so my friend Bertrand met his wife in the most unusual of circumstances a
the most unusual of circumstances a
the most unusual of circumstances a co-worker of his asked him one day if he
co-worker of his asked him one day if he
co-worker of his asked him one day if he could go in his stead
could go in his stead
could go in his stead to this small town in Germany so
to this small town in Germany so
to this small town in Germany so Bertrand agreed to go while he was there
Bertrand agreed to go while he was there
Bertrand agreed to go while he was there he also learned that at acquaintance of
he also learned that at acquaintance of
he also learned that at acquaintance of his that he hasn’t healed in a long long
his that he hasn’t healed in a long long
his that he hasn’t healed in a long long time was also in town and they decided
time was also in town and they decided
time was also in town and they decided to get together in a bar that night the
to get together in a bar that night the
to get together in a bar that night the bar was crowded so they had to wait
bar was crowded so they had to wait
bar was crowded so they had to wait outside in line it was cold so at some
outside in line it was cold so at some
outside in line it was cold so at some point Bertrand turned around cup his
point Bertrand turned around cup his
point Bertrand turned around cup his hands and he started to blow hot air
hands and he started to blow hot air
hands and he started to blow hot air into them at that very point a woman
into them at that very point a woman
into them at that very point a woman sitting standing right next to him also
sitting standing right next to him also
sitting standing right next to him also turn around cup her hands and blew hot
turn around cup her hands and blew hot
turn around cup her hands and blew hot air into them they both look at each
air into them they both look at each
air into them they both look at each other and chuckled and started chatting
other and chuckled and started chatting
other and chuckled and started chatting at that point the taxi came back and
at that point the taxi came back and
at that point the taxi came back and this woman Laura left the bar but she
this woman Laura left the bar but she
this woman Laura left the bar but she did not left
did not left
did not left Bertrand mind the next day Bertram was
Bertrand mind the next day Bertram was
Bertrand mind the next day Bertram was waiting in a bench for the bus that
waiting in a bench for the bus that
waiting in a bench for the bus that would take him to the train station the
would take him to the train station the
would take him to the train station the bus was running late and at that point
bus was running late and at that point
bus was running late and at that point he saw a bicycle sharply stopping by
he saw a bicycle sharply stopping by
he saw a bicycle sharply stopping by right in front of him took him about a
right in front of him took him about a
right in front of him took him about a second to recognize that it was Laura in
second to recognize that it was Laura in
second to recognize that it was Laura in that bike so he approached her they
that bike so he approached her they
that bike so he approached her they exchanged phone numbers as of now they
exchanged phone numbers as of now they
exchanged phone numbers as of now they have been married for 10 years and I
have been married for 10 years and I
have been married for 10 years and I recently learned that they’re respecting
recently learned that they’re respecting
recently learned that they’re respecting their second child for Bertrand tells
their second child for Bertrand tells
their second child for Bertrand tells his story it is impossible not to
his story it is impossible not to
his story it is impossible not to imagine the many ways in which he could
imagine the many ways in which he could
imagine the many ways in which he could have failed to meet his wife what if his
have failed to meet his wife what if his
have failed to meet his wife what if his coworker hadn’t asked him to go to this
coworker hadn’t asked him to go to this
coworker hadn’t asked him to go to this small town what if his acquaintance
small town what if his acquaintance
small town what if his acquaintance wasn’t there or hadn’t planned to go to
wasn’t there or hadn’t planned to go to
wasn’t there or hadn’t planned to go to the park or if the bar wasn’t crowded or
the park or if the bar wasn’t crowded or
the park or if the bar wasn’t crowded or if he wasn’t called or what if the light
if he wasn’t called or what if the light
if he wasn’t called or what if the light had actually been green
had actually been green
had actually been green and such Lara didn’t have to stop by in
and such Lara didn’t have to stop by in
and such Lara didn’t have to stop by in front of the bench when we let our
front of the bench when we let our
front of the bench when we let our imagination wandering the mysterious
imagination wandering the mysterious
imagination wandering the mysterious realms of the what-ifs when we imagined
realms of the what-ifs when we imagined
realms of the what-ifs when we imagined alternative ways in which past events
alternative ways in which past events
alternative ways in which past events could have happened we engage in what
could have happened we engage in what
could have happened we engage in what psychologists known as counterfactual
psychologists known as counterfactual
psychologists known as counterfactual thinking thoughts that are contrary to
thinking thoughts that are contrary to
thinking thoughts that are contrary to fact but what if counterfactual thoughts
fact but what if counterfactual thoughts
fact but what if counterfactual thoughts Hasnat are not as mysterious as we think
Hasnat are not as mysterious as we think
Hasnat are not as mysterious as we think they could be after all when we think
they could be after all when we think
they could be after all when we think about the many ways in which Bertrand
about the many ways in which Bertrand
about the many ways in which Bertrand could have failed to meet his wife we
could have failed to meet his wife we
could have failed to meet his wife we think of some predictable ways in which
think of some predictable ways in which
think of some predictable ways in which events could have changed for instance
events could have changed for instance
events could have changed for instance we tend to think what if for instance
we tend to think what if for instance
we tend to think what if for instance the bus was on time rather than late or
the bus was on time rather than late or
the bus was on time rather than late or what if the light was green rather than
what if the light was green rather than
what if the light was green rather than red sometimes we also can engage in
red sometimes we also can engage in
red sometimes we also can engage in other kinds of contractual thinking
other kinds of contractual thinking
other kinds of contractual thinking reminding imagine far-fetched
reminding imagine far-fetched
reminding imagine far-fetched possibilities for instance we might
possibilities for instance we might
possibilities for instance we might imagine what happens if the next day
imagine what happens if the next day
imagine what happens if the next day Laura had forgotten all about the night
Laura had forgotten all about the night
Laura had forgotten all about the night before or what if all of a sudden
before or what if all of a sudden
before or what if all of a sudden gravity changed in this unusual way such
gravity changed in this unusual way such
gravity changed in this unusual way such that the bike right in front of
that the bike right in front of
that the bike right in front of Bertrand’s bench was rocketed up to the
Bertrand’s bench was rocketed up to the
Bertrand’s bench was rocketed up to the sky preventing Bertrand for ever meeting
sky preventing Bertrand for ever meeting
sky preventing Bertrand for ever meeting Laura and marrying her why don’t we
Laura and marrying her why don’t we
Laura and marrying her why don’t we engage in those more far-fetched
engage in those more far-fetched
engage in those more far-fetched possibilities in 1980 cognitive
possibilities in 1980 cognitive
possibilities in 1980 cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter suggested
scientist Douglas Hofstadter suggested
scientist Douglas Hofstadter suggested that maybe the reason why that happened
that maybe the reason why that happened
that maybe the reason why that happened is because our mind have some natural
is because our mind have some natural
is because our mind have some natural fault lines systematic ways in which we
fault lines systematic ways in which we
fault lines systematic ways in which we alter reality in our imagination ever
alter reality in our imagination ever
alter reality in our imagination ever since many cognitive psychologists have
since many cognitive psychologists have
since many cognitive psychologists have engaged in what I call cognitive
engaged in what I call cognitive
engaged in what I call cognitive seismology it’s our scientific attempt
seismology it’s our scientific attempt
seismology it’s our scientific attempt to map the mental fault lines of our
to map the mental fault lines of our
to map the mental fault lines of our imagination one of the most influential
imagination one of the most influential
imagination one of the most influential cognitive seismologists is Nobel Prize
cognitive seismologists is Nobel Prize
cognitive seismologists is Nobel Prize winner
winner
winner dan Kahneman in a series of pioneering
dan Kahneman in a series of pioneering
dan Kahneman in a series of pioneering studies conducted in the 1980s Kahneman
studies conducted in the 1980s Kahneman
studies conducted in the 1980s Kahneman and collaborators presented participants
and collaborators presented participants
and collaborators presented participants with a number of vignettes
with a number of vignettes
with a number of vignettes that included what they call junctures
that included what they call junctures
that included what they call junctures causally relevant events that even done
causally relevant events that even done
causally relevant events that even done would prevent a certain outcome to occur
would prevent a certain outcome to occur
would prevent a certain outcome to occur so for instance one of such vignettes
so for instance one of such vignettes
so for instance one of such vignettes depicts the story of this young
depicts the story of this young
depicts the story of this young gentleman who driving under the
gentleman who driving under the
gentleman who driving under the influence driving under the influence
influence driving under the influence
influence driving under the influence just fails to notice a red light and
just fails to notice a red light and
just fails to notice a red light and crashes into an another car that is
crashes into an another car that is
crashes into an another car that is coming in the opposite direction and
coming in the opposite direction and
coming in the opposite direction and kills the driver immediately when you
kills the driver immediately when you
kills the driver immediately when you asked about the ways in which those
asked about the ways in which those
asked about the ways in which those events could have happened differently
events could have happened differently
events could have happened differently people tend to normally undo the same
people tend to normally undo the same
people tend to normally undo the same events in fact people seem to undo
events in fact people seem to undo
events in fact people seem to undo events that are abnormal or unusual
events that are abnormal or unusual
events that are abnormal or unusual think about again the case of Bertrand
think about again the case of Bertrand
think about again the case of Bertrand we tend to think for instance what would
we tend to think for instance what would
we tend to think for instance what would have happened if the bus had actually
have happened if the bus had actually
have happened if the bus had actually been on time because being late is a
been on time because being late is a
been on time because being late is a rather unusual event in Germany where
rather unusual event in Germany where
rather unusual event in Germany where buses are so beautiful right
buses are so beautiful right
buses are so beautiful right another possibility is for us to think
another possibility is for us to think
another possibility is for us to think what would have happened if the light
what would have happened if the light
what would have happened if the light hadn’t turned red but we don’t think
hadn’t turned red but we don’t think
hadn’t turned red but we don’t think about this unusual event of gravity
about this unusual event of gravity
about this unusual event of gravity changing drastically driving gravity
changing drastically driving gravity
changing drastically driving gravity usually never changes so this view which
usually never changes so this view which
usually never changes so this view which is sometimes home as the norm theory had
is sometimes home as the norm theory had
is sometimes home as the norm theory had led an enormous amount of research in
led an enormous amount of research in
led an enormous amount of research in trying to understand what kinds of
trying to understand what kinds of
trying to understand what kinds of thoughts we think counterfactual
thoughts we think counterfactual
thoughts we think counterfactual alternatives to but in addition to that
alternatives to but in addition to that
alternatives to but in addition to that psychologists can also wonder why we
psychologists can also wonder why we
psychologists can also wonder why we engage in contractual thinking so
engage in contractual thinking so
engage in contractual thinking so frequently and so often and the key to
frequently and so often and the key to
frequently and so often and the key to understand why is also to understand
understand why is also to understand
understand why is also to understand when if you’re like me you normally
when if you’re like me you normally
when if you’re like me you normally engage in contractual thinking when you
engage in contractual thinking when you
engage in contractual thinking when you are planning to do a certain action and
are planning to do a certain action and
are planning to do a certain action and you fail if only I had gone to bed
you fail if only I had gone to bed
you fail if only I had gone to bed earlier I would have been able to be
earlier I would have been able to be
earlier I would have been able to be more relaxed and do better in this exam
more relaxed and do better in this exam
more relaxed and do better in this exam or if only I had to stop at that gas
or if only I had to stop at that gas
or if only I had to stop at that gas station I wouldn’t have run out of gas
station I wouldn’t have run out of gas
station I wouldn’t have run out of gas now these kinds of thoughts there are
now these kinds of thoughts there are
now these kinds of thoughts there are usually better alternative to bad
usually better alternative to bad
usually better alternative to bad outcomes are known as upward
outcomes are known as upward
outcomes are known as upward counterfactual thoughts and in general
counterfactual thoughts and in general
counterfactual thoughts and in general when we
when we
when we engaging upward counterfactual thinking
engaging upward counterfactual thinking
engaging upward counterfactual thinking we feel some kind of regret now less
we feel some kind of regret now less
we feel some kind of regret now less often but sometimes it does occur we
often but sometimes it does occur we
often but sometimes it does occur we engage in another kind of contractual
engage in another kind of contractual
engage in another kind of contractual thinking in which we imagine how good
thinking in which we imagine how good
thinking in which we imagine how good events could have been worse how
events could have been worse how
events could have been worse how diamines that penalty kick we would have
diamines that penalty kick we would have
diamines that penalty kick we would have lost the game or had I been in that line
lost the game or had I been in that line
lost the game or had I been in that line right next to me I wouldn’t have been
right next to me I wouldn’t have been
right next to me I wouldn’t have been able to get ticket to come to this TED
able to get ticket to come to this TED
able to get ticket to come to this TED talk this downward contractions are also
talk this downward contractions are also
talk this downward contractions are also usually associated with feelings but
usually associated with feelings but
usually associated with feelings but these times these feelings are feelings
these times these feelings are feelings
these times these feelings are feelings of relief almost twenty years ago
of relief almost twenty years ago
of relief almost twenty years ago psychologist Neil Rose and Jose Olsen
psychologist Neil Rose and Jose Olsen
psychologist Neil Rose and Jose Olsen generated what they call the
generated what they call the
generated what they call the counterfactual the functional theory of
counterfactual the functional theory of
counterfactual the functional theory of counterfactual thinking according to
counterfactual thinking according to
counterfactual thinking according to this theory we engage in upper
this theory we engage in upper
this theory we engage in upper contractual thinking because we are
contractual thinking because we are
contractual thinking because we are preparing to do better in the future
preparing to do better in the future
preparing to do better in the future we rehearse alternative ways in which
we rehearse alternative ways in which
we rehearse alternative ways in which past events could have occurred in order
past events could have occurred in order
past events could have occurred in order to improve our future performance
to improve our future performance
to improve our future performance likewise when we engage in downward
likewise when we engage in downward
likewise when we engage in downward contractual when we imagine worse ways
contractual when we imagine worse ways
contractual when we imagine worse ways in which an event could have happened
in which an event could have happened
in which an event could have happened we’re actually doing that to make to
we’re actually doing that to make to
we’re actually doing that to make to feel better about what we achieved or
feel better about what we achieved or
feel better about what we achieved or what we attained the problem with this
what we attained the problem with this
what we attained the problem with this view is that this is not always the case
view is that this is not always the case
view is that this is not always the case consider the case of Kim Kim was a
consider the case of Kim Kim was a
consider the case of Kim Kim was a flight attendant that was scheduled to
flight attendant that was scheduled to
flight attendant that was scheduled to fly in the United Airlines flight 93 the
fly in the United Airlines flight 93 the
fly in the United Airlines flight 93 the time before and this is in 2011
time before and this is in 2011
time before and this is in 2011 September 11 2001 the night before she
September 11 2001 the night before she
September 11 2001 the night before she called the calling and asking if she
called the calling and asking if she
called the calling and asking if she could switch the turn with her that
could switch the turn with her that
could switch the turn with her that prevent her from dying in the crash of
prevent her from dying in the crash of
prevent her from dying in the crash of the airplane in Pennsylvania you would
the airplane in Pennsylvania you would
the airplane in Pennsylvania you would think that the fact that she constantly
think that the fact that she constantly
think that the fact that she constantly engages in counterfactual thoughts about
engages in counterfactual thoughts about
engages in counterfactual thoughts about what would have happened had he not
what would have happened had he not
what would have happened had he not changed the turn the night before would
changed the turn the night before would
changed the turn the night before would give her his feelings of relief he will
give her his feelings of relief he will
give her his feelings of relief he will be wrong she’s haunted by these
be wrong she’s haunted by these
be wrong she’s haunted by these counterfactual thoughts over and over
counterfactual thoughts over and over
counterfactual thoughts over and over again and make him feel incredibly sad
again and make him feel incredibly sad
again and make him feel incredibly sad and regretful or think about this other
and regretful or think about this other
and regretful or think about this other case in which we engage in contractual
case in which we engage in contractual
case in which we engage in contractual thoughts about events that we know are
thoughts about events that we know are
thoughts about events that we know are never
never
never to be repeated I’m thinking about the
to be repeated I’m thinking about the
to be repeated I’m thinking about the case of Anastasia Anastasia is a young
case of Anastasia Anastasia is a young
case of Anastasia Anastasia is a young gymnast who can’t help but repeat over
gymnast who can’t help but repeat over
gymnast who can’t help but repeat over and over again in her mind this one
and over again in her mind this one
and over again in her mind this one mistake she made and that left her
mistake she made and that left her
mistake she made and that left her paraplegic
paraplegic
paraplegic why is she constantly ruminating over
why is she constantly ruminating over
why is she constantly ruminating over and over again this contractual thought
and over again this contractual thought
and over again this contractual thought she won’t be able to walk again much
she won’t be able to walk again much
she won’t be able to walk again much less to do in gymnastics
less to do in gymnastics
less to do in gymnastics what kind of future event is she trying
what kind of future event is she trying
what kind of future event is she trying to improve upon our thoughts in our lab
to improve upon our thoughts in our lab
to improve upon our thoughts in our lab with my collaborators is that the reason
with my collaborators is that the reason
with my collaborators is that the reason why these cases appear challenging is
why these cases appear challenging is
why these cases appear challenging is because we’re getting the function of
because we’re getting the function of
because we’re getting the function of these counterfactual thoughts wrong not
these counterfactual thoughts wrong not
these counterfactual thoughts wrong not all contractual thinking allows us to
all contractual thinking allows us to
all contractual thinking allows us to plan for the future or make us feel
plan for the future or make us feel
plan for the future or make us feel better about the present sometimes
better about the present sometimes
better about the present sometimes counterfactual thinking has a different
counterfactual thinking has a different
counterfactual thinking has a different function it helps us change our past but
function it helps us change our past but
function it helps us change our past but to tell you how that is possible I need
to tell you how that is possible I need
to tell you how that is possible I need to tell you a little bit about memory
to tell you a little bit about memory
to tell you a little bit about memory according to the traditional view in
according to the traditional view in
according to the traditional view in memory when you engage in certain
memory when you engage in certain
memory when you engage in certain experience and you have a certain and
experience and you have a certain and
experience and you have a certain and you experience a certain event the
you experience a certain event the
you experience a certain event the information tends to be consolidated
information tends to be consolidated
information tends to be consolidated stored unchanged until next time that
stored unchanged until next time that
stored unchanged until next time that you retrieve it however in the last
you retrieve it however in the last
you retrieve it however in the last three or four decades it has become
three or four decades it has become
three or four decades it has become pretty evident that every time that you
pretty evident that every time that you
pretty evident that every time that you remember a memory that memory becomes
remember a memory that memory becomes
remember a memory that memory becomes liable and prone to modification you can
liable and prone to modification you can
liable and prone to modification you can actually change a little bit the content
actually change a little bit the content
actually change a little bit the content of the memory at the time of retrieval
of the memory at the time of retrieval
of the memory at the time of retrieval in fact evidence suggests that every
in fact evidence suggests that every
in fact evidence suggests that every time that you remember a memory you
time that you remember a memory you
time that you remember a memory you update it and you edit it a little bit
update it and you edit it a little bit
update it and you edit it a little bit but so what if engaging in contractual
but so what if engaging in contractual
but so what if engaging in contractual thinking is a good strategy for us to
thinking is a good strategy for us to
thinking is a good strategy for us to change the content of our out of our
change the content of our out of our
change the content of our out of our graphical memories at the time of
graphical memories at the time of
graphical memories at the time of retrieval to test that possibility my
retrieval to test that possibility my
retrieval to test that possibility my collaborators and I asked participants
collaborators and I asked participants
collaborators and I asked participants to come to the lab and we asked them to
to come to the lab and we asked them to
to come to the lab and we asked them to think and remember a specific
think and remember a specific
think and remember a specific autobiographical event that happened to
autobiographical event that happened to
autobiographical event that happened to them in the past a week later they came
them in the past a week later they came
them in the past a week later they came back to the
back to the
back to the and we asked them to engage in
and we asked them to engage in
and we asked them to engage in contractual thinking half of those
contractual thinking half of those
contractual thinking half of those memories they thought alternatives to
memories they thought alternatives to
memories they thought alternatives to several times as if they were ruminating
several times as if they were ruminating
several times as if they were ruminating and the other half the only thought
and the other half the only thought
and the other half the only thought about an alternative an alternative way
about an alternative an alternative way
about an alternative an alternative way in which it could have occurred only
in which it could have occurred only
in which it could have occurred only once and then we compared those that
once and then we compared those that
once and then we compared those that were repeatedly singulated
were repeatedly singulated
were repeatedly singulated versus those that were only simulated
versus those that were only simulated
versus those that were only simulated ones and what our results suggest is
ones and what our results suggest is
ones and what our results suggest is that the more you think about how
that the more you think about how
that the more you think about how another – how certain event could have
another – how certain event could have
another – how certain event could have occurred the less likely you think is
occurred the less likely you think is
occurred the less likely you think is that your memory could have occurred
that your memory could have occurred
that your memory could have occurred differently we suggest that this effect
differently we suggest that this effect
differently we suggest that this effect is our memory helping us to come to
is our memory helping us to come to
is our memory helping us to come to grips with the past by taking away our
grips with the past by taking away our
grips with the past by taking away our attention from possibilities that are
attention from possibilities that are
attention from possibilities that are very unlikely to have happened but not
very unlikely to have happened but not
very unlikely to have happened but not everyone is in the same boat as Bertrand
everyone is in the same boat as Bertrand
everyone is in the same boat as Bertrand Bertrand was very happy every time that
Bertrand was very happy every time that
Bertrand was very happy every time that he remembered a specific episodes that
he remembered a specific episodes that
he remembered a specific episodes that happen in his past and imagining
happen in his past and imagining
happen in his past and imagining alternative ways in which those events
alternative ways in which those events
alternative ways in which those events could have occurred sometimes
could have occurred sometimes
could have occurred sometimes unfortunately people are haunted by
unfortunately people are haunted by
unfortunately people are haunted by memories that they would rather not
memories that they would rather not
memories that they would rather not remember sometimes people are haunted by
remember sometimes people are haunted by
remember sometimes people are haunted by contractual thoughts that they would
contractual thoughts that they would
contractual thoughts that they would rather not have so the question now is
rather not have so the question now is
rather not have so the question now is can we harness the power of
can we harness the power of
can we harness the power of counterfactual thinking to change the
counterfactual thinking to change the
counterfactual thinking to change the emotion and the valence of
emotion and the valence of
emotion and the valence of autobiographical memories that we rather
autobiographical memories that we rather
autobiographical memories that we rather not have autobiographical memories that
not have autobiographical memories that
not have autobiographical memories that are debilitating and incapacitating that
are debilitating and incapacitating that
are debilitating and incapacitating that has been the leading question of our
has been the leading question of our
has been the leading question of our research in the lab for the past year a
research in the lab for the past year a
research in the lab for the past year a pilot study conducted in the lab invited
pilot study conducted in the lab invited
pilot study conducted in the lab invited participants to come to the lab and
participants to come to the lab and
participants to come to the lab and produce a number of out the biographical
produce a number of out the biographical
produce a number of out the biographical memories of regretful events in their
memories of regretful events in their
memories of regretful events in their life and we asked them to give us some
life and we asked them to give us some
life and we asked them to give us some measures of valence and some measures of
measures of valence and some measures of
measures of valence and some measures of intensity of emotion a week later they
intensity of emotion a week later they
intensity of emotion a week later they asked them to come back to the lab to
asked them to come back to the lab to
asked them to come back to the lab to either engage in contractual thinking or
either engage in contractual thinking or
either engage in contractual thinking or just simply we remember those event and
just simply we remember those event and
just simply we remember those event and a day later they come back and we asked
a day later they come back and we asked
a day later they come back and we asked them to remember the events once again
them to remember the events once again
them to remember the events once again and we measure the valence and the
and we measure the valence and the
and we measure the valence and the intensity of the
intensity of the
intensity of the memories that allows us to compare the
memories that allows us to compare the
memories that allows us to compare the memories once reactivated to the
memories once reactivated to the
memories once reactivated to the original memories all the preliminary
original memories all the preliminary
original memories all the preliminary our results suggest that engaging in
our results suggest that engaging in
our results suggest that engaging in counterfactual thinking about negative
counterfactual thinking about negative
counterfactual thinking about negative events that could have been better
events that could have been better
events that could have been better changes a little bit the valence of
changes a little bit the valence of
changes a little bit the valence of those memories in a way that is
those memories in a way that is
those memories in a way that is different from just merely reactivating
different from just merely reactivating
different from just merely reactivating them in memory
them in memory
them in memory conversely engaging into a
conversely engaging into a
conversely engaging into a counterfactual thinking about positive
counterfactual thinking about positive
counterfactual thinking about positive memories changes the intensity with
memories changes the intensity with
memories changes the intensity with which we feel those emotions our hope is
which we feel those emotions our hope is
which we feel those emotions our hope is to harness what we learn from the
to harness what we learn from the
to harness what we learn from the mechanisms about contractual thinking in
mechanisms about contractual thinking in
mechanisms about contractual thinking in the context of memory reactivating to
the context of memory reactivating to
the context of memory reactivating to see we can use that knowledge to change
see we can use that knowledge to change
see we can use that knowledge to change people’s memories in a clinical context
people’s memories in a clinical context
people’s memories in a clinical context the idea is an imagination is a very
the idea is an imagination is a very
the idea is an imagination is a very powerful tool that helps us not only
powerful tool that helps us not only
powerful tool that helps us not only plan for the future and makes us feel
plan for the future and makes us feel
plan for the future and makes us feel better about the present but also can
better about the present but also can
better about the present but also can help us change our memories about the
help us change our memories about the
help us change our memories about the past thank you
past thank you
past thank you [Applause]
”
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