2.6
years to repurpose a lot compared to 2.6 billion u.s. dollars as mentioned just
billion u.s. dollars as mentioned just
billion u.s. dollars as mentioned just now or 10 to 15 years to develop a
now or 10 to 15 years to develop a
now or 10 to 15 years to develop a completely new one another area which
completely new one another area which
completely new one another area which has been receiving a lot of attention
has been receiving a lot of attention
has been receiving a lot of attention and heavy investment is artificial
and heavy investment is artificial
and heavy investment is artificial hodgins kind of like right now
multimillion-dollar tie-up between
multimillion-dollar tie-up between leading pharmaceutical companies and AI
leading pharmaceutical companies and AI
leading pharmaceutical companies and AI service providers has been announced air
service providers has been announced air
service providers has been announced air to be able to increase the chance of
to be able to increase the chance of
to be able to increase the chance of success in identifying user by helping
success in identifying user by helping
success in identifying user by helping to predict which molecule so how it will
to predict which molecule so how it will
to predict which molecule so how it will work how he will behave and become a
work how he will behave and become a
work how he will behave and become a useful drug so a is perceived to be able
useful drug so a is perceived to be able
useful drug so a is perceived to be able of the cost of approach by doing away
of the cost of approach by doing away
of the cost of approach by doing away with unnecessary tests yeah it’s not
with unnecessary tests yeah it’s not
with unnecessary tests yeah it’s not something very new in a sense that he
something very new in a sense that he
something very new in a sense that he has been around in the 1970s or the
has been around in the 1970s or the
has been around in the 1970s or the 1980s so what makes the difference
1980s so what makes the difference
1980s so what makes the difference between the AI in the past and the AI
between the AI in the past and the AI
between the AI in the past and the AI now so AI now is much more powerful
now so AI now is much more powerful
now so AI now is much more powerful compared to AI thirty to forty years ago
compared to AI thirty to forty years ago
compared to AI thirty to forty years ago what actually makes the difference is
what actually makes the difference is
what actually makes the difference is that they have developed a superior
that they have developed a superior
that they have developed a superior neural networking which means that AI
neural networking which means that AI
neural networking which means that AI now is able to learn to perform tasks
now is able to learn to perform tasks
now is able to learn to perform tasks faster and better without specific tasks
faster and better without specific tasks
faster and better without specific tasks programming we actually can sense a big
programming we actually can sense a big
programming we actually can sense a big tool some people can actually sense a
tool some people can actually sense a
tool some people can actually sense a breakthrough twenty years ago in 1997
breakthrough twenty years ago in 1997
breakthrough twenty years ago in 1997 IBM supercomputer deep-blue maybe some
IBM supercomputer deep-blue maybe some
IBM supercomputer deep-blue maybe some of you were not even born have managed
of you were not even born have managed
of you were not even born have managed to beat the then world champion Garry
to beat the then world champion Garry
to beat the then world champion Garry Kasparov in a series of chess games so
Kasparov in a series of chess games so
Kasparov in a series of chess games so this actually shot quite a number of
this actually shot quite a number of
this actually shot quite a number of people because at that time not many of
people because at that time not many of
people because at that time not many of us within the machine could actually
us within the machine could actually
us within the machine could actually beat human brain in analysis
beat human brain in analysis
beat human brain in analysis but the big question now is that well AI
but the big question now is that well AI
but the big question now is that well AI succeed in drug discovery nobody will
succeed in drug discovery nobody will
succeed in drug discovery nobody will know is anybody’s guess hotel but what
know is anybody’s guess hotel but what
know is anybody’s guess hotel but what is certain now is they’re in drug
is certain now is they’re in drug
is certain now is they’re in drug discovery as you might know now is a
discovery as you might know now is a
discovery as you might know now is a long and complex journey then the best
long and complex journey then the best
long and complex journey then the best way to attempt this in my opinion is to
way to attempt this in my opinion is to
way to attempt this in my opinion is to harness the brains of as possible we
harness the brains of as possible we
harness the brains of as possible we have amazing people doing great things
have amazing people doing great things
have amazing people doing great things in very diverse areas in knowledge in
in very diverse areas in knowledge in
in very diverse areas in knowledge in chemistry in nanotechnology in
chemistry in nanotechnology in
chemistry in nanotechnology in engineering so all these people to
engineering so all these people to
engineering so all these people to actually contribute towards the drug
actually contribute towards the drug
actually contribute towards the drug discovery efforts the key now is to how
discovery efforts the key now is to how
discovery efforts the key now is to how to get these people to work in a more
to get these people to work in a more
to get these people to work in a more collaborative manner not only within
collaborative manner not only within
collaborative manner not only within academia but also within industry it is
academia but also within industry it is
academia but also within industry it is heartening to see some symbiotic
heartening to see some symbiotic
heartening to see some symbiotic relationship actually developing between
relationship actually developing between
relationship actually developing between academic institution as well as industry
academic institution as well as industry
academic institution as well as industry one very good example is the recently
one very good example is the recently
one very good example is the recently announced joint collaboration between
announced joint collaboration between
announced joint collaboration between Novartis and the University of
Novartis and the University of
Novartis and the University of California Berkeley so they have a joint
California Berkeley so they have a joint
California Berkeley so they have a joint effort to look into undruggable proteins
effort to look into undruggable proteins
effort to look into undruggable proteins which means proteins which are and it is
which means proteins which are and it is
which means proteins which are and it is with a staff collaboration with more
with a staff collaboration with more
with a staff collaboration with more scientific picture
scientific picture
scientific picture work um that’s also innovative platform
work um that’s also innovative platform
work um that’s also innovative platform by leading pharmaceutical companies such
by leading pharmaceutical companies such
by leading pharmaceutical companies such as substrata mica as well as our Ivy Lee
as substrata mica as well as our Ivy Lee
as substrata mica as well as our Ivy Lee who has provided free screening services
who has provided free screening services
who has provided free screening services of compounds the test activities against
of compounds the test activities against
of compounds the test activities against our the diseases of the interest so this
our the diseases of the interest so this
our the diseases of the interest so this is especially useful for organizations
is especially useful for organizations
is especially useful for organizations or institutions which do not have the
or institutions which do not have the
or institutions which do not have the means of Verity the screen for the
means of Verity the screen for the
means of Verity the screen for the compounds previously and not lagging
compounds previously and not lagging
compounds previously and not lagging behind not-for-profit organizations
behind not-for-profit organizations
behind not-for-profit organizations institutions such as
institutions such as
institutions such as Wellcome Trust has also played a part
Wellcome Trust has also played a part
Wellcome Trust has also played a part Wellcome Trust together with the
Wellcome Trust together with the
Wellcome Trust together with the University of Queensland as drawing the
University of Queensland as drawing the
University of Queensland as drawing the establish the community for open my
establish the community for open my
establish the community for open my antimicrob of the drug discovery unshod
antimicrob of the drug discovery unshod
antimicrob of the drug discovery unshod Co abd so what it did was to have
Co abd so what it did was to have
Co abd so what it did was to have samples from all over the world and the
samples from all over the world and the
samples from all over the world and the screen is compounds activities against
screen is compounds activities against
screen is compounds activities against bacterial pathogens as well as following
bacterial pathogens as well as following
bacterial pathogens as well as following them so there’s no doubt that instead of
them so there’s no doubt that instead of
them so there’s no doubt that instead of open innovation or strategies and help
open innovation or strategies and help
open innovation or strategies and help to push forward the drug discovery
to push forward the drug discovery
to push forward the drug discovery efforts and we are looking forward for
efforts and we are looking forward for
efforts and we are looking forward for more to come right so this is exciting
more to come right so this is exciting
more to come right so this is exciting times for drug discovery what have made
times for drug discovery what have made
times for drug discovery what have made during the past 50 or 20 minutes is just
during the past 50 or 20 minutes is just
during the past 50 or 20 minutes is just the tip of the iceberg
the tip of the iceberg
the tip of the iceberg although much is needed to be done but
although much is needed to be done but
although much is needed to be done but we have made phenomenal progress in the
we have made phenomenal progress in the
we have made phenomenal progress in the last decade look at the progress we have
last decade look at the progress we have
last decade look at the progress we have in HIV in Neurology in oncology in fact
in HIV in Neurology in oncology in fact
in HIV in Neurology in oncology in fact in fact liver in Dynasty in personalized
in fact liver in Dynasty in personalized
in fact liver in Dynasty in personalized medicine all these amazing things and
medicine all these amazing things and
medicine all these amazing things and using tools and data from newly emerging
using tools and data from newly emerging
using tools and data from newly emerging field for example genomics proteomics
field for example genomics proteomics
field for example genomics proteomics next-generation sequencing machine
next-generation sequencing machine
next-generation sequencing machine learning I am very confident that the
learning I am very confident that the
learning I am very confident that the next decade of drug discovery will be
next decade of drug discovery will be
next decade of drug discovery will be equally astounding our ability to create
equally astounding our ability to create
equally astounding our ability to create new and better drug will increase very
new and better drug will increase very
new and better drug will increase very very dramatically so to all those young
very dramatically so to all those young
very dramatically so to all those young researchers especially Indra discovery
researchers especially Indra discovery
researchers especially Indra discovery this is your time do your part to help
this is your time do your part to help
this is your time do your part to help translate science into medicine
translate science into medicine
translate science into medicine step up go out and make a difference
”
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