[Applause] sym that anywhere you look these days
sym that anywhere you look these days
sym that anywhere you look these days you can’t help but hear that artificial
you can’t help but hear that artificial
you can’t help but hear that artificial intelligence is developing so quickly
intelligence is developing so quickly
intelligence is developing so quickly that it will make us obsolete and we
that it will make us obsolete and we
that it will make us obsolete and we must augment ourselves in order to
must augment ourselves in order to
must augment ourselves in order to compete with robots on the job market
compete with robots on the job market
compete with robots on the job market just the other day I saw a magazine
just the other day I saw a magazine
just the other day I saw a magazine cover that showed the logical
cover that showed the logical
cover that showed the logical progression from a Neanderthal modern
progression from a Neanderthal modern
progression from a Neanderthal modern human to a cyber enhanced being with
human to a cyber enhanced being with
human to a cyber enhanced being with some mystery hardware strapped to her
some mystery hardware strapped to her
some mystery hardware strapped to her hairless head that all brings up a
hairless head that all brings up a
hairless head that all brings up a question when can upload my brain into a
question when can upload my brain into a
question when can upload my brain into a computer my lab works on interfaces with
computer my lab works on interfaces with
computer my lab works on interfaces with the nervous system and whenever I get
the nervous system and whenever I get
the nervous system and whenever I get asked this question which is at every
asked this question which is at every
asked this question which is at every dinner party I can’t help but wonder
dinner party I can’t help but wonder
dinner party I can’t help but wonder whether this is an ill-posed question
whether this is an ill-posed question
whether this is an ill-posed question and what we should really be asking is
and what we should really be asking is
and what we should really be asking is when can my brain collaborate with a
when can my brain collaborate with a
when can my brain collaborate with a computer machine intelligence in human
computer machine intelligence in human
computer machine intelligence in human intelligence are fundamentally different
intelligence are fundamentally different
intelligence are fundamentally different a task of folding a wrinkled sock takes
a task of folding a wrinkled sock takes
a task of folding a wrinkled sock takes seconds for an untrained human who is
seconds for an untrained human who is
seconds for an untrained human who is also eating cereal talking on the phone
also eating cereal talking on the phone
also eating cereal talking on the phone listening to the radio while a highly
listening to the radio while a highly
listening to the radio while a highly trained robot will wrestle with a sock
trained robot will wrestle with a sock
trained robot will wrestle with a sock for a few minutes while doing absolutely
for a few minutes while doing absolutely
for a few minutes while doing absolutely nothing else on the other hand a trained
nothing else on the other hand a trained
nothing else on the other hand a trained human will spend a few minutes on an
human will spend a few minutes on an
human will spend a few minutes on an integral of a sine function multiplied
integral of a sine function multiplied
integral of a sine function multiplied by a polynomial while a single simple
by a polynomial while a single simple
by a polynomial while a single simple calculator can crank this out in a
calculator can crank this out in a
calculator can crank this out in a fraction of a second the human brain and
fraction of a second the human brain and
fraction of a second the human brain and the machine brain are fundamentally
the machine brain are fundamentally
the machine brain are fundamentally different human brain is a generalist a
different human brain is a generalist a
different human brain is a generalist a machine brain is a specialist in this
machine brain is a specialist in this
machine brain is a specialist in this difference in operation lies
difference in operation lies
difference in operation lies indifference in hardware the building
indifference in hardware the building
indifference in hardware the building block of machine brain is a transistor
block of machine brain is a transistor
block of machine brain is a transistor it can switch billions of times per
it can switch billions of times per
it can switch billions of times per second but is only connected to three
second but is only connected to three
second but is only connected to three neighbors building block of the nervous
neighbors building block of the nervous
neighbors building block of the nervous system is a neuron it can do only about
system is a neuron it can do only about
system is a neuron it can do only about a thousand operations per second but it
a thousand operations per second but it
a thousand operations per second but it communicates with 6000 neighbors at once
communicates with 6000 neighbors at once
communicates with 6000 neighbors at once and trying to upload your brain visits
and trying to upload your brain visits
and trying to upload your brain visits 90 billion neurons
90 billion neurons
90 billion neurons into a machine requires simultaneous
into a machine requires simultaneous
into a machine requires simultaneous monitoring of a multitude of electrical
monitoring of a multitude of electrical
monitoring of a multitude of electrical chemical mechanical signals across
chemical mechanical signals across
chemical mechanical signals across trillions of synapses at the same time
trillions of synapses at the same time
trillions of synapses at the same time some say that this translates into an
some say that this translates into an
some say that this translates into an information density of about a hundred
information density of about a hundred
information density of about a hundred peda flops which is equivalent to about
peda flops which is equivalent to about
peda flops which is equivalent to about a few million of modern laptops we of
a few million of modern laptops we of
a few million of modern laptops we of course have a few million laptops but
course have a few million laptops but
course have a few million laptops but the trick is that unlike your brain
the trick is that unlike your brain
the trick is that unlike your brain which fits into one head and consumes
which fits into one head and consumes
which fits into one head and consumes about 12 watts a million laptops occupy
about 12 watts a million laptops occupy
about 12 watts a million laptops occupy a warehouse and consume some megawatts
a warehouse and consume some megawatts
a warehouse and consume some megawatts but that’s not the biggest problem the
but that’s not the biggest problem the
but that’s not the biggest problem the biggest problem is that we do not
biggest problem is that we do not
biggest problem is that we do not understand how this multitude of
understand how this multitude of
understand how this multitude of parallel signals and computations in
parallel signals and computations in
parallel signals and computations in your human brain translates into your
your human brain translates into your
your human brain translates into your human intelligence
human intelligence
human intelligence worse yet we don’t have the tools to
worse yet we don’t have the tools to
worse yet we don’t have the tools to find out but don’t get me wrong
find out but don’t get me wrong
find out but don’t get me wrong machines are incredibly powerful many of
machines are incredibly powerful many of
machines are incredibly powerful many of you may have used Google Maps and within
you may have used Google Maps and within
you may have used Google Maps and within fraction of a second machine spits out
fraction of a second machine spits out
fraction of a second machine spits out three alternate routes from point A to
three alternate routes from point A to
three alternate routes from point A to point B and it can even help you find a
point B and it can even help you find a
point B and it can even help you find a Thai takeout on the way and this task
Thai takeout on the way and this task
Thai takeout on the way and this task will take minutes two days for your
will take minutes two days for your
will take minutes two days for your human brain yet you consistently rely on
human brain yet you consistently rely on
human brain yet you consistently rely on human reviews to choose your Thai
human reviews to choose your Thai
human reviews to choose your Thai takeout when it comes to menial tasks in
takeout when it comes to menial tasks in
takeout when it comes to menial tasks in such as procedure that I prescribed for
such as procedure that I prescribed for
such as procedure that I prescribed for example welding joints fastening bolts
example welding joints fastening bolts
example welding joints fastening bolts drilling holes as a manufacturing plant
drilling holes as a manufacturing plant
drilling holes as a manufacturing plant machine consistently outperforms a human
machine consistently outperforms a human
machine consistently outperforms a human in both quality speed and precision but
in both quality speed and precision but
in both quality speed and precision but the problems arise when the machine
the problems arise when the machine
the problems arise when the machine breaks or simply encounters a joint that
breaks or simply encounters a joint that
breaks or simply encounters a joint that is misaligned and it needs to weld it it
is misaligned and it needs to weld it it
is misaligned and it needs to weld it it turns out that the most sophisticated
turns out that the most sophisticated
turns out that the most sophisticated manufacturing plants machines are being
manufacturing plants machines are being
manufacturing plants machines are being tuned calibrated fixed and trained by
tuned calibrated fixed and trained by
tuned calibrated fixed and trained by people and it’s the ability of human
people and it’s the ability of human
people and it’s the ability of human brain
brain
brain to quickly analyze complex environment
to quickly analyze complex environment
to quickly analyze complex environment pick out patterns make decisions and
pick out patterns make decisions and
pick out patterns make decisions and perform a wide variety of seemingly
perform a wide variety of seemingly
perform a wide variety of seemingly disparate tasks at once is the strength
disparate tasks at once is the strength
disparate tasks at once is the strength of our brain so on one hand we have this
of our brain so on one hand we have this
of our brain so on one hand we have this compact generalist human intelligence on
compact generalist human intelligence on
compact generalist human intelligence on the other hand we have this precise
the other hand we have this precise
the other hand we have this precise specialist machine intelligence and
specialist machine intelligence and
specialist machine intelligence and wouldn’t it be great if these two types
wouldn’t it be great if these two types
wouldn’t it be great if these two types of intelligence could collaborate in a
of intelligence could collaborate in a
of intelligence could collaborate in a way that is more natural than typing
way that is more natural than typing
way that is more natural than typing words into a command line in fact our
words into a command line in fact our
words into a command line in fact our even in our imagination the interface
even in our imagination the interface
even in our imagination the interface between human and machine intelligence
between human and machine intelligence
between human and machine intelligence is so poor that science fiction
is so poor that science fiction
is so poor that science fiction characters use verbal input to talk to
characters use verbal input to talk to
characters use verbal input to talk to machines in Iron Man movies for example
machines in Iron Man movies for example
machines in Iron Man movies for example Tony Stark talks to super artificial
Tony Stark talks to super artificial
Tony Stark talks to super artificial intelligence Jarvis in order to get help
intelligence Jarvis in order to get help
intelligence Jarvis in order to get help these calculations shouldn’t jarvis be a
these calculations shouldn’t jarvis be a
these calculations shouldn’t jarvis be a simple module in Tony’s brain well it
simple module in Tony’s brain well it
simple module in Tony’s brain well it turns out we currently don’t have any
turns out we currently don’t have any
turns out we currently don’t have any tools to connect to the human brain but
tools to connect to the human brain but
tools to connect to the human brain but how come some of you may have seen
how come some of you may have seen
how come some of you may have seen videos of paralyzed persons controlling
videos of paralyzed persons controlling
videos of paralyzed persons controlling robotic arms with their brain signals
robotic arms with their brain signals
robotic arms with their brain signals but that was in the lab on a highly
but that was in the lab on a highly
but that was in the lab on a highly prescribed task supervised by a team of
prescribed task supervised by a team of
prescribed task supervised by a team of PhDs to give you a flavor of what
PhDs to give you a flavor of what
PhDs to give you a flavor of what happens in real world I’d like to tell
happens in real world I’d like to tell
happens in real world I’d like to tell you a story I recently had a chance to
you a story I recently had a chance to
you a story I recently had a chance to sit in the panel with a science
sit in the panel with a science
sit in the panel with a science journalist Miles O’Brien who also
journalist Miles O’Brien who also
journalist Miles O’Brien who also happens to be a single arm amputee and
happens to be a single arm amputee and
happens to be a single arm amputee and miles is a one of the most well known
miles is a one of the most well known
miles is a one of the most well known science nerds and you would expect him
science nerds and you would expect him
science nerds and you would expect him to have access to most sophisticated
to have access to most sophisticated
to have access to most sophisticated prosthetic limbs yet he just like many
prosthetic limbs yet he just like many
prosthetic limbs yet he just like many other single arm amputees does not wear
other single arm amputees does not wear
other single arm amputees does not wear a prosthetic it turns out that the most
a prosthetic it turns out that the most
a prosthetic it turns out that the most sophisticated artificial arms
sophisticated artificial arms
sophisticated artificial arms pale in comparison to your natural
pale in comparison to your natural
pale in comparison to your natural hardware and what is missing is the
hardware and what is missing is the
hardware and what is missing is the interface to your nervous system simply
interface to your nervous system simply
interface to your nervous system simply put those hands do not feel nor do they
put those hands do not feel nor do they
put those hands do not feel nor do they move under them and this problem is
move under them and this problem is
move under them and this problem is unsolved despite the fact that in order
unsolved despite the fact that in order
unsolved despite the fact that in order to connect a prosthetic arm
to connect a prosthetic arm
to connect a prosthetic arm you only need to communicate with a few
you only need to communicate with a few
you only need to communicate with a few million only fibers in your in the
million only fibers in your in the
million only fibers in your in the peripheral nerves in your arm now
peripheral nerves in your arm now
peripheral nerves in your arm now imagine how this problem scales when we
imagine how this problem scales when we
imagine how this problem scales when we talk about trillions of synapses in your
talk about trillions of synapses in your
talk about trillions of synapses in your brain that some hope to upload into a
brain that some hope to upload into a
brain that some hope to upload into a computer and the problem of the neural
computer and the problem of the neural
computer and the problem of the neural interface is not simply a problem of
interface is not simply a problem of
interface is not simply a problem of resolution the difference is between
resolution the difference is between
resolution the difference is between human computing hardware an artificial
human computing hardware an artificial
human computing hardware an artificial computing hardware come from biology
computing hardware come from biology
computing hardware come from biology chemistry and material science your
chemistry and material science your
chemistry and material science your brain is soft squishy and
brain is soft squishy and
brain is soft squishy and three-dimensional electronics that power
three-dimensional electronics that power
three-dimensional electronics that power modern computing and artificial
modern computing and artificial
modern computing and artificial intelligence are hard rigid sharp and
intelligence are hard rigid sharp and
intelligence are hard rigid sharp and flat and despite 30 years and billions
flat and despite 30 years and billions
flat and despite 30 years and billions of research dollars machine inspired
of research dollars machine inspired
of research dollars machine inspired brain interfaces continue to fail and
brain interfaces continue to fail and
brain interfaces continue to fail and what we need is a brain inspired machine
what we need is a brain inspired machine
what we need is a brain inspired machine interface we need an interface that
interface we need an interface that
interface we need an interface that matches biology chemistry and mechanics
matches biology chemistry and mechanics
matches biology chemistry and mechanics of the nervous system that can match the
of the nervous system that can match the
of the nervous system that can match the resolution of individual synapses and
resolution of individual synapses and
resolution of individual synapses and that can communicate with neurons across
that can communicate with neurons across
that can communicate with neurons across all the natural languages
all the natural languages
all the natural languages neurotransmitters electric fields
neurotransmitters electric fields
neurotransmitters electric fields mechanical forces changes in pH changes
mechanical forces changes in pH changes
mechanical forces changes in pH changes in temperature and many others that we
in temperature and many others that we
in temperature and many others that we have not yet discovered at the same time
have not yet discovered at the same time
have not yet discovered at the same time this interface needs to be able to
this interface needs to be able to
this interface needs to be able to communicate back to the artificial
communicate back to the artificial
communicate back to the artificial hardware and we do not have such an
hardware and we do not have such an
hardware and we do not have such an interface but we are hard at work trying
interface but we are hard at work trying
interface but we are hard at work trying to get there in our lab we have
to get there in our lab we have
to get there in our lab we have developed nano transducers
developed nano transducers
developed nano transducers that our thousand times smaller than
that our thousand times smaller than
that our thousand times smaller than individual coffee grinds they can be
individual coffee grinds they can be
individual coffee grinds they can be mixed into IV solution and injected into
mixed into IV solution and injected into
mixed into IV solution and injected into your brain just like a drug there they
your brain just like a drug there they
your brain just like a drug there they can receive signals from outside
can receive signals from outside
can receive signals from outside electronics and convert them into one of
electronics and convert them into one of
electronics and convert them into one of neuronal languages for example heat our
neuronal languages for example heat our
neuronal languages for example heat our colleagues are busy working on devices
colleagues are busy working on devices
colleagues are busy working on devices that can record from neurons and
that can record from neurons and
that can record from neurons and transmit their signals to outside
transmit their signals to outside
transmit their signals to outside electronics yet even if it’s the most
electronics yet even if it’s the most
electronics yet even if it’s the most sophisticated hardware we can only
sophisticated hardware we can only
sophisticated hardware we can only communicate with a few thousand neurons
communicate with a few thousand neurons
communicate with a few thousand neurons via orders of magnitude away from
via orders of magnitude away from
via orders of magnitude away from trillions of synapses in the meantime
trillions of synapses in the meantime
trillions of synapses in the meantime artificial intelligence is marching
artificial intelligence is marching
artificial intelligence is marching along and it’s developing much more
along and it’s developing much more
along and it’s developing much more quickly than the hardware required to
quickly than the hardware required to
quickly than the hardware required to interface with your entire brain and
interface with your entire brain and
interface with your entire brain and it’s likely going to be a missed
it’s likely going to be a missed
it’s likely going to be a missed opportunity to not take advantage of
opportunity to not take advantage of
opportunity to not take advantage of artificial intelligence as a specialist
artificial intelligence as a specialist
artificial intelligence as a specialist plug in into your generalist brain and
plug in into your generalist brain and
plug in into your generalist brain and this type of future is likely much much
this type of future is likely much much
this type of future is likely much much closer than trying to develop a
closer than trying to develop a
closer than trying to develop a comprehensive understanding of every
comprehensive understanding of every
comprehensive understanding of every synapse in your brain and even if we did
synapse in your brain and even if we did
synapse in your brain and even if we did develop such an interface should we
develop such an interface should we
develop such an interface should we really spend energy on uploading this
really spend energy on uploading this
really spend energy on uploading this compact generalist into an army of
compact generalist into an army of
compact generalist into an army of specialist machines a sock folder a
specialist machines a sock folder a
specialist machines a sock folder a joint welder or Thai takeout reviewer
joint welder or Thai takeout reviewer
joint welder or Thai takeout reviewer wouldn’t it be more efficient to for
wouldn’t it be more efficient to for
wouldn’t it be more efficient to for example add a specialist piano player or
example add a specialist piano player or
example add a specialist piano player or GPS unit to your generalist brain so one
GPS unit to your generalist brain so one
GPS unit to your generalist brain so one might wonder whether there is even space
might wonder whether there is even space
might wonder whether there is even space in our brain for all the information
in our brain for all the information
in our brain for all the information that artificial intelligence is capable
that artificial intelligence is capable
that artificial intelligence is capable of delivering and receiving but did I
of delivering and receiving but did I
of delivering and receiving but did I mention that brain is not stationary
mention that brain is not stationary
mention that brain is not stationary those synapses are evolving brain is
those synapses are evolving brain is
those synapses are evolving brain is plastic which means the wiring changes a
plastic which means the wiring changes a
plastic which means the wiring changes a every time you learn a new skill and
every time you learn a new skill and
every time you learn a new skill and this process will likely be accelerated
this process will likely be accelerated
this process will likely be accelerated by interfacing to the brain directly and
by interfacing to the brain directly and
by interfacing to the brain directly and collaboration with artificial
collaboration with artificial
collaboration with artificial intelligence may not just deliver
intelligence may not just deliver
intelligence may not just deliver specialist knowledge or skills this
specialist knowledge or skills this
specialist knowledge or skills this partial interface may make our own human
partial interface may make our own human
partial interface may make our own human brain even more powerful and diverse
brain even more powerful and diverse
brain even more powerful and diverse generalist
generalist
generalist so how can we get there the
so how can we get there the
so how can we get there the lightning-fast development of artificial
lightning-fast development of artificial
lightning-fast development of artificial intelligence is powered by ubiquitous
intelligence is powered by ubiquitous
intelligence is powered by ubiquitous computing it’s accessible to many and
computing it’s accessible to many and
computing it’s accessible to many and it’s very democratic development of the
it’s very democratic development of the
it’s very democratic development of the neural interface hardware on the other
neural interface hardware on the other
neural interface hardware on the other hand requires significant infrastructure
hand requires significant infrastructure
hand requires significant infrastructure training and investment and it also
training and investment and it also
training and investment and it also requires a paradigm shift from machine
requires a paradigm shift from machine
requires a paradigm shift from machine inspired electronics to biology driven
inspired electronics to biology driven
inspired electronics to biology driven design of new materials and
design of new materials and
design of new materials and architectures and we cannot simply
architectures and we cannot simply
architectures and we cannot simply outsource this task to a handful of
outsource this task to a handful of
outsource this task to a handful of academic labs it will simply take too
academic labs it will simply take too
academic labs it will simply take too long we already took 30 years and if we
long we already took 30 years and if we
long we already took 30 years and if we take another 30 we will be missing an
take another 30 we will be missing an
take another 30 we will be missing an opportunity to gain a collaborator and a
opportunity to gain a collaborator and a
opportunity to gain a collaborator and a partner in artificial intelligence so
partner in artificial intelligence so
partner in artificial intelligence so let’s join forces with academia industry
let’s join forces with academia industry
let’s join forces with academia industry and government to accelerate the
and government to accelerate the
and government to accelerate the development and deployment of a neural
development and deployment of a neural
development and deployment of a neural interface such that our generalist human
interface such that our generalist human
interface such that our generalist human intelligence can collaborate with
intelligence can collaborate with
intelligence can collaborate with specialists artificial intelligence to
specialists artificial intelligence to
specialists artificial intelligence to do what it does best create analyze and
do what it does best create analyze and
do what it does best create analyze and decide
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