you find a red card on your seat have a look and raise the card if you agree sex
look and raise the card if you agree sex
look and raise the card if you agree sex matter
not everybody seems to be convinced okay
not everybody seems to be convinced okay yes sex matters but gender matters to
yes sex matters but gender matters to
yes sex matters but gender matters to sex and gender define the way we walk
sex and gender define the way we walk
sex and gender define the way we walk the way we talk the way we look but also
the way we talk the way we look but also
the way we talk the way we look but also the way we are looked at the influenced
the way we are looked at the influenced
the way we are looked at the influenced opportunities we are offered and the
opportunities we are offered and the
opportunities we are offered and the risks we take but today I will be
risks we take but today I will be
risks we take but today I will be talking about how sex and gender
talking about how sex and gender
talking about how sex and gender mattered to our health I will be talking
mattered to our health I will be talking
mattered to our health I will be talking both about sex and gender you see sex is
both about sex and gender you see sex is
both about sex and gender you see sex is biological gender is social but it is
biological gender is social but it is
biological gender is social but it is complicated
HIV is a prime example of the complex
HIV is a prime example of the complex interaction between sex and gender now
interaction between sex and gender now
interaction between sex and gender now some of you are probably too young to
some of you are probably too young to
some of you are probably too young to remember the HIV epidemic in the 80s I
remember the HIV epidemic in the 80s I
remember the HIV epidemic in the 80s I was an HIV scientist when I first come I
was an HIV scientist when I first come I
was an HIV scientist when I first come I came to realize how sex and gender
came to realize how sex and gender
came to realize how sex and gender affect people’s lives did you know for
affect people’s lives did you know for
affect people’s lives did you know for example that young women are twice as
example that young women are twice as
example that young women are twice as likely to become HIV infected compared
likely to become HIV infected compared
likely to become HIV infected compared to young men women are a greater risk
to young men women are a greater risk
to young men women are a greater risk for HIV infection and there are both
for HIV infection and there are both
for HIV infection and there are both biological as well as social reasons for
biological as well as social reasons for
biological as well as social reasons for it biologically women are like more
it biologically women are like more
it biologically women are like more exposed to HIV during sex because of the
exposed to HIV during sex because of the
exposed to HIV during sex because of the larger surface of vagina and cervix
larger surface of vagina and cervix
larger surface of vagina and cervix compared to the areas of the male
compared to the areas of the male
compared to the areas of the male genital tract where HIV transmission
genital tract where HIV transmission
genital tract where HIV transmission occurs in addition they’re also exposed
occurs in addition they’re also exposed
occurs in addition they’re also exposed to a larger volume of seminal fluid
to a larger volume of seminal fluid
to a larger volume of seminal fluid during sex
during sex
during sex but in addition to these biological sex
but in addition to these biological sex
but in addition to these biological sex differences women there are a number of
differences women there are a number of
differences women there are a number of gender related socio-economic factors
gender related socio-economic factors
gender related socio-economic factors that make women more vulnerable to HIV
that make women more vulnerable to HIV
that make women more vulnerable to HIV such as sexual violence refusal of their
such as sexual violence refusal of their
such as sexual violence refusal of their male partners use condom lack of
male partners use condom lack of
male partners use condom lack of economic power or limited education to
economic power or limited education to
economic power or limited education to know how to prevent HIV but gender
know how to prevent HIV but gender
know how to prevent HIV but gender inequality affects men and boys
inequality affects men and boys
inequality affects men and boys negatively to
negatively to
negatively to the notion of masculine they can push
the notion of masculine they can push
the notion of masculine they can push men and boys to take unnecessary risks
men and boys to take unnecessary risks
men and boys to take unnecessary risks such as having multiple sexual partners
such as having multiple sexual partners
such as having multiple sexual partners are not using condom they’re also
are not using condom they’re also
are not using condom they’re also expected to be tough and strong making
expected to be tough and strong making
expected to be tough and strong making them reluctant to seek medical care care
them reluctant to seek medical care care
them reluctant to seek medical care care resulting in late HIV diagnosis and
resulting in late HIV diagnosis and
resulting in late HIV diagnosis and treatment but these fundamental sex and
treatment but these fundamental sex and
treatment but these fundamental sex and gender-based differences are everywhere
gender-based differences are everywhere
gender-based differences are everywhere across all diseases to give you a couple
across all diseases to give you a couple
across all diseases to give you a couple of more examples did you know that women
of more examples did you know that women
of more examples did you know that women suffer more of sport injuries and men
suffer more of sport injuries and men
suffer more of sport injuries and men women for example are six times more
women for example are six times more
women for example are six times more likely than men who have injury in the
likely than men who have injury in the
likely than men who have injury in the knee ligaments or did you know that men
knee ligaments or did you know that men
knee ligaments or did you know that men with anorexia go unnoticed because
with anorexia go unnoticed because
with anorexia go unnoticed because having an eating disorder has been
having an eating disorder has been
having an eating disorder has been characterized as feminine and seeking
characterized as feminine and seeking
characterized as feminine and seeking psychological help as unmanly so you see
psychological help as unmanly so you see
psychological help as unmanly so you see the entire medicine and the medical
the entire medicine and the medical
the entire medicine and the medical field is gendered so what’s the problem
field is gendered so what’s the problem
field is gendered so what’s the problem then the problem is that we have enough
then the problem is that we have enough
then the problem is that we have enough evidence to know that sex and gender
evidence to know that sex and gender
evidence to know that sex and gender matter to our health but we are doing
matter to our health but we are doing
matter to our health but we are doing very little to understand underlying
very little to understand underlying
very little to understand underlying reasons for that and respond to these
reasons for that and respond to these
reasons for that and respond to these differences appropriately and we are
differences appropriately and we are
differences appropriately and we are facing a myriad of problems as an
facing a myriad of problems as an
facing a myriad of problems as an illustration we have now discovered that
illustration we have now discovered that
illustration we have now discovered that more women die of heart disease than men
more women die of heart disease than men
more women die of heart disease than men in fact heart disease is the leading
in fact heart disease is the leading
in fact heart disease is the leading cause of death among women worldwide one
cause of death among women worldwide one
cause of death among women worldwide one of the reasons is that symptoms for
of the reasons is that symptoms for
of the reasons is that symptoms for heart attack was developed based on men
heart attack was developed based on men
heart attack was developed based on men but it shows that women present very
but it shows that women present very
but it shows that women present very different symptoms so it takes longer
different symptoms so it takes longer
different symptoms so it takes longer time for them to seek care and when they
time for them to seek care and when they
time for them to seek care and when they do they may go misdiagnosed do not
do they may go misdiagnosed do not
do they may go misdiagnosed do not receive the right treatment at the right
receive the right treatment at the right
receive the right treatment at the right time another widely used example of
time another widely used example of
time another widely used example of widely known example is drug development
widely known example is drug development
widely known example is drug development in the United States of 10 drugs that
in the United States of 10 drugs that
in the United States of 10 drugs that were withdrawn from the market
were withdrawn from the market
were withdrawn from the market eight were we thrown because they were
eight were we thrown because they were
eight were we thrown because they were causing more harm to women in another
causing more harm to women in another
causing more harm to women in another instance the US Food and Drug
instance the US Food and Drug
instance the US Food and Drug Administration the authority responsible
Administration the authority responsible
Administration the authority responsible for approving medicines before they are
for approving medicines before they are
for approving medicines before they are introduced to the market reduced said
introduced to the market reduced said
introduced to the market reduced said those of the widely used drug ambien to
those of the widely used drug ambien to
those of the widely used drug ambien to half but only for women no changes for
half but only for women no changes for
half but only for women no changes for men women metabolize the drug
men women metabolize the drug
men women metabolize the drug differently and need only half the dose
differently and need only half the dose
differently and need only half the dose for the same effect isn’t that
for the same effect isn’t that
for the same effect isn’t that surprising or isn’t that rather scary
surprising or isn’t that rather scary
surprising or isn’t that rather scary that these fundamental differences are
that these fundamental differences are
that these fundamental differences are discovered after drug has been tested
discovered after drug has been tested
discovered after drug has been tested approved introduced to the market
approved introduced to the market
approved introduced to the market prescribed by doctors and used by us
prescribed by doctors and used by us
prescribed by doctors and used by us these are for drugs that half of the
these are for drugs that half of the
these are for drugs that half of the population use why this gender bias well
population use why this gender bias well
population use why this gender bias well it appears that in medicine the white
it appears that in medicine the white
it appears that in medicine the white male body has been the point of
male body has been the point of
male body has been the point of reference here we go
reference here we go
reference here we go meaning that anyone that shows different
meaning that anyone that shows different
meaning that anyone that shows different symptoms or responds to treat
symptoms or responds to treat
symptoms or responds to treat differently than the average white male
differently than the average white male
differently than the average white male may go misdiagnosed or treated wrongly I
may go misdiagnosed or treated wrongly I
may go misdiagnosed or treated wrongly I couldn’t understand why it was so
couldn’t understand why it was so
couldn’t understand why it was so difficult for researchers to really
difficult for researchers to really
difficult for researchers to really recognize and acknowledge and examine
recognize and acknowledge and examine
recognize and acknowledge and examine these important differences after all
these important differences after all
these important differences after all this is a well-known fact already in
this is a well-known fact already in
this is a well-known fact already in 1973 in the oldest medical journal the
1973 in the oldest medical journal the
1973 in the oldest medical journal the lancet an article highlights how sex and
lancet an article highlights how sex and
lancet an article highlights how sex and gender influences across medicine and
gender influences across medicine and
gender influences across medicine and how little we know and today researchers
how little we know and today researchers
how little we know and today researchers still fail to think that sex and gender
still fail to think that sex and gender
still fail to think that sex and gender matter until they stumble upon it so let
matter until they stumble upon it so let
matter until they stumble upon it so let me give you a personal anecdote here my
me give you a personal anecdote here my
me give you a personal anecdote here my husband is a surgeon more precisely he
husband is a surgeon more precisely he
husband is a surgeon more precisely he operates patients with the cancer of the
operates patients with the cancer of the
operates patients with the cancer of the esophagus he’s also a researcher I have
esophagus he’s also a researcher I have
esophagus he’s also a researcher I have been trying since the beginning of time
been trying since the beginning of time
been trying since the beginning of time to convince him to look at the
to convince him to look at the
to convince him to look at the differences between male and female
differences between male and female
differences between male and female patients
patients
patients and he has persistently claimed that
and he has persistently claimed that
and he has persistently claimed that there are no differences in outcome
there are no differences in outcome
there are no differences in outcome until recently he comes from one night
until recently he comes from one night
until recently he comes from one night and rather awkwardly says we have found
and rather awkwardly says we have found
and rather awkwardly says we have found these findings at my clinic which are
these findings at my clinic which are
these findings at my clinic which are very bizarre I bet you’d be happy to
very bizarre I bet you’d be happy to
very bizarre I bet you’d be happy to hear about it well that sounded odd and
hear about it well that sounded odd and
hear about it well that sounded odd and then he continues by a mere coincidence
then he continues by a mere coincidence
then he continues by a mere coincidence we have now noticed that our female
we have now noticed that our female
we have now noticed that our female patients have fewer complications after
patients have fewer complications after
patients have fewer complications after an operation are doing better and we
an operation are doing better and we
an operation are doing better and we just can’t figure out why Wow I was
just can’t figure out why Wow I was
just can’t figure out why Wow I was really excited I was happy because he
really excited I was happy because he
really excited I was happy because he finally admitted that I was right
finally admitted that I was right
finally admitted that I was right although he should have known that I’m
although he should have known that I’m
although he should have known that I’m always right but imagine imagine if they
always right but imagine imagine if they
always right but imagine imagine if they do figure out why their female patients
do figure out why their female patients
do figure out why their female patients are doing better they could improve the
are doing better they could improve the
are doing better they could improve the survival of their maiya patients based
survival of their maiya patients based
survival of their maiya patients based on what they learn from their female
on what they learn from their female
on what they learn from their female patients examining these differences is
patients examining these differences is
patients examining these differences is beneficial for everybody but medical
beneficial for everybody but medical
beneficial for everybody but medical research which is meant to answer a
research which is meant to answer a
research which is meant to answer a question if a treatment or a drug work
question if a treatment or a drug work
question if a treatment or a drug work often doesn’t include enough women to be
often doesn’t include enough women to be
often doesn’t include enough women to be able to examine these differences my
able to examine these differences my
able to examine these differences my team and I looked at a sample of HIV
team and I looked at a sample of HIV
team and I looked at a sample of HIV drug clinical trials clinical trials of
drug clinical trials clinical trials of
drug clinical trials clinical trials of drugs are designed to answer the
drugs are designed to answer the
drugs are designed to answer the question if a drug is safe and effective
question if a drug is safe and effective
question if a drug is safe and effective compared to placebo in our sample of
compared to placebo in our sample of
compared to placebo in our sample of over 95,000 patients that were included
over 95,000 patients that were included
over 95,000 patients that were included in these trials only about a quarter
in these trials only about a quarter
in these trials only about a quarter where women more surprisingly of about
where women more surprisingly of about
where women more surprisingly of about 500 scientific articles that reported
500 scientific articles that reported
500 scientific articles that reported the results of these clinical trials
the results of these clinical trials
the results of these clinical trials only 17% mentioned sex or gender at that
only 17% mentioned sex or gender at that
only 17% mentioned sex or gender at that time I was started thinking about what
time I was started thinking about what
time I was started thinking about what could I do about this gender bias at a
could I do about this gender bias at a
could I do about this gender bias at a time I was an editor of an medical
time I was an editor of an medical
time I was an editor of an medical journal of an HIV Journal medical
journal of an HIV Journal medical
journal of an HIV Journal medical journals are important because research
journals are important because research
journals are important because research findings are
findings are
findings are communicated to the great their medical
communicated to the great their medical
communicated to the great their medical community and public through publication
community and public through publication
community and public through publication of scientific articles as a medical
of scientific articles as a medical
of scientific articles as a medical editor I have an opportunity to make a
editor I have an opportunity to make a
editor I have an opportunity to make a difference so I decided to introduce a
difference so I decided to introduce a
difference so I decided to introduce a gender policy I decided to ask my
gender policy I decided to ask my
gender policy I decided to ask my authors to mention how many men how many
authors to mention how many men how many
authors to mention how many men how many women and if included in their study how
women and if included in their study how
women and if included in their study how many transgender person participated in
many transgender person participated in
many transgender person participated in their research and also describe if they
their research and also describe if they
their research and also describe if they looked at any differences among these
looked at any differences among these
looked at any differences among these groups and if not explained why it’s
groups and if not explained why it’s
groups and if not explained why it’s quite simple right but for any idea to
quite simple right but for any idea to
quite simple right but for any idea to enable a profound change it needs to be
enable a profound change it needs to be
enable a profound change it needs to be replicated so I approached a few other
replicated so I approached a few other
replicated so I approached a few other editors of other HIV journals and
editors of other HIV journals and
editors of other HIV journals and suddenly we were a handful of journals
suddenly we were a handful of journals
suddenly we were a handful of journals acknowledging I’m embracing the
acknowledging I’m embracing the
acknowledging I’m embracing the importance of sex and gender in HIV
importance of sex and gender in HIV
importance of sex and gender in HIV research as I grew more and more
research as I grew more and more
research as I grew more and more interested in this topic I came across
interested in this topic I came across
interested in this topic I came across really fascinating example about how sex
really fascinating example about how sex
really fascinating example about how sex and gender affect us and affect our
and gender affect us and affect our
and gender affect us and affect our lives and health beyond medicine and I’d
lives and health beyond medicine and I’d
lives and health beyond medicine and I’d love to share a couple of these with you
love to share a couple of these with you
love to share a couple of these with you some of them are really eye-opening I
some of them are really eye-opening I
some of them are really eye-opening I came across this study that looked at
came across this study that looked at
came across this study that looked at whiplash injuries
whiplash injuries
whiplash injuries now whiplash is an injury to the neck
now whiplash is an injury to the neck
now whiplash is an injury to the neck caused by rapid forceful back and move
caused by rapid forceful back and move
caused by rapid forceful back and move back and forth movement in car accidents
back and forth movement in car accidents
back and forth movement in car accidents this study showed that women suffer 2 to
this study showed that women suffer 2 to
this study showed that women suffer 2 to 3 times more a whiplash than men and
3 times more a whiplash than men and
3 times more a whiplash than men and they take longer to recover do you know
they take longer to recover do you know
they take longer to recover do you know why isn’t this they found out that the
why isn’t this they found out that the
why isn’t this they found out that the crash test dummies used by car
crash test dummies used by car
crash test dummies used by car manufacturers to test the safety safety
manufacturers to test the safety safety
manufacturers to test the safety safety of the cars its features were based on
of the cars its features were based on
of the cars its features were based on white male models even that fascinating
white male models even that fascinating
white male models even that fascinating how not thinking about the differences
how not thinking about the differences
how not thinking about the differences between women and men’s anatomy can have
between women and men’s anatomy can have
between women and men’s anatomy can have come at a very huge cost to women and
come at a very huge cost to women and
come at a very huge cost to women and society now I would like to take you to
society now I would like to take you to
society now I would like to take you to study about hurricanes now you probably
study about hurricanes now you probably
study about hurricanes now you probably wonder what have hurricanes have to do
wonder what have hurricanes have to do
wonder what have hurricanes have to do with sex and gender right
with sex and gender right
with sex and gender right well you all have heard about Hurricane
well you all have heard about Hurricane
well you all have heard about Hurricane Katrina hurricane Mathieu hurricane Irma
Katrina hurricane Mathieu hurricane Irma
Katrina hurricane Mathieu hurricane Irma and the damages that they caused well
and the damages that they caused well
and the damages that they caused well this study looked at strong hurricanes
this study looked at strong hurricanes
this study looked at strong hurricanes of same intensity and showed that
of same intensity and showed that
of same intensity and showed that hurricanes with male with female names
hurricanes with male with female names
hurricanes with male with female names tend to be deadlier than hurricanes from
tend to be deadlier than hurricanes from
tend to be deadlier than hurricanes from male names the authors conclude that
male names the authors conclude that
male names the authors conclude that individuals simply underestimate the
individuals simply underestimate the
individuals simply underestimate the strength of the hurricane and their
strength of the hurricane and their
strength of the hurricane and their vulnerability to it if the hurricane has
vulnerability to it if the hurricane has
vulnerability to it if the hurricane has a more feminine name compared to when it
a more feminine name compared to when it
a more feminine name compared to when it has a more masculine name isn’t that
has a more masculine name isn’t that
has a more masculine name isn’t that just fascinating how we are
just fascinating how we are
just fascinating how we are subconsciously affected by the gender
subconsciously affected by the gender
subconsciously affected by the gender roles and expectations that we have
roles and expectations that we have
roles and expectations that we have created in our society well as I came
created in our society well as I came
created in our society well as I came across these examples our even more
across these examples our even more
across these examples our even more convinced that we had to do things
convinced that we had to do things
convinced that we had to do things differently we had to change minds so I
differently we had to change minds so I
differently we had to change minds so I started thinking so why not think big
started thinking so why not think big
started thinking so why not think big why not try to encourage all scientific
why not try to encourage all scientific
why not try to encourage all scientific journals across disciplines beyond
journals across disciplines beyond
journals across disciplines beyond medicine to introduce a gender policy so
medicine to introduce a gender policy so
medicine to introduce a gender policy so I set up a gender policy committee
I set up a gender policy committee
I set up a gender policy committee I brought together a group of
I brought together a group of
I brought together a group of like-minded committed driven researchers
like-minded committed driven researchers
like-minded committed driven researchers doctors editors science communicators
doctors editors science communicators
doctors editors science communicators under the umbrella of European
under the umbrella of European
under the umbrella of European Association of science editors together
Association of science editors together
Association of science editors together we embarked on a journey we were all
we embarked on a journey we were all
we embarked on a journey we were all volunteering on top of our daily jobs we
volunteering on top of our daily jobs we
volunteering on top of our daily jobs we were using our spare time and our own
were using our spare time and our own
were using our spare time and our own resources and it took us over two years
resources and it took us over two years
resources and it took us over two years to develop a set of guidelines which we
to develop a set of guidelines which we
to develop a set of guidelines which we called sex and gender equity in research
called sex and gender equity in research
called sex and gender equity in research this sager guidelines we thought it was
this sager guidelines we thought it was
this sager guidelines we thought it was an appropriate name we had to be Sager
an appropriate name we had to be Sager
an appropriate name we had to be Sager in the way we did research and reported
in the way we did research and reported
in the way we did research and reported it the Sager guidelines provide a set of
it the Sager guidelines provide a set of
it the Sager guidelines provide a set of clear and simple instructions to authors
clear and simple instructions to authors
clear and simple instructions to authors and researchers we provide a set of
and researchers we provide a set of
and researchers we provide a set of recommendations but the three main
recommendations but the three main
recommendations but the three main points are always mentioned the sex or
points are always mentioned the sex or
points are always mentioned the sex or gender of your subject in your research
gender of your subject in your research
gender of your subject in your research if you’re using animals cells or tissues
if you’re using animals cells or tissues
if you’re using animals cells or tissues you need to mention the sex if you’re
you need to mention the sex if you’re
you need to mention the sex if you’re developing an app or a technology you
developing an app or a technology you
developing an app or a technology you need to mention if it’s gonna be
need to mention if it’s gonna be
need to mention if it’s gonna be applying on both men and women to always
applying on both men and women to always
applying on both men and women to always disaggregate your data by sex
disaggregate your data by sex
disaggregate your data by sex meaning that presents your data
meaning that presents your data
meaning that presents your data separately for men and women and if
separately for men and women and if
separately for men and women and if included in your study transgender
included in your study transgender
included in your study transgender persons and finally and most importantly
persons and finally and most importantly
persons and finally and most importantly analyze your data with the gender lens
analyze your data with the gender lens
analyze your data with the gender lens look at differences look at biological
look at differences look at biological
look at differences look at biological differences if you’re in a medicine look
differences if you’re in a medicine look
differences if you’re in a medicine look at gender-based differences and if you
at gender-based differences and if you
at gender-based differences and if you do not look up any differences between
do not look up any differences between
do not look up any differences between the sexes and the genders you better
the sexes and the genders you better
the sexes and the genders you better have a good excuse and we want to hear
have a good excuse and we want to hear
have a good excuse and we want to hear that the sager guidelines were launched
that the sager guidelines were launched
that the sager guidelines were launched in 2016 and it has received a lot of
in 2016 and it has received a lot of
in 2016 and it has received a lot of attention more and more journals are
attention more and more journals are
attention more and more journals are endorsing it or translating it into
endorsing it or translating it into
endorsing it or translating it into other languages but we have a long way
other languages but we have a long way
other languages but we have a long way to go there is still a lot of resistance
to go there is still a lot of resistance
to go there is still a lot of resistance to change but now I’m confident I’m
to change but now I’m confident I’m
to change but now I’m confident I’m confident that the change is possible
confident that the change is possible
confident that the change is possible and it’s happening there is increasing
and it’s happening there is increasing
and it’s happening there is increasing number of researchers doctors patients
number of researchers doctors patients
number of researchers doctors patients who are aware of these important
who are aware of these important
who are aware of these important differences and demanding a change and I
differences and demanding a change and I
differences and demanding a change and I want to invite you to join this movement
want to invite you to join this movement
want to invite you to join this movement you can make a difference while you may
you can make a difference while you may
you can make a difference while you may choose different career paths we all
choose different career paths we all
choose different career paths we all have something in common we all have a
have something in common we all have a
have something in common we all have a sex and we all have a gender we are all
sex and we all have a gender we are all
sex and we all have a gender we are all patients and consumers protecting our
patients and consumers protecting our
patients and consumers protecting our health and that of our loved ones so
health and that of our loved ones so
health and that of our loved ones so demand evidence question current
demand evidence question current
demand evidence question current practice drive a change let’s together
practice drive a change let’s together
practice drive a change let’s together put on our gender lens and make sure
put on our gender lens and make sure
put on our gender lens and make sure health care and our society is based on
health care and our society is based on
health care and our society is based on evidence and benefit all today we know
evidence and benefit all today we know
evidence and benefit all today we know that every cell is sexed today we know
that every cell is sexed today we know
that every cell is sexed today we know that everybody is gendered this is no
that everybody is gendered this is no
that everybody is gendered this is no longer a question today we know that sex
longer a question today we know that sex
longer a question today we know that sex gender matter thank you
gender matter thank you
gender matter thank you [Applause]
”
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