okay I want to ask you all do is anyone in here remember Alfred Hitchcock’s
in here remember Alfred Hitchcock’s
in here remember Alfred Hitchcock’s films birds okay do you remember how
films birds okay do you remember how
films birds okay do you remember how that movie made you feel I know when I
that movie made you feel I know when I
that movie made you feel I know when I was a small child or a young child when
was a small child or a young child when
was a small child or a young child when I watched that movie it’s scared to live
I watched that movie it’s scared to live
I watched that movie it’s scared to live in crap out okay you think about birds
in crap out okay you think about birds
in crap out okay you think about birds coming down and attacking you biting at
coming down and attacking you biting at
coming down and attacking you biting at your eyes and things like that that was
your eyes and things like that that was
your eyes and things like that that was pretty terrifying you know and as a kid
pretty terrifying you know and as a kid
pretty terrifying you know and as a kid with an imagination I said what if this
with an imagination I said what if this
with an imagination I said what if this really happened but I was consoled by
really happened but I was consoled by
really happened but I was consoled by the thought that this is a film this
the thought that this is a film this
the thought that this is a film this can’t possibly have fact of the matter
can’t possibly have fact of the matter
can’t possibly have fact of the matter is it did that this film was based on an
is it did that this film was based on an
is it did that this film was based on an actual event that occurred in Santa Cruz
actual event that occurred in Santa Cruz
actual event that occurred in Santa Cruz California in 1961 where sea birds
California in 1961 where sea birds
California in 1961 where sea birds descended on that City erratically
descended on that City erratically
descended on that City erratically flying into people buildings cars
flying into people buildings cars
flying into people buildings cars what-have-you they weren’t really
what-have-you they weren’t really
what-have-you they weren’t really motivated by anything sinister or
motivated by anything sinister or
motivated by anything sinister or malevolent like you may have been
malevolent like you may have been
malevolent like you may have been suggested by the movie what more than
suggested by the movie what more than
suggested by the movie what more than likely happened in the plausible
likely happened in the plausible
likely happened in the plausible explanation is they were suffering from
explanation is they were suffering from
explanation is they were suffering from poisoning from a harmful algal bloom
poisoning from a harmful algal bloom
poisoning from a harmful algal bloom toxin called the Moak acid now this is a
toxin called the Moak acid now this is a
toxin called the Moak acid now this is a toxin that gets into the food chain
toxin that gets into the food chain
toxin that gets into the food chain it’s produced by algae it’s consumed by
it’s produced by algae it’s consumed by
it’s produced by algae it’s consumed by a small fish or clams or mussels this
a small fish or clams or mussels this
a small fish or clams or mussels this small fish are then consumed by a larger
small fish are then consumed by a larger
small fish are then consumed by a larger fish that are in turn eaten by birds sea
fish that are in turn eaten by birds sea
fish that are in turn eaten by birds sea mammals and people it has a lot of bad
mammals and people it has a lot of bad
mammals and people it has a lot of bad effects
effects
effects it basically disrupts your brain
it basically disrupts your brain
it basically disrupts your brain circuitry and that’s probably what these
circuitry and that’s probably what these
circuitry and that’s probably what these birds were experiencing domoic acid is
birds were experiencing domoic acid is
birds were experiencing domoic acid is really just one example of a harmful
really just one example of a harmful
really just one example of a harmful algal bloom toxin
algal bloom toxin
algal bloom toxin there are many depending on the type of
there are many depending on the type of
there are many depending on the type of bloom and what exactly is a harmful
bloom and what exactly is a harmful
bloom and what exactly is a harmful algal bloom when colonies of algae grow
algal bloom when colonies of algae grow
algal bloom when colonies of algae grow in an uncontrolled explosive manner they
in an uncontrolled explosive manner they
in an uncontrolled explosive manner they can produce a huge biomass that can
can produce a huge biomass that can
can produce a huge biomass that can actually stretch for over 100 well over
actually stretch for over 100 well over
actually stretch for over 100 well over 100 miles and lengths they are generally
100 miles and lengths they are generally
100 miles and lengths they are generally associated with discoloration of the
associated with discoloration of the
associated with discoloration of the water and can also be associated with
water and can also be associated with
water and can also be associated with really foul smells they can occur both
really foul smells they can occur both
really foul smells they can occur both in
in
in marine environments as well as
marine environments as well as
marine environments as well as freshwater habitats in Florida a lot of
freshwater habitats in Florida a lot of
freshwater habitats in Florida a lot of people are normally used to having
people are normally used to having
people are normally used to having events that we call Florida red tide
events that we call Florida red tide
events that we call Florida red tide that also affects people parts of Texas
that also affects people parts of Texas
that also affects people parts of Texas that produces a very potent neurotoxin
that produces a very potent neurotoxin
that produces a very potent neurotoxin similar mullick acid in New England in
similar mullick acid in New England in
similar mullick acid in New England in the Gulf of Maine people are familiar
the Gulf of Maine people are familiar
the Gulf of Maine people are familiar with something called saxitoxin which
with something called saxitoxin which
with something called saxitoxin which can in some cases induce paralysis in
can in some cases induce paralysis in
can in some cases induce paralysis in freshwater environments and I’ll talk a
freshwater environments and I’ll talk a
freshwater environments and I’ll talk a little bit later on about some things in
little bit later on about some things in
little bit later on about some things in the Great Lakes you normally will have
the Great Lakes you normally will have
the Great Lakes you normally will have what are called blue-green algae bloom
what are called blue-green algae bloom
what are called blue-green algae bloom events these also carry a number of
events these also carry a number of
events these also carry a number of different types of potent toxins
different types of potent toxins
different types of potent toxins including neurotoxins and toxins that
including neurotoxins and toxins that
including neurotoxins and toxins that attack the liver
why do we call them harmful they have a
why do we call them harmful they have a number of different types of impacts
number of different types of impacts
number of different types of impacts that are not good we’re really concerned
that are not good we’re really concerned
that are not good we’re really concerned at least I’m concerned with the kinds of
at least I’m concerned with the kinds of
at least I’m concerned with the kinds of health impacts that that can be
health impacts that that can be
health impacts that that can be experienced as a result of exposure to
experienced as a result of exposure to
experienced as a result of exposure to these toxins they can cause things like
these toxins they can cause things like
these toxins they can cause things like amnesic shellfish poisoning diuretic
amnesic shellfish poisoning diuretic
amnesic shellfish poisoning diuretic shellfish poisoning paralytic shellfish
shellfish poisoning paralytic shellfish
shellfish poisoning paralytic shellfish poisoning they can affect respiratory
poisoning they can affect respiratory
poisoning they can affect respiratory systems for people who have chronic
systems for people who have chronic
systems for people who have chronic respiratory disorders like asthma or
respiratory disorders like asthma or
respiratory disorders like asthma or emphysema they can cause liver cancer in
emphysema they can cause liver cancer in
emphysema they can cause liver cancer in some cases they can attack our immune
some cases they can attack our immune
some cases they can attack our immune systems they also can be lethal if you
systems they also can be lethal if you
systems they also can be lethal if you have acute doses and sometimes our pets
have acute doses and sometimes our pets
have acute doses and sometimes our pets can get exposed to them and they can be
can get exposed to them and they can be
can get exposed to them and they can be lethal to the pets as well so a lot of
lethal to the pets as well so a lot of
lethal to the pets as well so a lot of health consequences that related to
health consequences that related to
health consequences that related to exposure to these toxins they can also
exposure to these toxins they can also
exposure to these toxins they can also pack impact the local ecology or aquatic
pack impact the local ecology or aquatic
pack impact the local ecology or aquatic ecosystems in terms of when you have a
ecosystems in terms of when you have a
ecosystems in terms of when you have a bloom event the blooms can deplete all
bloom event the blooms can deplete all
bloom event the blooms can deplete all the oxygen in the area and what that
the oxygen in the area and what that
the oxygen in the area and what that generally results in or massive massive
generally results in or massive massive
generally results in or massive massive fish kills as well as killing the types
fish kills as well as killing the types
fish kills as well as killing the types of animals that rely on these fish for
of animals that rely on these fish for
of animals that rely on these fish for their support as well as actually
their support as well as actually
their support as well as actually poisoning the animals themselves
poisoning the animals themselves
poisoning the animals themselves it can also have a lot of impact on the
it can also have a lot of impact on the
it can also have a lot of impact on the economy of local regions if you have a
economy of local regions if you have a
economy of local regions if you have a bloom event going on generally what
bloom event going on generally what
bloom event going on generally what happens is beaches get closed you affect
happens is beaches get closed you affect
happens is beaches get closed you affect the tourism a lot you disrupt commercial
the tourism a lot you disrupt commercial
the tourism a lot you disrupt commercial fishing operations you may have to close
fishing operations you may have to close
fishing operations you may have to close shellfish beds and they can wreak havoc
shellfish beds and they can wreak havoc
shellfish beds and they can wreak havoc on fish
on fish
on fish so there’s a big economic impact so
so there’s a big economic impact so
so there’s a big economic impact so these are why we call them harmful bloom
these are why we call them harmful bloom
these are why we call them harmful bloom events or harmful algal blooms and I’m
events or harmful algal blooms and I’m
events or harmful algal blooms and I’m showing this slide because this
showing this slide because this
showing this slide because this represents some of the newspaper
represents some of the newspaper
represents some of the newspaper clippings from across the country just
clippings from across the country just
clippings from across the country just in 2015 where there were bloom events
in 2015 where there were bloom events
in 2015 where there were bloom events between 2012 and 2015
between 2012 and 2015
between 2012 and 2015 there was a tripling in the number of
there was a tripling in the number of
there was a tripling in the number of times popular newspapers reported
times popular newspapers reported
times popular newspapers reported harmful bloom events across the country
harmful bloom events across the country
harmful bloom events across the country and I don’t want to indicate the court
and I don’t want to indicate the court
and I don’t want to indicate the court or give you the idea that this is just
or give you the idea that this is just
or give you the idea that this is just happening in this country this is
happening in this country this is
happening in this country this is happening globally and again because of
happening globally and again because of
happening globally and again because of the types of health effects we have
the types of health effects we have
the types of health effects we have these these are very important I think
these these are very important I think
these these are very important I think probably many of you may have seen in
probably many of you may have seen in
probably many of you may have seen in the past week a lot of news events
the past week a lot of news events
the past week a lot of news events talking about a harmful algal bloom
talking about a harmful algal bloom
talking about a harmful algal bloom event in Florida closing down a lot of
event in Florida closing down a lot of
event in Florida closing down a lot of the coastal area around Stewart Florida
the coastal area around Stewart Florida
the coastal area around Stewart Florida this is really a picture of some green
this is really a picture of some green
this is really a picture of some green slime I can’t tell you what’s in it is
slime I can’t tell you what’s in it is
slime I can’t tell you what’s in it is not good I can see my son when he was
not good I can see my son when he was
not good I can see my son when he was kid they used to watch something on TV
kid they used to watch something on TV
kid they used to watch something on TV where it was cool to get hit with green
where it was cool to get hit with green
where it was cool to get hit with green slime if you didn’t know the answer to
slime if you didn’t know the answer to
slime if you didn’t know the answer to something this is not cool this is not
something this is not cool this is not
something this is not cool this is not nice you don’t want this green slime on
nice you don’t want this green slime on
nice you don’t want this green slime on you the reason I want to talk about
you the reason I want to talk about
you the reason I want to talk about harmful algal blooms is in these events
harmful algal blooms is in these events
harmful algal blooms is in these events is they’re not new they’ve been here
is they’re not new they’ve been here
is they’re not new they’ve been here with us forever but they are the the
with us forever but they are the the
with us forever but they are the the frequency of them is increased
frequency of them is increased
frequency of them is increased increasing at an alarming level both the
increasing at an alarming level both the
increasing at an alarming level both the frequency is increasing and the duration
frequency is increasing and the duration
frequency is increasing and the duration or persistence of the events is
or persistence of the events is
or persistence of the events is lengthening and and and why are these
lengthening and and and why are these
lengthening and and and why are these events and the length of the events why
events and the length of the events why
events and the length of the events why are these increasing there are probably
are these increasing there are probably
are these increasing there are probably a number of drivers but two of the
a number of drivers but two of the
a number of drivers but two of the primary drivers are associated with
primary drivers are associated with
primary drivers are associated with human activity the first one I want to
human activity the first one I want to
human activity the first one I want to bring to your attention is runoff does
bring to your attention is runoff does
bring to your attention is runoff does anybody know what I mean by runoff okay
anybody know what I mean by runoff okay
anybody know what I mean by runoff okay you can have agricultural operations
you can have agricultural operations
you can have agricultural operations runoff you can have livestock operation
runoff you can have livestock operation
runoff you can have livestock operation runoff you can have sewage runoff these
runoff you can have sewage runoff these
runoff you can have sewage runoff these all this runoff gets into the
all this runoff gets into the
all this runoff gets into the groundwater it gets into streams
groundwater it gets into streams
groundwater it gets into streams tributaries rivers ponds lakes
tributaries rivers ponds lakes
tributaries rivers ponds lakes ultimately the ocean and what’s in the
ultimately the ocean and what’s in the
ultimately the ocean and what’s in the runoff to the
runoff to the
runoff to the three things I talked about fertilizer
three things I talked about fertilizer
three things I talked about fertilizer okay we put fertilizer in the
okay we put fertilizer in the
okay we put fertilizer in the agricultural fields what livestock waste
agricultural fields what livestock waste
agricultural fields what livestock waste is producing as well as sewage that’s
is producing as well as sewage that’s
is producing as well as sewage that’s fertilizer too so what we’re basically
fertilizer too so what we’re basically
fertilizer too so what we’re basically doing is we’re doing a lot of nutrient
doing is we’re doing a lot of nutrient
doing is we’re doing a lot of nutrient loading in the water we’re feeding the
loading in the water we’re feeding the
loading in the water we’re feeding the blooms that’s one of the big reasons why
blooms that’s one of the big reasons why
blooms that’s one of the big reasons why they’re growing we’re actually feeding
they’re growing we’re actually feeding
they’re growing we’re actually feeding them there’s huge fruit supply for the
them there’s huge fruit supply for the
them there’s huge fruit supply for the blooms to grow on the other thing that’s
blooms to grow on the other thing that’s
blooms to grow on the other thing that’s driving this is climate change warmer
driving this is climate change warmer
driving this is climate change warmer temperatures warmer water is conducive
temperatures warmer water is conducive
temperatures warmer water is conducive to a longer growing season so you have
to a longer growing season so you have
to a longer growing season so you have that impact with the longer growing
that impact with the longer growing
that impact with the longer growing season the other thing that climate
season the other thing that climate
season the other thing that climate change is doing is it’s changing
change is doing is it’s changing
change is doing is it’s changing precipitation patterns when we see an
precipitation patterns when we see an
precipitation patterns when we see an increase in the volume and intensity of
increase in the volume and intensity of
increase in the volume and intensity of the rainstorms were getting kind of like
the rainstorms were getting kind of like
the rainstorms were getting kind of like last night this really increases runoff
last night this really increases runoff
last night this really increases runoff so we’re accelerating the deposition of
so we’re accelerating the deposition of
so we’re accelerating the deposition of nutrients into the water so this is
nutrients into the water so this is
nutrients into the water so this is these these are really important and
these these are really important and
these these are really important and humans activities are really related to
humans activities are really related to
humans activities are really related to this so we live here in the Triangle
this so we live here in the Triangle
this so we live here in the Triangle area in North Carolina where we haven’t
area in North Carolina where we haven’t
area in North Carolina where we haven’t had a little lot of impact by harmful
had a little lot of impact by harmful
had a little lot of impact by harmful algal blooms or their toxins why should
algal blooms or their toxins why should
algal blooms or their toxins why should we care about this well we’re citizens
we care about this well we’re citizens
we care about this well we’re citizens of the world globally over 60% of the
of the world globally over 60% of the
of the world globally over 60% of the pop world’s population lives in coastal
pop world’s population lives in coastal
pop world’s population lives in coastal areas so they had this high risk of
areas so they had this high risk of
areas so they had this high risk of exposure we use the oceans for many
exposure we use the oceans for many
exposure we use the oceans for many things we use it for transportation
things we use it for transportation
things we use it for transportation commerce recreation and food the oceans
commerce recreation and food the oceans
commerce recreation and food the oceans supply the largest source of protein in
supply the largest source of protein in
supply the largest source of protein in the world okay far exceeding whatever we
the world okay far exceeding whatever we
the world okay far exceeding whatever we get from livestock or poultry operations
get from livestock or poultry operations
get from livestock or poultry operations so we need to be concerned as citizens
so we need to be concerned as citizens
so we need to be concerned as citizens of the world what’s going on over 50
of the world what’s going on over 50
of the world what’s going on over 50 percent of the u.s. population actually
percent of the u.s. population actually
percent of the u.s. population actually lives in coastal counties so this is
lives in coastal counties so this is
lives in coastal counties so this is this is important to our national health
this is important to our national health
this is important to our national health because we’re talking about the largest
because we’re talking about the largest
because we’re talking about the largest source of protein that runs the risk of
source of protein that runs the risk of
source of protein that runs the risk of being contaminated from harmful algal
being contaminated from harmful algal
being contaminated from harmful algal bloom toxins
bloom toxins
bloom toxins I want to bring your attention also to
I want to bring your attention also to
I want to bring your attention also to the Great Lakes as an example harmful
the Great Lakes as an example harmful
the Great Lakes as an example harmful algal blooms that occur in fresh waters
algal blooms that occur in fresh waters
algal blooms that occur in fresh waters don’t just occur in Great Lakes but I
don’t just occur in Great Lakes but I
don’t just occur in Great Lakes but I want to bring this area to your
want to bring this area to your
want to bring this area to your attention because over 40 million people
attention because over 40 million people
attention because over 40 million people live in the Great Lakes basin between
live in the Great Lakes basin between
live in the Great Lakes basin between the US and Canada and we rely on the
the US and Canada and we rely on the
the US and Canada and we rely on the Great Lakes basin for much of what we
Great Lakes basin for much of what we
Great Lakes basin for much of what we rely on with the ocean in terms of
rely on with the ocean in terms of
rely on with the ocean in terms of transportation recreation commerce and
transportation recreation commerce and
transportation recreation commerce and food but something else very important
food but something else very important
food but something else very important that we rely on the for and that would
that we rely on the for and that would
that we rely on the for and that would be drinking water the Great Lakes is the
be drinking water the Great Lakes is the
be drinking water the Great Lakes is the largest supply of fresh water in the
largest supply of fresh water in the
largest supply of fresh water in the world anywhere and it’s the largest
world anywhere and it’s the largest
world anywhere and it’s the largest supply of drinking water we have in this
supply of drinking water we have in this
supply of drinking water we have in this country so when we have events that
country so when we have events that
country so when we have events that impact the quality of the water that we
impact the quality of the water that we
impact the quality of the water that we drink that’s a problem you may remember
drink that’s a problem you may remember
drink that’s a problem you may remember a couple of years ago about this time
a couple of years ago about this time
a couple of years ago about this time there was a huge massive bloom event in
there was a huge massive bloom event in
there was a huge massive bloom event in the western part of Lake Erie that ended
the western part of Lake Erie that ended
the western part of Lake Erie that ended up shutting down the water supply to the
up shutting down the water supply to the
up shutting down the water supply to the city of Toledo Ohio that’s something
city of Toledo Ohio that’s something
city of Toledo Ohio that’s something that got a lot of news play all the
that got a lot of news play all the
that got a lot of news play all the events don’t get national or
events don’t get national or
events don’t get national or international press but this is
international press but this is
international press but this is something that is probably going to
something that is probably going to
something that is probably going to occur more frequently in the future and
occur more frequently in the future and
occur more frequently in the future and we recognize that there are lots of
we recognize that there are lots of
we recognize that there are lots of people who are exposed to this most in
people who are exposed to this most in
people who are exposed to this most in the coast and in Lakes Great Lakes areas
the coast and in Lakes Great Lakes areas
the coast and in Lakes Great Lakes areas in other areas where we have aquatic
in other areas where we have aquatic
in other areas where we have aquatic bodies of water or what putties worth
bodies of water or what putties worth
bodies of water or what putties worth that’s a lot of people that are at risk
that’s a lot of people that are at risk
that’s a lot of people that are at risk for this emerging health challenge but
for this emerging health challenge but
for this emerging health challenge but there are some segments of the
there are some segments of the
there are some segments of the population of they’re going to be a more
population of they’re going to be a more
population of they’re going to be a more at risk or more vulnerable to these risk
at risk or more vulnerable to these risk
at risk or more vulnerable to these risk and that’s going to include pregnant and
and that’s going to include pregnant and
and that’s going to include pregnant and nursing moms the elderly children people
nursing moms the elderly children people
nursing moms the elderly children people that live on subsistence diets as well
that live on subsistence diets as well
that live on subsistence diets as well as folks who are economically
as folks who are economically
as folks who are economically disadvantaged and what are we doing to
disadvantaged and what are we doing to
disadvantaged and what are we doing to try to protect these people in the
try to protect these people in the
try to protect these people in the health as a nation we have an obligation
health as a nation we have an obligation
health as a nation we have an obligation to try to protect our citizens I work
to try to protect our citizens I work
to try to protect our citizens I work for the National Institute of
for the National Institute of
for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and we
Environmental Health Sciences and we
Environmental Health Sciences and we work collaboratively on a number of
work collaboratively on a number of
work collaboratively on a number of projects with other federal agencies
projects with other federal agencies
projects with other federal agencies we’re either collaborating or doing
we’re either collaborating or doing
we’re either collaborating or doing something complementary to what they do
something complementary to what they do
something complementary to what they do and that has to do with trying to reduce
and that has to do with trying to reduce
and that has to do with trying to reduce the burden of the environment that it
the burden of the environment that it
the burden of the environment that it places on human health one of the ways
places on human health one of the ways
places on human health one of the ways that we’re trying to reduce the impact
that we’re trying to reduce the impact
that we’re trying to reduce the impact of harmful algal bloom toxins is to
of harmful algal bloom toxins is to
of harmful algal bloom toxins is to learn more about
learn more about
learn more about molecular mechanisms of toxicity in
molecular mechanisms of toxicity in
molecular mechanisms of toxicity in other words how do these toxins make
other words how do these toxins make
other words how do these toxins make people sick if we learn more about how
people sick if we learn more about how
people sick if we learn more about how they make VOC sick then we have an
they make VOC sick then we have an
they make VOC sick then we have an opportunity to develop effective
opportunity to develop effective
opportunity to develop effective therapeutic interventions and strategies
therapeutic interventions and strategies
therapeutic interventions and strategies to treat them but wouldn’t it be better
to treat them but wouldn’t it be better
to treat them but wouldn’t it be better if we were able to actually prevent or
if we were able to actually prevent or
if we were able to actually prevent or reduce the exposures altogether so
reduce the exposures altogether so
reduce the exposures altogether so people aren’t getting sick so what many
people aren’t getting sick so what many
people aren’t getting sick so what many of the federal agencies are engaged in
of the federal agencies are engaged in
of the federal agencies are engaged in is doing monitoring and surveillance by
is doing monitoring and surveillance by
is doing monitoring and surveillance by deploying very sophisticated instruments
deploying very sophisticated instruments
deploying very sophisticated instruments into the deep ocean that will measure a
into the deep ocean that will measure a
into the deep ocean that will measure a number of biological and geophysical
number of biological and geophysical
number of biological and geophysical properties and things that can help us
properties and things that can help us
properties and things that can help us forecast better if we know what types of
forecast better if we know what types of
forecast better if we know what types of events occur before a bloom is going on
events occur before a bloom is going on
events occur before a bloom is going on then we’re able to predict that event
then we’re able to predict that event
then we’re able to predict that event better and able to actually develop ways
better and able to actually develop ways
better and able to actually develop ways that we can help warn people
that we can help warn people
that we can help warn people another thing that’s used is extensive
another thing that’s used is extensive
another thing that’s used is extensive use of satellite imagery to be able to
use of satellite imagery to be able to
use of satellite imagery to be able to track blooms and we take the data that
track blooms and we take the data that
track blooms and we take the data that we get from these deep-sea instruments
we get from these deep-sea instruments
we get from these deep-sea instruments as well as the tracking of the satellite
as well as the tracking of the satellite
as well as the tracking of the satellite images to try to develop novel
images to try to develop novel
images to try to develop novel algorithms that will help us better
algorithms that will help us better
algorithms that will help us better predict the reason for doing this type
predict the reason for doing this type
predict the reason for doing this type of science is because we want to
of science is because we want to
of science is because we want to translate this science into effective
translate this science into effective
translate this science into effective public health policy that will help warn
public health policy that will help warn
public health policy that will help warn people and educate them when a bloom
people and educate them when a bloom
people and educate them when a bloom event is coming what types of risks
event is coming what types of risks
event is coming what types of risks there they run and how they can best
there they run and how they can best
there they run and how they can best protect themselves so I want to kind of
protect themselves so I want to kind of
protect themselves so I want to kind of start to close here by bringing us back
start to close here by bringing us back
start to close here by bringing us back to the domoic acid example I gave you in
to the domoic acid example I gave you in
to the domoic acid example I gave you in the beginning and telling you how the
the beginning and telling you how the
the beginning and telling you how the science that we support is actually
science that we support is actually
science that we support is actually impacting public health policy to
impacting public health policy to
impacting public health policy to protect people in the Pacific Northwest
protect people in the Pacific Northwest
protect people in the Pacific Northwest around the Puget Sound there are a
around the Puget Sound there are a
around the Puget Sound there are a number of tribal populations that rely
number of tribal populations that rely
number of tribal populations that rely heavily on razor clams razor clams is a
heavily on razor clams razor clams is a
heavily on razor clams razor clams is a big source of where domoic acid can
big source of where domoic acid can
big source of where domoic acid can bioaccumulate and get in there and
bioaccumulate and get in there and
bioaccumulate and get in there and expose people through consumption of
expose people through consumption of
expose people through consumption of those scientists working with some of
those scientists working with some of
those scientists working with some of the tribal populations have determined
the tribal populations have determined
the tribal populations have determined that people who are considered to be
that people who are considered to be
that people who are considered to be heavy consumers of razor clams
heavy consumers of razor clams
heavy consumers of razor clams experience very severe memory decline
experience very severe memory decline
experience very severe memory decline okay when we say a heavy consumer that’s
okay when we say a heavy consumer that’s
okay when we say a heavy consumer that’s someone that eats over 15 razor clam
someone that eats over 15 razor clam
someone that eats over 15 razor clam among these are pretty good-sized males
among these are pretty good-sized males
among these are pretty good-sized males razor clams are typically about the size
razor clams are typically about the size
razor clams are typically about the size of this hand so people that eat that
of this hand so people that eat that
of this hand so people that eat that they’re eating a lot of razor clams
they’re eating a lot of razor clams
they’re eating a lot of razor clams these investigators meeting with tribal
these investigators meeting with tribal
these investigators meeting with tribal councils as well as medical advisors
councils as well as medical advisors
councils as well as medical advisors have determined that they don’t want
have determined that they don’t want
have determined that they don’t want their children exposed to this at any
their children exposed to this at any
their children exposed to this at any level so they’ve enacted policy where
level so they’ve enacted policy where
level so they’ve enacted policy where they have very severe and stringent
they have very severe and stringent
they have very severe and stringent warnings against pregnant and nursing
warnings against pregnant and nursing
warnings against pregnant and nursing moms and children eating razor clams at
moms and children eating razor clams at
moms and children eating razor clams at all regardless of what the level of
all regardless of what the level of
all regardless of what the level of toxin is and them at all they just want
toxin is and them at all they just want
toxin is and them at all they just want to protect their kids this is very
to protect their kids this is very
to protect their kids this is very important cuz this is a real win in
important cuz this is a real win in
important cuz this is a real win in terms of using the scientific data
terms of using the scientific data
terms of using the scientific data that’s been generated to impact public
that’s been generated to impact public
that’s been generated to impact public policy and protect our citizens so what
policy and protect our citizens so what
policy and protect our citizens so what I’d like to do is really just kind of
I’d like to do is really just kind of
I’d like to do is really just kind of close by saying we haven’t been really
close by saying we haven’t been really
close by saying we haven’t been really impacted by harmful algal bloom toxins
impacted by harmful algal bloom toxins
impacted by harmful algal bloom toxins in North Carolina in the Triangle region
in North Carolina in the Triangle region
in North Carolina in the Triangle region yet the operative word there is yet so
yet the operative word there is yet so
yet the operative word there is yet so I’d like to thank the generator for
I’d like to thank the generator for
I’d like to thank the generator for giving me an opportunity to talk to you
giving me an opportunity to talk to you
giving me an opportunity to talk to you about this today and thank you all as
about this today and thank you all as
about this today and thank you all as well
”
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