computing is the defining feature of our modern life and indeed the bedrock of
modern life and indeed the bedrock of
modern life and indeed the bedrock of scientific discovery in almost every
scientific discovery in almost every
scientific discovery in almost every field as layman users of computing
field as layman users of computing
field as layman users of computing technology we’ve grown to be dependent
technology we’ve grown to be dependent
technology we’ve grown to be dependent on computation to control almost every
on computation to control almost every
on computation to control almost every aspect of our life from the running of
aspect of our life from the running of
aspect of our life from the running of our trains to our airports to our
our trains to our airports to our
our trains to our airports to our políticas of social media platforms
políticas of social media platforms
políticas of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter however
such as Facebook and Twitter however
such as Facebook and Twitter however there are only a few of us that has ever
there are only a few of us that has ever
there are only a few of us that has ever wondered what makes this monumental
wondered what makes this monumental
wondered what makes this monumental progress in technology possible it would
progress in technology possible it would
progress in technology possible it would not be an exaggeration to say that
not be an exaggeration to say that
not be an exaggeration to say that Moore’s law in the last twenty to thirty
Moore’s law in the last twenty to thirty
Moore’s law in the last twenty to thirty years has been the most fundamental
years has been the most fundamental
years has been the most fundamental innovation that has affected us of
innovation that has affected us of
innovation that has affected us of course there are many innovations in the
course there are many innovations in the
course there are many innovations in the 20th century that has had profound
20th century that has had profound
20th century that has had profound effects on our lives but Moore’s law
effects on our lives but Moore’s law
effects on our lives but Moore’s law more than any deserves to be put on a
more than any deserves to be put on a
more than any deserves to be put on a pedestal for has deeply and personally
pedestal for has deeply and personally
pedestal for has deeply and personally touched every one of our lives the
touched every one of our lives the
touched every one of our lives the realization that computing processing
realization that computing processing
realization that computing processing power doubles roughly every two years is
power doubles roughly every two years is
power doubles roughly every two years is what has enabled us to go from roughly
what has enabled us to go from roughly
what has enabled us to go from roughly 2,000 transistors on a single
2,000 transistors on a single
2,000 transistors on a single microprocessor in the 1970s to now more
microprocessor in the 1970s to now more
microprocessor in the 1970s to now more than 1 billion a processor that you can
than 1 billion a processor that you can
than 1 billion a processor that you can purchase at any place right now so back
purchase at any place right now so back
purchase at any place right now so back to that question what makes this
to that question what makes this
to that question what makes this progress there’s seemingly unstoppable
progress there’s seemingly unstoppable
progress there’s seemingly unstoppable progress in technology possible well I’m
progress in technology possible well I’m
progress in technology possible well I’m here to tell you today that it is due to
here to tell you today that it is due to
here to tell you today that it is due to a technology we called lithography our
a technology we called lithography our
a technology we called lithography our ability to define at ever smaller
ability to define at ever smaller
ability to define at ever smaller degrees and to pattern the dimensions of
degrees and to pattern the dimensions of
degrees and to pattern the dimensions of the micro electronic circuitry that
the micro electronic circuitry that
the micro electronic circuitry that makes every processor possible so let me
makes every processor possible so let me
makes every processor possible so let me talk to you about evolution of
talk to you about evolution of
talk to you about evolution of lithography just a brief history of it
lithography just a brief history of it
lithography just a brief history of it we started roughly in the 1970s in
we started roughly in the 1970s in
we started roughly in the 1970s in systems we call contact lithography
systems we call contact lithography
systems we call contact lithography we’re inverting
we’re inverting
we’re inverting higher system was in contact with the
higher system was in contact with the
higher system was in contact with the substrate or a silicon that we were
substrate or a silicon that we were
substrate or a silicon that we were trying to pattern today we’re using a
trying to pattern today we’re using a
trying to pattern today we’re using a system called otherwise known as step
system called otherwise known as step
system called otherwise known as step and scan where every field that you wish
and scan where every field that you wish
and scan where every field that you wish to expose every microprocessor every
to expose every microprocessor every
to expose every microprocessor every transistor that is design is exposed and
transistor that is design is exposed and
transistor that is design is exposed and then repeated saw and so forth
then repeated saw and so forth
then repeated saw and so forth we started at wavelengths in the order
we started at wavelengths in the order
we started at wavelengths in the order of 460 nanometer in the 1970s in
of 460 nanometer in the 1970s in
of 460 nanometer in the 1970s in lithographer x’ terms it was called G
lithographer x’ terms it was called G
lithographer x’ terms it was called G line lithography today we’re at deep UV
line lithography today we’re at deep UV
line lithography today we’re at deep UV or 193 nanometers on the right side you
or 193 nanometers on the right side you
or 193 nanometers on the right side you can get a glimpse of these tools that
can get a glimpse of these tools that
can get a glimpse of these tools that manufacturers such as Intel or Samsung
manufacturers such as Intel or Samsung
manufacturers such as Intel or Samsung or many others use these are very heavy
or many others use these are very heavy
or many others use these are very heavy equipments the lenses are designed very
equipments the lenses are designed very
equipments the lenses are designed very precisely kept in a pristine environment
precisely kept in a pristine environment
precisely kept in a pristine environment in a micro fabrication facility or
in a micro fabrication facility or
in a micro fabrication facility or otherwise known as fab each tool costs
otherwise known as fab each tool costs
otherwise known as fab each tool costs something like ten or eighty two hundred
something like ten or eighty two hundred
something like ten or eighty two hundred million dollars and a particular
million dollars and a particular
million dollars and a particular manufacturer might have ten of these
manufacturer might have ten of these
manufacturer might have ten of these tools or twenty of these tools at their
tools or twenty of these tools at their
tools or twenty of these tools at their disposal so they can make they can
disposal so they can make they can
disposal so they can make they can realize the potential of manufacturing
realize the potential of manufacturing
realize the potential of manufacturing in a high scale high-volume
in a high scale high-volume
in a high scale high-volume manufacturing mode to make this a real
manufacturing mode to make this a real
manufacturing mode to make this a real business you if you can look closely you
business you if you can look closely you
business you if you can look closely you see that operators are gound or dawn in
see that operators are gound or dawn in
see that operators are gound or dawn in this type of a protective clothing not
this type of a protective clothing not
this type of a protective clothing not to protect them from the product but to
to protect them from the product but to
to protect them from the product but to protect the product from the impurities
protect the product from the impurities
protect the product from the impurities produced by by them so I’m just trying
produced by by them so I’m just trying
produced by by them so I’m just trying to get give you an idea of how difficult
to get give you an idea of how difficult
to get give you an idea of how difficult this business is and how expensive it is
this business is and how expensive it is
this business is and how expensive it is getting to be able to make the progress
getting to be able to make the progress
getting to be able to make the progress that we’re seeing today so what is
that we’re seeing today so what is
that we’re seeing today so what is lithography you may be wondering at this
lithography you may be wondering at this
lithography you may be wondering at this point optical lithography in very simple
point optical lithography in very simple
point optical lithography in very simple terms is the process of patterning
terms is the process of patterning
terms is the process of patterning patterning on a substrate in this trap
patterning on a substrate in this trap
patterning on a substrate in this trap in this case silicon and to transfer
in this case silicon and to transfer
in this case silicon and to transfer those geometric patterns onto wafers or
those geometric patterns onto wafers or
those geometric patterns onto wafers or silicon through predetermined design the
silicon through predetermined design the
silicon through predetermined design the design is on a photo mask or a reticle
design is on a photo mask or a reticle
design is on a photo mask or a reticle and then this is all chance transfer to
and then this is all chance transfer to
and then this is all chance transfer to a resist a light-sensitive material that
a resist a light-sensitive material that
a resist a light-sensitive material that interacts with light and then we can
interacts with light and then we can
interacts with light and then we can basically make devices so what I just
basically make devices so what I just
basically make devices so what I just mentioned is realized in the picture you
mentioned is realized in the picture you
mentioned is realized in the picture you see on the right you end up with lines
see on the right you end up with lines
see on the right you end up with lines and spaces essentially the electronic
and spaces essentially the electronic
and spaces essentially the electronic circuitry on a nanometer scale and you
circuitry on a nanometer scale and you
circuitry on a nanometer scale and you have billions of these lines and spaces
have billions of these lines and spaces
have billions of these lines and spaces enabling you to make a transistor let me
enabling you to make a transistor let me
enabling you to make a transistor let me give you a basic processing sequence of
give you a basic processing sequence of
give you a basic processing sequence of course there are many sequences in them
course there are many sequences in them
course there are many sequences in them semiconductor manufacturing that are
semiconductor manufacturing that are
semiconductor manufacturing that are critical but lithography is by far the
critical but lithography is by far the
critical but lithography is by far the most difficult because it pushes the
most difficult because it pushes the
most difficult because it pushes the limit of technology you start with the
limit of technology you start with the
limit of technology you start with the soft straight silicon basically dirt
soft straight silicon basically dirt
soft straight silicon basically dirt from Earth this whole industry is
from Earth this whole industry is
from Earth this whole industry is created from dearth so that is what is
created from dearth so that is what is
created from dearth so that is what is so amazing about it it’s purified into
so amazing about it it’s purified into
so amazing about it it’s purified into crystalline form it is devoid of any
crystalline form it is devoid of any
crystalline form it is devoid of any oxygen it is then coated with this type
oxygen it is then coated with this type
oxygen it is then coated with this type of light sort of sensitive material
of light sort of sensitive material
of light sort of sensitive material called resist that light travels to your
called resist that light travels to your
called resist that light travels to your design your mask is exposed areas where
design your mask is exposed areas where
design your mask is exposed areas where the resist interacts with lights are
the resist interacts with lights are
the resist interacts with lights are stripped off in a developer chemical and
stripped off in a developer chemical and
stripped off in a developer chemical and then the then you go through an edging
then the then you go through an edging
then the then you go through an edging process and then finally you strip off
process and then finally you strip off
process and then finally you strip off the resist again you end up with an
the resist again you end up with an
the resist again you end up with an image like that on their electron
image like that on their electron
image like that on their electron microscope so how do we do this this
microscope so how do we do this this
microscope so how do we do this this imaging basics of this the equations
imaging basics of this the equations
imaging basics of this the equations that describe this in very simple terms
that describe this in very simple terms
that describe this in very simple terms are the angular angle of light refracted
are the angular angle of light refracted
are the angular angle of light refracted light from from your mask related to the
light from from your mask related to the
light from from your mask related to the wavelength of light and your slit
wavelength of light and your slit
wavelength of light and your slit opening your mask a lithography a job of
opening your mask a lithography a job of
opening your mask a lithography a job of a lithographer is to utilize multiple
a lithographer is to utilize multiple
a lithographer is to utilize multiple orders of diffracted light to capture as
orders of diffracted light to capture as
orders of diffracted light to capture as much information as possible the more
much information as possible the more
much information as possible the more information you have the better your
information you have the better your
information you have the better your resolution will be and the faster your
resolution will be and the faster your
resolution will be and the faster your computer will be at the end so at the
computer will be at the end so at the
computer will be at the end so at the heart of it all is Riley’s equation sort
heart of it all is Riley’s equation sort
heart of it all is Riley’s equation sort of related to the first equation but
of related to the first equation but
of related to the first equation but more condensed ly describing the
more condensed ly describing the
more condensed ly describing the resolution or how precise your image is
resolution or how precise your image is
resolution or how precise your image is and finally again how fast your device
and finally again how fast your device
and finally again how fast your device will work to the wavelength of light and
will work to the wavelength of light and
will work to the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture the numerical
the numerical aperture the numerical
the numerical aperture the numerical aperture is the size of your lens you
aperture is the size of your lens you
aperture is the size of your lens you can think about it in simple
can think about it in simple
can think about it in simple the vagueness of light is simple it’s
the vagueness of light is simple it’s
the vagueness of light is simple it’s the UV light that we use in 193 UV light
the UV light that we use in 193 UV light
the UV light that we use in 193 UV light so you really have three choices three
so you really have three choices three
so you really have three choices three fundamental choices in order to make
fundamental choices in order to make
fundamental choices in order to make progress you can increase the numerical
progress you can increase the numerical
progress you can increase the numerical aperture make bigger lenses more
aperture make bigger lenses more
aperture make bigger lenses more expensive you can reduce the wavelength
expensive you can reduce the wavelength
expensive you can reduce the wavelength of light or reduce this K factor this
of light or reduce this K factor this
of light or reduce this K factor this fudge factor that you see a lot used in
fudge factor that you see a lot used in
fudge factor that you see a lot used in physics or other you know electrical
physics or other you know electrical
physics or other you know electrical engineering so so on if these factors
engineering so so on if these factors
engineering so so on if these factors that have to do with the environment the
that have to do with the environment the
that have to do with the environment the tool the lens everything you want to be
tool the lens everything you want to be
tool the lens everything you want to be able to reduce it to improve the
able to reduce it to improve the
able to reduce it to improve the resolution so this is the name of the
resolution so this is the name of the
resolution so this is the name of the game so let me talk about the first mode
game so let me talk about the first mode
game so let me talk about the first mode of progress increasing numerical
of progress increasing numerical
of progress increasing numerical aperture numerical aperture is a maximum
aperture numerical aperture is a maximum
aperture numerical aperture is a maximum angle of deflected light by the lens
angle of deflected light by the lens
angle of deflected light by the lens when light goes to a slit its diffracted
when light goes to a slit its diffracted
when light goes to a slit its diffracted because it’s a wave and then you have
because it’s a wave and then you have
because it’s a wave and then you have these modes of diffraction these dark
these modes of diffraction these dark
these modes of diffraction these dark spots and light spots if you all
spots and light spots if you all
spots and light spots if you all captured only the ends n equal one order
captured only the ends n equal one order
captured only the ends n equal one order of information your resolution is not
of information your resolution is not
of information your resolution is not going to be good so again the the key
going to be good so again the the key
going to be good so again the the key idea here is to design lenses that are
idea here is to design lenses that are
idea here is to design lenses that are able to capture as much possible as many
able to capture as much possible as many
able to capture as much possible as many diffracted orders of the diffracted
diffracted orders of the diffracted
diffracted orders of the diffracted light as possible the spatial frequency
light as possible the spatial frequency
light as possible the spatial frequency components of light so in recent years
components of light so in recent years
components of light so in recent years at Intel and some other manufacturers we
at Intel and some other manufacturers we
at Intel and some other manufacturers we introduced the concept of immersion
introduced the concept of immersion
introduced the concept of immersion essentially putting ultra pure water
essentially putting ultra pure water
essentially putting ultra pure water between your lens and your substrate the
between your lens and your substrate the
between your lens and your substrate the silicon Intel was one of the first
silicon Intel was one of the first
silicon Intel was one of the first manufacturers that was able to produce
manufacturers that was able to produce
manufacturers that was able to produce this in 1268 technology 32 nanometers
this in 1268 technology 32 nanometers
this in 1268 technology 32 nanometers very effectively at very high yields
very effectively at very high yields
very effectively at very high yields thus being roughly 2 to 3 years ahead of
thus being roughly 2 to 3 years ahead of
thus being roughly 2 to 3 years ahead of any other manufacturers such as Samsung
any other manufacturers such as Samsung
any other manufacturers such as Samsung another leading manufacturer we use
another leading manufacturer we use
another leading manufacturer we use water because it has a higher index of
water because it has a higher index of
water because it has a higher index of refraction and the index of refraction
refraction and the index of refraction
refraction and the index of refraction causes your reamer causes higher
causes your reamer causes higher
causes your reamer causes higher numerical aperture as compared to air
numerical aperture as compared to air
numerical aperture as compared to air which has the index of refraction of 1
which has the index of refraction of 1
which has the index of refraction of 1 so essentially ending up with a bigger
so essentially ending up with a bigger
so essentially ending up with a bigger lens but your lens is not really
lens but your lens is not really
lens but your lens is not really physically bigger it appears to be that
physically bigger it appears to be that
physically bigger it appears to be that way there is a large there’s a trade-off
way there is a large there’s a trade-off
way there is a large there’s a trade-off when you increase your numerical
when you increase your numerical
when you increase your numerical aperture as everything in life nothing
aperture as everything in life nothing
aperture as everything in life nothing is free so you can think about this in
is free so you can think about this in
is free so you can think about this in simple terms simple terms like
simple terms simple terms like
simple terms simple terms like photography when you zoom in on an image
photography when you zoom in on an image
photography when you zoom in on an image you can capture a lot of information
you can capture a lot of information
you can capture a lot of information about that area that you are trying to
about that area that you are trying to
about that area that you are trying to take a picture of but you lose the
take a picture of but you lose the
take a picture of but you lose the ability to resolve images at larger
ability to resolve images at larger
ability to resolve images at larger scale so this is one of the challenges
scale so this is one of the challenges
scale so this is one of the challenges of just relying on numerical aperture to
of just relying on numerical aperture to
of just relying on numerical aperture to improve your resolution so we do other
improve your resolution so we do other
improve your resolution so we do other things enhance k-factor that I talked
things enhance k-factor that I talked
things enhance k-factor that I talked about this fudge factor you do this by
about this fudge factor you do this by
about this fudge factor you do this by basically source engineering changing
basically source engineering changing
basically source engineering changing your mask from a conventional circular
your mask from a conventional circular
your mask from a conventional circular mode to these other modes quadruple
mode to these other modes quadruple
mode to these other modes quadruple angular playing tricks with the optics
angular playing tricks with the optics
angular playing tricks with the optics the most effective way the third way
the most effective way the third way
the most effective way the third way that you can basically make faster
that you can basically make faster
that you can basically make faster computers is is reducing the wavelength
computers is is reducing the wavelength
computers is is reducing the wavelength of light we’re now working in a regime
of light we’re now working in a regime
of light we’re now working in a regime where the wavelength of light is 13 and
where the wavelength of light is 13 and
where the wavelength of light is 13 and 1/2 nanometers to be introduced in the
1/2 nanometers to be introduced in the
1/2 nanometers to be introduced in the next few years by Intel in many
next few years by Intel in many
next few years by Intel in many computers that you will be able to
computers that you will be able to
computers that you will be able to purchase and so this is getting very
purchase and so this is getting very
purchase and so this is getting very difficult because the wavelength of
difficult because the wavelength of
difficult because the wavelength of light is reducing so how do we do that
light is reducing so how do we do that
light is reducing so how do we do that right now intel is working on this
right now intel is working on this
right now intel is working on this technology called deep ultraviolet or
technology called deep ultraviolet or
technology called deep ultraviolet or EUV extreme ultraviolet these are
EUV extreme ultraviolet these are
EUV extreme ultraviolet these are sources that are plasma generated
sources that are plasma generated
sources that are plasma generated sources so there is a lot of energy
sources so there is a lot of energy
sources so there is a lot of energy highly energetic gases involved the
highly energetic gases involved the
highly energetic gases involved the sources are the photons are energetic
sources are the photons are energetic
sources are the photons are energetic when they hit your resist resist Hough
when they hit your resist resist Hough
when they hit your resist resist Hough has to be able to withstand the flux or
has to be able to withstand the flux or
has to be able to withstand the flux or energy of these photons so designing the
energy of these photons so designing the
energy of these photons so designing the new types of resists is a challenge for
new types of resists is a challenge for
new types of resists is a challenge for manufacturers your optics have to be
manufacturers your optics have to be
manufacturers your optics have to be very precise your lenses or your masks
very precise your lenses or your masks
very precise your lenses or your masks have to be very defect-free
have to be very defect-free
have to be very defect-free your masks have to be películas there’s
your masks have to be películas there’s
your masks have to be películas there’s nothing kind nothing that can touches
nothing kind nothing that can touches
nothing kind nothing that can touches touch the mask so this is becoming very
touch the mask so this is becoming very
touch the mask so this is becoming very difficult and challenging to do so today
difficult and challenging to do so today
difficult and challenging to do so today I’m here to propose another way and this
I’m here to propose another way and this
I’m here to propose another way and this is sort of hedging your bets because
is sort of hedging your bets because
is sort of hedging your bets because we’ve spent so much money and resources
we’ve spent so much money and resources
we’ve spent so much money and resources on EU
on EU
on EU and it’s becoming more difficult to sort
and it’s becoming more difficult to sort
and it’s becoming more difficult to sort of push the boundary of Moore’s law make
of push the boundary of Moore’s law make
of push the boundary of Moore’s law make that happen for the next generation we
that happen for the next generation we
that happen for the next generation we ought to explore other technologies one
ought to explore other technologies one
ought to explore other technologies one such example is nano lithography or nano
such example is nano lithography or nano
such example is nano lithography or nano imprint lithography where you’re
imprint lithography where you’re
imprint lithography where you’re essentially designing these masks that
essentially designing these masks that
essentially designing these masks that are on a nano scale and they’re a mold
are on a nano scale and they’re a mold
are on a nano scale and they’re a mold there are a nano scale move you push
there are a nano scale move you push
there are a nano scale move you push down this mold into a resist you go to a
down this mold into a resist you go to a
down this mold into a resist you go to a series of steps such as soft lithography
series of steps such as soft lithography
series of steps such as soft lithography thermal imprint little at room
thermal imprint little at room
thermal imprint little at room temperature here you have the advantage
temperature here you have the advantage
temperature here you have the advantage of not worrying about scattering you
of not worrying about scattering you
of not worrying about scattering you don’t have to have interference you
don’t have to have interference you
don’t have to have interference you don’t have the fraction because you’re
don’t have the fraction because you’re
don’t have the fraction because you’re essentially making contact these molds
essentially making contact these molds
essentially making contact these molds are making contact with the resist and
are making contact with the resist and
are making contact with the resist and this is all done at room temperature so
this is all done at room temperature so
this is all done at room temperature so I’m proposing that manufacturers pursue
I’m proposing that manufacturers pursue
I’m proposing that manufacturers pursue this technology of course there’s many
this technology of course there’s many
this technology of course there’s many challenges with this technology as well
challenges with this technology as well
challenges with this technology as well but there is nothing that we cannot
but there is nothing that we cannot
but there is nothing that we cannot overcome it’s just a matter of money and
overcome it’s just a matter of money and
overcome it’s just a matter of money and sinking more resources into this to make
sinking more resources into this to make
sinking more resources into this to make this truly happen so let me conclude by
this truly happen so let me conclude by
this truly happen so let me conclude by saying a few words you’ve already got a
saying a few words you’ve already got a
saying a few words you’ve already got a grasp of what Moore’s law means so as we
grasp of what Moore’s law means so as we
grasp of what Moore’s law means so as we reduce feature sizes as we play with
reduce feature sizes as we play with
reduce feature sizes as we play with optics as we reduce the original
optics as we reduce the original
optics as we reduce the original wavelength of light to be able to make
wavelength of light to be able to make
wavelength of light to be able to make devices faster we’re running into very
devices faster we’re running into very
devices faster we’re running into very fundamental limits and these limits are
fundamental limits and these limits are
fundamental limits and these limits are determined by the laws of physics
determined by the laws of physics
determined by the laws of physics themselves they’re of course more
themselves they’re of course more
themselves they’re of course more earthly laws and those laws are the laws
earthly laws and those laws are the laws
earthly laws and those laws are the laws of diminishing returns
of diminishing returns
of diminishing returns more expensive files may be files that
more expensive files may be files that
more expensive files may be files that are roughly about ten billion dollars
are roughly about ten billion dollars
are roughly about ten billion dollars every three years more expensive
every three years more expensive
every three years more expensive equipment massive tools right more
equipment massive tools right more
equipment massive tools right more expensive more cost you know more labors
expensive more cost you know more labors
expensive more cost you know more labors in terms of in terms of research and
in terms of in terms of research and
in terms of in terms of research and development and sustaining us so at this
development and sustaining us so at this
development and sustaining us so at this point you might be asking yourself is
point you might be asking yourself is
point you might be asking yourself is Moore’s law dead well I really believe
Moore’s law dead well I really believe
Moore’s law dead well I really believe Moore’s law is not dead in fact we
Moore’s law is not dead in fact we
Moore’s law is not dead in fact we barely begun to scratch the surface in
barely begun to scratch the surface in
barely begun to scratch the surface in terms of the number of innovations we
terms of the number of innovations we
terms of the number of innovations we will be able to bring about into the
will be able to bring about into the
will be able to bring about into the marketplace in the next twenty to thirty
marketplace in the next twenty to thirty
marketplace in the next twenty to thirty years
years
years in the next twenty to thirty year time
in the next twenty to thirty year time
in the next twenty to thirty year time horizon we will bear witness to some
horizon we will bear witness to some
horizon we will bear witness to some more astounding number of innovations
more astounding number of innovations
more astounding number of innovations made possible by artificial intelligence
made possible by artificial intelligence
made possible by artificial intelligence quantum computing and optoelectronics
quantum computing and optoelectronics
quantum computing and optoelectronics this hat has led many to speculate and
this hat has led many to speculate and
this hat has led many to speculate and use this very forum the TED forum to
use this very forum the TED forum to
use this very forum the TED forum to argue that we are on a verge of
argue that we are on a verge of
argue that we are on a verge of singularity the singularity is
singularity the singularity is
singularity the singularity is essentially a summation of our
essentially a summation of our
essentially a summation of our scientific knowledge doubling roughly
scientific knowledge doubling roughly
scientific knowledge doubling roughly every hour every day by 2050 rather than
every hour every day by 2050 rather than
every hour every day by 2050 rather than every two years this is a bold idea but
every two years this is a bold idea but
every two years this is a bold idea but if we believe we’re on an exponential
if we believe we’re on an exponential
if we believe we’re on an exponential exponential curve of progress this will
exponential curve of progress this will
exponential curve of progress this will indeed happen and in the 20th century
indeed happen and in the 20th century
indeed happen and in the 20th century we’ve seen that we are exponentially
we’ve seen that we are exponentially
we’ve seen that we are exponentially growing our technology so on a more
growing our technology so on a more
growing our technology so on a more philosophical footing what does it mean
philosophical footing what does it mean
philosophical footing what does it mean when you say Moore’s law is dead what
when you say Moore’s law is dead what
when you say Moore’s law is dead what does it mean when you ask that when
does it mean when you ask that when
does it mean when you ask that when you’re asking that what you’re really
you’re asking that what you’re really
you’re asking that what you’re really questioning or asking is human ingenuity
questioning or asking is human ingenuity
questioning or asking is human ingenuity debt is human curiosity that what I
debt is human curiosity that what I
debt is human curiosity that what I firmly believe as Homan Homo sapiens
firmly believe as Homan Homo sapiens
firmly believe as Homan Homo sapiens we’ve never lacked ingenuity or
we’ve never lacked ingenuity or
we’ve never lacked ingenuity or curiosity ever since we’d set sail from
curiosity ever since we’d set sail from
curiosity ever since we’d set sail from the northern plains of Africa and
the northern plains of Africa and
the northern plains of Africa and expanded our species to other continents
expanded our species to other continents
expanded our species to other continents we’ve always been explorers of our world
we’ve always been explorers of our world
we’ve always been explorers of our world of our universe the world of the very
of our universe the world of the very
of our universe the world of the very large today we’re exploring the world of
large today we’re exploring the world of
large today we’re exploring the world of the very small the nano scale the
the very small the nano scale the
the very small the nano scale the molecular scale the atomic layer finally
molecular scale the atomic layer finally
molecular scale the atomic layer finally what does this mean for our society what
what does this mean for our society what
what does this mean for our society what does it mean for us well can be
does it mean for us well can be
does it mean for us well can be computing is pervasive and it’s here to
computing is pervasive and it’s here to
computing is pervasive and it’s here to stay there is no going back
stay there is no going back
stay there is no going back societies that are able to push the
societies that are able to push the
societies that are able to push the emblem of progress are able to embrace
emblem of progress are able to embrace
emblem of progress are able to embrace progress are able to not only even
progress are able to not only even
progress are able to not only even embrace it but contributed contribute to
embrace it but contributed contribute to
embrace it but contributed contribute to it or will be the societies that will be
it or will be the societies that will be
it or will be the societies that will be successful our nation’s we have a duty
successful our nation’s we have a duty
successful our nation’s we have a duty to contribute to a bar
to contribute to a bar
to contribute to a bar of scientific knowledge and if we do
of scientific knowledge and if we do
of scientific knowledge and if we do that if we expand our scientific
that if we expand our scientific
that if we expand our scientific knowledge we will be able to not only
knowledge we will be able to not only
knowledge we will be able to not only control the marketplace of ideas but
control the marketplace of ideas but
control the marketplace of ideas but also control the marketplace itself
also control the marketplace itself
also control the marketplace itself thank you very much
thank you very much
thank you very much [Applause]
”
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