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in an ever-changing world it’s not just
in an ever-changing world it’s not just on mindset political views or landscapes
on mindset political views or landscapes
on mindset political views or landscapes which are changing even down to the most
which are changing even down to the most
which are changing even down to the most minut detail our world is reshaping and
minut detail our world is reshaping and
minut detail our world is reshaping and remodeling itself every second of every
remodeling itself every second of every
remodeling itself every second of every day now this can be seen as very
day now this can be seen as very
day now this can be seen as very beneficial such as the erosion of Sirach
beneficial such as the erosion of Sirach
beneficial such as the erosion of Sirach to create beautiful artists to inspire
to create beautiful artists to inspire
to create beautiful artists to inspire our artists however there is one group
our artists however there is one group
our artists however there is one group of organisms which poses a great threat
of organisms which poses a great threat
of organisms which poses a great threat to human life due to their ability to
to human life due to their ability to
to human life due to their ability to evolve rapidly and adapt to change
evolve rapidly and adapt to change
evolve rapidly and adapt to change bacterial drug resistance is
bacterial drug resistance is
bacterial drug resistance is increasingly worrying scientists we as a
increasingly worrying scientists we as a
increasingly worrying scientists we as a species have ingested so many
species have ingested so many
species have ingested so many antibiotics in such a short amount of
antibiotics in such a short amount of
antibiotics in such a short amount of time this is is predicted but by 2050
time this is is predicted but by 2050
time this is is predicted but by 2050 antimicrobial resistant infections will
antimicrobial resistant infections will
antimicrobial resistant infections will be a greater killer than cancer YouGov
be a greater killer than cancer YouGov
be a greater killer than cancer YouGov suggests that this will cost the world
suggests that this will cost the world
suggests that this will cost the world sixty six trillion pounds so how do
sixty six trillion pounds so how do
sixty six trillion pounds so how do antibiotics actually work well here’s a
antibiotics actually work well here’s a
antibiotics actually work well here’s a generalized diagram of a bacterium cell
generalized diagram of a bacterium cell
generalized diagram of a bacterium cell these are about one to five microns long
these are about one to five microns long
these are about one to five microns long so that is about ten to a thousand times
so that is about ten to a thousand times
so that is about ten to a thousand times smaller than a full stop so these are
smaller than a full stop so these are
smaller than a full stop so these are very very small unicellular organisms so
very very small unicellular organisms so
very very small unicellular organisms so they need to be protected from outsiders
they need to be protected from outsiders
they need to be protected from outsiders and to be protected they have cell walls
and to be protected they have cell walls
and to be protected they have cell walls and a capsule now what antibiotics do is
and a capsule now what antibiotics do is
and a capsule now what antibiotics do is they penetrate this capsule and
they penetrate this capsule and
they penetrate this capsule and disintegrate cell wall causing the
disintegrate cell wall causing the
disintegrate cell wall causing the contents of the bacteria to splurge out
contents of the bacteria to splurge out
contents of the bacteria to splurge out and causing the bacteria to die and this
and causing the bacteria to die and this
and causing the bacteria to die and this is called lysis however antibiotics have
is called lysis however antibiotics have
is called lysis however antibiotics have a very fast reproduction and thus
a very fast reproduction and thus
a very fast reproduction and thus evolution rate in the time of for one
evolution rate in the time of for one
evolution rate in the time of for one bacteria to become resistant nearly a
bacteria to become resistant nearly a
bacteria to become resistant nearly a million will become immune to the
million will become immune to the
million will become immune to the disease and
disease and
disease and because they can evolve so quickly they
because they can evolve so quickly they
because they can evolve so quickly they have three ways which they can exchange
have three ways which they can exchange
have three ways which they can exchange genetic information to help them become
genetic information to help them become
genetic information to help them become immune the first way is then a trance
immune the first way is then a trance
immune the first way is then a trance formation so here the host cell which
formation so here the host cell which
formation so here the host cell which contains the resistant gene releases its
contains the resistant gene releases its
contains the resistant gene releases its DNA into the outside and a recipient
DNA into the outside and a recipient
DNA into the outside and a recipient cell in the right state will uptake this
cell in the right state will uptake this
cell in the right state will uptake this DNA and combine it with its own genetic
DNA and combine it with its own genetic
DNA and combine it with its own genetic information this produces a genetic
information this produces a genetic
information this produces a genetic alteration now this seems like quite a
alteration now this seems like quite a
alteration now this seems like quite a simple process
simple process
simple process however the recipient cell must be in
however the recipient cell must be in
however the recipient cell must be in the exact state and the exact place in
the exact state and the exact place in
the exact state and the exact place in the cell cycle for this to happen so
the cell cycle for this to happen so
the cell cycle for this to happen so this doesn’t happen very often and it’s
this doesn’t happen very often and it’s
this doesn’t happen very often and it’s not a very efficient way so a better way
not a very efficient way so a better way
not a very efficient way so a better way what would a better way be well there is
what would a better way be well there is
what would a better way be well there is the indirect transfer of genetic
the indirect transfer of genetic
the indirect transfer of genetic information called transduction using
information called transduction using
information called transduction using something called a bacteriophage which
something called a bacteriophage which
something called a bacteriophage which is a specialized virus these father’s
is a specialized virus these father’s
is a specialized virus these father’s inject
inject
inject the host cell which contains the
the host cell which contains the
the host cell which contains the resistant gene with viral DNA this then
resistant gene with viral DNA this then
resistant gene with viral DNA this then breaks up the bacterial DNA combines
breaks up the bacterial DNA combines
breaks up the bacterial DNA combines with it and forms lots and lots of
with it and forms lots and lots of
with it and forms lots and lots of bacteria flashes inside it these
bacteria flashes inside it these
bacteria flashes inside it these bacterial fighters also contains some of
bacterial fighters also contains some of
bacterial fighters also contains some of the viral DNA when there are so many in
the viral DNA when there are so many in
the viral DNA when there are so many in there that the pressure is too much they
there that the pressure is too much they
there that the pressure is too much they burst out of the bacterial cell and one
burst out of the bacterial cell and one
burst out of the bacterial cell and one of these viruses will contain the
of these viruses will contain the
of these viruses will contain the resistant gene so later on this fires
resistant gene so later on this fires
resistant gene so later on this fires will go along to another bacterial cell
will go along to another bacterial cell
will go along to another bacterial cell and inject it with the resistance gene
and inject it with the resistance gene
and inject it with the resistance gene and this gene is then combined with the
and this gene is then combined with the
and this gene is then combined with the other DNA of the bacterium cell and now
other DNA of the bacterium cell and now
other DNA of the bacterium cell and now this one is resistant this is again
this one is resistant this is again
this one is resistant this is again quite a good way however it involves the
quite a good way however it involves the
quite a good way however it involves the direct killing of one of that bacterium
direct killing of one of that bacterium
direct killing of one of that bacterium cells so we need a way where both the
cells so we need a way where both the
cells so we need a way where both the bacterial cells would be alive but also
bacterial cells would be alive but also
bacterial cells would be alive but also the recipient cell doesn’t have to be in
the recipient cell doesn’t have to be in
the recipient cell doesn’t have to be in a specialized state so the probably the
a specialized state so the probably the
a specialized state so the probably the most important and significant way that
most important and significant way that
most important and significant way that bacterium
bacterium
bacterium transfer genetic information is through
transfer genetic information is through
transfer genetic information is through plasmid exchange called conjugation here
plasmid exchange called conjugation here
plasmid exchange called conjugation here the cell will have a hair like a pendant
the cell will have a hair like a pendant
the cell will have a hair like a pendant on it that goes towards the recipient
on it that goes towards the recipient
on it that goes towards the recipient cell and this plasmid which is a loop of
cell and this plasmid which is a loop of
cell and this plasmid which is a loop of DNA which usually contains resistance
DNA which usually contains resistance
DNA which usually contains resistance genes or unwind and unzip itself then
genes or unwind and unzip itself then
genes or unwind and unzip itself then two strands will be formed one of the
two strands will be formed one of the
two strands will be formed one of the strands will travel down the penis
strands will travel down the penis
strands will travel down the penis toward the recipient cell then using
toward the recipient cell then using
toward the recipient cell then using complementary base clearing the plasmids
complementary base clearing the plasmids
complementary base clearing the plasmids will rejoin and there’ll be one in each
will rejoin and there’ll be one in each
will rejoin and there’ll be one in each of the bacterium cells so now as you can
of the bacterium cells so now as you can
of the bacterium cells so now as you can see both are resistant so this is bio
see both are resistant so this is bio
see both are resistant so this is bio means the most effective way of genetic
means the most effective way of genetic
means the most effective way of genetic transfer it’s not difficult for bacteria
transfer it’s not difficult for bacteria
transfer it’s not difficult for bacteria to exchange information and if we don’t
to exchange information and if we don’t
to exchange information and if we don’t start reducing our intake of antibiotics
start reducing our intake of antibiotics
start reducing our intake of antibiotics and finding a new solution which
and finding a new solution which
and finding a new solution which currently in 2013 stood at 21.5 out of a
currently in 2013 stood at 21.5 out of a
currently in 2013 stood at 21.5 out of a thousand people and has risen six point
thousand people and has risen six point
thousand people and has risen six point five percent in only the last four years
five percent in only the last four years
five percent in only the last four years the repercussions will most likely be
the repercussions will most likely be
the repercussions will most likely be catastrophic so how are we responding to
catastrophic so how are we responding to
catastrophic so how are we responding to this information and these statistics
this information and these statistics
this information and these statistics well doctors can prescribe different
well doctors can prescribe different
well doctors can prescribe different types of antibiotics depending on the
types of antibiotics depending on the
types of antibiotics depending on the bacterial infection that you have there
bacterial infection that you have there
bacterial infection that you have there are usually two classes of bacteria
are usually two classes of bacteria
are usually two classes of bacteria because bacteria have different types of
because bacteria have different types of
because bacteria have different types of cell walls there is gram positive and
cell walls there is gram positive and
cell walls there is gram positive and gram negative and they need to be
gram negative and they need to be
gram negative and they need to be attacked in different ways
attacked in different ways
attacked in different ways so antibiotics that attack gram positive
so antibiotics that attack gram positive
so antibiotics that attack gram positive bacteria cell walls that need to attack
bacteria cell walls that need to attack
bacteria cell walls that need to attack a very thick layer of a substance called
a very thick layer of a substance called
a very thick layer of a substance called peptide o glycan whereas for
peptide o glycan whereas for
peptide o glycan whereas for gram-negative only needs a thin layer of
gram-negative only needs a thin layer of
gram-negative only needs a thin layer of peptidoglycan but you also have to
peptidoglycan but you also have to
peptidoglycan but you also have to penetrate this Lippo polysaccharide
penetrate this Lippo polysaccharide
penetrate this Lippo polysaccharide layer if you attack either that we run
layer if you attack either that we run
layer if you attack either that we run positive of the gram negative with
positive of the gram negative with
positive of the gram negative with antibiotics this is called
antibiotics this is called
antibiotics this is called broad-spectrum antibiotics doctors can
broad-spectrum antibiotics doctors can
broad-spectrum antibiotics doctors can also prescribe medium spectrum
also prescribe medium spectrum
also prescribe medium spectrum antibiotics to attack a family of
antibiotics to attack a family of
antibiotics to attack a family of bacteria or they can prescribe narrow
bacteria or they can prescribe narrow
bacteria or they can prescribe narrow spectrum antibiotics which attacks one
spectrum antibiotics which attacks one
spectrum antibiotics which attacks one single type of
single type of
single type of Tirion but there is also other research
Tirion but there is also other research
Tirion but there is also other research into how we can tackle bacterial
into how we can tackle bacterial
into how we can tackle bacterial infections and this is through the
infections and this is through the
infections and this is through the bacterial viruses I mentioned earlier
bacterial viruses I mentioned earlier
bacterial viruses I mentioned earlier now there was bacteriophage research in
now there was bacteriophage research in
now there was bacteriophage research in the 1900s in the former Soviet republic
the 1900s in the former Soviet republic
the 1900s in the former Soviet republic of Georgia and in the 1920s and 30s they
of Georgia and in the 1920s and 30s they
of Georgia and in the 1920s and 30s they were used to treat patients however back
were used to treat patients however back
were used to treat patients however back then there was very little understanding
then there was very little understanding
then there was very little understanding of viruses themselves and so for these
of viruses themselves and so for these
of viruses themselves and so for these bacterial fighters they weren’t
bacterial fighters they weren’t
bacterial fighters they weren’t understood as well as antibiotics were
understood as well as antibiotics were
understood as well as antibiotics were and antibiotics were much more readily
and antibiotics were much more readily
and antibiotics were much more readily available so all of this information was
available so all of this information was
available so all of this information was forgotten until now scientists are now
forgotten until now scientists are now
forgotten until now scientists are now genetically engineering these bacterial
genetically engineering these bacterial
genetically engineering these bacterial forages to produce these enzymes which
forages to produce these enzymes which
forages to produce these enzymes which they use to cause the cell to explode
they use to cause the cell to explode
they use to cause the cell to explode after they’ve burst into them and other
after they’ve burst into them and other
after they’ve burst into them and other ones that disintegrate the bio matrix
ones that disintegrate the bio matrix
ones that disintegrate the bio matrix film and the different coatings for the
film and the different coatings for the
film and the different coatings for the bacteriophage so they can ensure that
bacteriophage so they can ensure that
bacteriophage so they can ensure that they’re killing the right bacteria false
they’re killing the right bacteria false
they’re killing the right bacteria false research is extremely important and as
research is extremely important and as
research is extremely important and as seen by the MRI say scares and the
seen by the MRI say scares and the
seen by the MRI say scares and the recent resistance gene found to the
recent resistance gene found to the
recent resistance gene found to the antibiotic of last resort the only
antibiotic of last resort the only
antibiotic of last resort the only antibiotic we have found in the last few
antibiotic we have found in the last few
antibiotic we have found in the last few years that seems to have no resistance
years that seems to have no resistance
years that seems to have no resistance to it there seems to be nothing now that
to it there seems to be nothing now that
to it there seems to be nothing now that could stop bacteria from causing loads
could stop bacteria from causing loads
could stop bacteria from causing loads of pandemics or epidemics thank you
of pandemics or epidemics thank you
of pandemics or epidemics thank you [Applause]
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