Repensando el cerebro | Mohammed Mostajo Radiji | TEDxUMSA

to

[Applause]

the truth that I have for me is my

favorite genre not only because it ‘s my

birthday but because I have the

opportunity and the honor of meeting the

best students of bolivia every

January through the program that

we call ourselves science clubs

there I met lina the acquaintance of

leonardo but I’m missing too

officers and I met many others

students that are here in the

audience could raise their hands

rather your boy who have left the

science club and this past January I had

the opportunity to meet a

student that comes a little

shameful the last day and tells me

want to imitate we have this event in the

Onsa give nothing or tell me we want

invite so that you can come is the

second he knew what if or if he’s going to

come

Whatever happens the day you meet the

law and and good but I have to stay

of something else

I want you to give us a talk that does not

they change the mind they will change the

hard mind but I can talk to you about

what we have done to change the

brain from there to change the mind not

I know where we are yet but

I think you will tell me at the end of

the talk today then the brain to

I’m really fascinating all the

mornings I wake up thinking I to cede the

half is in the brain

86 million neurons and a numberless

of connections form this body and the

truth that keeps me spellbound not

only to me we are 30,000 euros

active scientists and telling us

we dedicate to study the brain and even

at the moment we know very little about him but

this question you many kinds of

neurons successes how these form

different types of neurons

how they recognize each other as

circuit shape so precise that

they are so necessary to make tango bread

more in which you think about inside the

brain are your feelings

your thought your idea your memory

your mother’s voice first time all this

is stored inside this organ

we will spend very little and well I think

that everything is fine they know this

it’s a neuron but the neuron

dogmatically they have told us that they are

the most immutable cells of the body

once generated they remain in the

entity for the rest of your life

this identity does not change the fact very

well to much of the neurology and of

modern neuroscience is based on

that solution the solution in the dogma

that the neuron did not change but what

would happen if this one were wrong

what would happen if we are now in the

moment where we can change it now

we can start thinking about building

circuits and colds neurons and receive

ideas

these are some of the types of

questions that I ask myself every day and that has

already started to go answering to me

I am particularly interested in the part of

the cerebral cortex by closing the part

outermost brain are here

and is responsible for many of the

functions that make us so human

Fine movement creativity speaks

communication

if we start thinking is real and

they really show the best part

our brain in this way 80% of

our brain and consumes 20 by

our daily energy

then as a human we have learned to

keep this part of the brain without no

it’s no surprise to anyone that

damage to this part of the brain are the

that cause many diseases

neurological and developmental

we are used to listening

schizophrenia autism network syndrome

lateral sclerosis and iu on orders

of bipolarity among others

but if we go into the cortex

cerebral

we can see these are one of the few

types of neurons that exist within the

brain death

note the small exam at the end

but this one there was a great great

diversity which tells us a lot about

the complexity and the need for it to be

complex this body and I’m not going to

bore with all the diversity but

I want to draw attention to my kind of

favorite neuron

these are cortical neurons

endings get their name because

they connect the cerebral cortex with the

spinal cord

that is to say they are the largest cells in

our body to connect us from the

tip of our head to the part

below our spinal cord

they imagine the size is to make it

fascinates me every day I love them

look at this kind of neuron a lot of work

as a team and another has discovered how

they form this neuron

we have discovered for example

there are weave be more these than what

Become an orchestra teacher

when we are inside our the

belly our mom in the development

embryological receiver turns on ones

how many neuronal progenitors and what

makes it become cortical neurons

end works like a master of

ceremonies or as a conductor

he says you’re going to do this you’re going to

do this touches do this is what

we do what we have discovered

that these two works like a

discomfort to works until the first and

endogenous and saying these are the

properties are orona

so it’s going to look like this is going to connect

with it is going to communicate ok then

species 2 so far the only

known gene is not being more nervous

central mammal that meets this

function there is no other gene up

the moment that has been discovered to be

equivalent to its interesting precepts

is that it not only promotes

final narcotics action but

I also see the creation of another type

of neuron then it became a

essential tool for us to

investigate if that dogma that we had

taught that the identity of the

neurons was immutable was so true

as we thought then what was the

experiment was quite simple

place these in another type of

neuron

we decided to place it in this

type of heat neurons these are

erroneous that connect the two

hemispheres of the brain are well

different to connect a place

completely different and they look

different then I was not going to give a

pretty simple test to see what

I was passing

now to develop this we need

enter an animal to a mouse and

we developed a surgery but not

develop we do not invent it

but we used a surgery that

called electroporation new but this we

allows you to specifically access this

type of neuron

during the embryological development that

pass

we do brain surgery

in a mouse so what we do is

practically take the baby out

we operate the brain as you can see there

we injected these thread

we passed a few touches and touches

electrical so that the cessation is absorbed

of all and we put it back in his

mom and we wait for new children to be born

267 pesos during development

embryological and this is what we

what we started to see the

neuron began to change its shape

before they looked like this round and and and pippa

they started to get much bigger

more elongated changed clearly

suffolk began to change the genes

that they expressed began to change their

personal seal in a certain sense not

they are safe surprise in companies

others as of 281 projects will begin

now to pay for those channels and start

to say we are cortical neurons

end we connect with the marrow

spinal

they started to change it

way in how they communicated like this

communicated in honor of Carlos at each time

that you of a throw a line

vertical is a communication of that

neuron and how can you see they started to

eat communicate much more

quickly and most interesting

they changed where they connect to their

actions but what came next was

most impressive

We began to tell how it has

practically analyze how it

it involved the circuit around

win it and the truth that I took the

work to sit here tell has

a few hours to osasuna for

programs can see that they are fine

different

physically they are different and I started

literally count each contact

synaptic that this cell received no

it’s a simple job but we tell it

and what we saw with the following that the

rest of the circuit began to change and

began to integrate these neurons as

if they were endogenously neuron

final portico that is circuit what

recognized as such integrated it as such

but more importantly the circuit

change

then we went beyond just

show that we can change neuron to

say ok

the microenvironment since this morning

You can also change less

cells that are around him

now this if it did not make us famous

this was a big surprise to me

it calls me and tells me get up look

the pages rebounded from edu and the

cover was our job and for

we were

November 5 , 2015 was the best day of

my life because it’s literally me

I raised that surprise and a little

champagne but then he taught us to

dreaming taught us to dream that maybe

the two more we had learned not

they were necessarily written in stone

but maybe now we start having

the technology to start the network

ask the question that before

we could answer today we have the

technology we already discovered that it does then

these then we have the technology

that now exists at our disposal

and that’s why we were able to contact him, he started

dream to see what would happen in how

change the brain after us

as I said we did it in a brain of

an embryo can change the brain

adult because they start trying

use reprogramming for example

as a method of curing the disease

me when my mom tells me when I was

good boy 34 years we write in santa

ana de yacuma said she wanted to be

neurosurgeons do not know or even know

and that neurosurgeons but neither

I think my mother figured it was

this yes it is but enough

near this one but I think we live in

very very exciting times because no

we can only change it

we have learned recipes from different

cell types we can now by

example take but of the skin and

convert the neuron we can take

skin cells and turn it into

cardiomyocytes say cells of the

heart but we can also take

skin cells and convert them into

stem cells is the mother equivalent to

the first cells that we are

before we have become

our whole body and this kind of

cells we can take out all the

body cells

if we know the recipe recently about

years an even greater discovery

not only could we create cell in

two dimensions but we could

create organ and that is mini mini mini

and mini organs

where three or four millimeters but for

example was organ and cerebral to

it came out of the skin of a patient to

become a mini mini brain of

that patient

now it is not exactly the same

brains not but you have in europe and

they have one of yours now

that is, in a matter of weeks

we can go from a piece of skin

to have hundreds of these organs of

ready in the incubator to analyze

to understand the brain

in fact these bodies have been

essential to understand how the cica

affects the human brain

we can not inject women

pregnant with her daughter because she does not

put music to this organ and thank you

to this other team discovered by

example the gene that uses appointment to

enter is called sax and also

discovered that the situates mishina blocks

the entrance of the music to this organ and of

less to the cells of interest

so I think we’re going to get the

day where we will have even more power

we will have the power to try to study

diseases in this body and again

through reprogramming why

not to start is for example to take traces

of skin of people with autism or

bipolarity schizophrenia and started to

say that it’s different in the brain than

try brain and in this case not and I think

that we are very close to that day because

because we have already started it we already have

the first organs and from the patient

sick who are already in the incubator and

we are starting to do it now no

only a few patients do not

of thousands of patients at some time

the moment will come where we are going to

start to understand how these types of

neurons are created as the circuit of

way that goes wrong in this

circuit in the case of illness and what

we can do later to use

methods like reprogramming or

neurons transplant again these

are your neurons to treat

diseases

so I think it ‘s time that

We forgive to rethink the questions

basic biology in specific

I think it’s time for Monterrey

think the brain thank you

[Applause]