[Music] hello everybody thank you very much for
hello everybody thank you very much for
hello everybody thank you very much for that super welcome as Hamish very kindly
that super welcome as Hamish very kindly
that super welcome as Hamish very kindly introduced me as I’m going to talk to
introduced me as I’m going to talk to
introduced me as I’m going to talk to you today about fraud and his conduct in
you today about fraud and his conduct in
you today about fraud and his conduct in biological sciences so fraud misconduct
biological sciences so fraud misconduct
biological sciences so fraud misconduct aren’t you may be going on for a long
aren’t you may be going on for a long
aren’t you may be going on for a long time for example in the 1970s there was
time for example in the 1970s there was
time for example in the 1970s there was a chap named William Summerlin they said
a chap named William Summerlin they said
a chap named William Summerlin they said that he was going to transplant the skin
that he was going to transplant the skin
that he was going to transplant the skin from black mice onto white mice and
from black mice onto white mice and
from black mice onto white mice and instead he just colored in the black the
instead he just colored in the black the
instead he just colored in the black the white mice with a black marker pen very
white mice with a black marker pen very
white mice with a black marker pen very good science this the subject i’m going
good science this the subject i’m going
good science this the subject i’m going to talk to you about today and why it’s
to talk to you about today and why it’s
to talk to you about today and why it’s called the acid test for Biological
called the acid test for Biological
called the acid test for Biological Sciences is something called stop cells
Sciences is something called stop cells
Sciences is something called stop cells st AP Stat cells and step cells were
st AP Stat cells and step cells were
st AP Stat cells and step cells were cells that we were told about in january
cells that we were told about in january
cells that we were told about in january 2014 and these cells would apparently be
2014 and these cells would apparently be
2014 and these cells would apparently be able to come from anywhere in the body
able to come from anywhere in the body
able to come from anywhere in the body and we’ll be able to transfer them into
and we’ll be able to transfer them into
and we’ll be able to transfer them into stem cells okay stem cells and all we’d
stem cells okay stem cells and all we’d
stem cells okay stem cells and all we’d have to do is a very simple procedure
have to do is a very simple procedure
have to do is a very simple procedure such as dipping them in acid but it
such as dipping them in acid but it
such as dipping them in acid but it turns out that this wasn’t right this
turns out that this wasn’t right this
turns out that this wasn’t right this wasn’t correct it was fraudulent and
wasn’t correct it was fraudulent and
wasn’t correct it was fraudulent and that’s what we’re going to talk about
that’s what we’re going to talk about
that’s what we’re going to talk about today am I going to examine it in two
today am I going to examine it in two
today am I going to examine it in two ways we’re going to talk about it by a
ways we’re going to talk about it by a
ways we’re going to talk about it by a replication so carrying out multiple
replication so carrying out multiple
replication so carrying out multiple copies of the same experiment and
copies of the same experiment and
copies of the same experiment and through trust as well the trust either
through trust as well the trust either
through trust as well the trust either between scientists or between public and
between scientists or between public and
between scientists or between public and the science so as I mentioned fraud
the science so as I mentioned fraud
the science so as I mentioned fraud isn’t something you lots of people have
isn’t something you lots of people have
isn’t something you lots of people have done studies on fraud as well for
done studies on fraud as well for
done studies on fraud as well for example ferric Fang produce these nice
example ferric Fang produce these nice
example ferric Fang produce these nice stats that we’ve got here in front of us
stats that we’ve got here in front of us
stats that we’ve got here in front of us and between 1973 and 2012 there were
and between 1973 and 2012 there were
and between 1973 and 2012 there were 2047 articles published in the
2047 articles published in the
2047 articles published in the biomedical sciences that were attracted
biomedical sciences that were attracted
biomedical sciences that were attracted forty-three percent these are attracted
forty-three percent these are attracted
forty-three percent these are attracted because of either fraud or suspected
because of either fraud or suspected
because of either fraud or suspected fraud so in 2016
fraud so in 2016
fraud so in 2016 after the stat cell saga had come about
after the stat cell saga had come about
after the stat cell saga had come about we thought it was important to have a
we thought it was important to have a
we thought it was important to have a look at how this was affecting stem cell
look at how this was affecting stem cell
look at how this was affecting stem cell sites in particular so we did a bit more
sites in particular so we did a bit more
sites in particular so we did a bit more number crunching and this is what ferret
number crunching and this is what ferret
number crunching and this is what ferret Quran came out with for this second
Quran came out with for this second
Quran came out with for this second study between nineteen eighty nine and
study between nineteen eighty nine and
study between nineteen eighty nine and twenty sixteen there were three thousand
twenty sixteen there were three thousand
twenty sixteen there were three thousand two hundred and forty-four stem cell
two hundred and forty-four stem cell
two hundred and forty-four stem cell articles retracted that’s around two and
articles retracted that’s around two and
articles retracted that’s around two and a half times more than we would expect
a half times more than we would expect
a half times more than we would expect for Biological Sciences as a whole 51%
for Biological Sciences as a whole 51%
for Biological Sciences as a whole 51% we’re attracted because of either fraud
we’re attracted because of either fraud
we’re attracted because of either fraud or suspected fraud so perhaps there is a
or suspected fraud so perhaps there is a
or suspected fraud so perhaps there is a little bit more fraud going on in both
little bit more fraud going on in both
little bit more fraud going on in both in stem cell science than in biomedical
in stem cell science than in biomedical
in stem cell science than in biomedical science perhaps as them as public though
science perhaps as them as public though
science perhaps as them as public though we are more aware of fraud in stem cell
we are more aware of fraud in stem cell
we are more aware of fraud in stem cell science stem cell size is really
science stem cell size is really
science stem cell size is really exciting really interesting its new is
exciting really interesting its new is
exciting really interesting its new is cutting edge and a media like to tell us
cutting edge and a media like to tell us
cutting edge and a media like to tell us about it when we have the drama of fraud
about it when we have the drama of fraud
about it when we have the drama of fraud mixed into that we get you more excited
mixed into that we get you more excited
mixed into that we get you more excited about it in the media jump on it so
about it in the media jump on it so
about it in the media jump on it so we’re far more aware a stem cell fraud
we’re far more aware a stem cell fraud
we’re far more aware a stem cell fraud so this is the article I wanted to talk
so this is the article I wanted to talk
so this is the article I wanted to talk to you about today these are stuck cells
to you about today these are stuck cells
to you about today these are stuck cells st AP stem cells and step stands for
st AP stem cells and step stands for
st AP stem cells and step stands for stimulus triggered acquisition of
stimulus triggered acquisition of
stimulus triggered acquisition of pluripotency what on earth does that
pluripotency what on earth does that
pluripotency what on earth does that mean well it means that we can take
mean well it means that we can take
mean well it means that we can take cells from anywhere in the body and
cells from anywhere in the body and
cells from anywhere in the body and apply a stimulus for example exposure to
apply a stimulus for example exposure to
apply a stimulus for example exposure to a strong acid and this would cause the
a strong acid and this would cause the
a strong acid and this would cause the cells to revert back to a stem cell-like
cells to revert back to a stem cell-like
cells to revert back to a stem cell-like state and what this means is that these
state and what this means is that these
state and what this means is that these cells can then produce any other cell in
cells can then produce any other cell in
cells can then produce any other cell in the body that’s what the pluripotency
the body that’s what the pluripotency
the body that’s what the pluripotency means so that’s what we have we have
means so that’s what we have we have
means so that’s what we have we have cells from anywhere in the body becoming
cells from anywhere in the body becoming
cells from anywhere in the body becoming stem cells through a very quick very
stem cells through a very quick very
stem cells through a very quick very simple very efficient technique and this
simple very efficient technique and this
simple very efficient technique and this was the paper that was published on it
was the paper that was published on it
was the paper that was published on it this work was carried out in Japan an
this work was carried out in Japan an
this work was carried out in Japan an institute called the RIKEN Institute and
institute called the RIKEN Institute and
institute called the RIKEN Institute and this is our lead author this is Heroku /
this is our lead author this is Heroku /
this is our lead author this is Heroku / capita she became as I’ve said on the
capita she became as I’ve said on the
capita she became as I’ve said on the slide there an overnight celebrity well
slide there an overnight celebrity well
slide there an overnight celebrity well well first and foremost she wasn’t your
well first and foremost she wasn’t your
well first and foremost she wasn’t your stereotypical middle-aged male scientist
stereotypical middle-aged male scientist
stereotypical middle-aged male scientist she was something fresh and something
she was something fresh and something
she was something fresh and something new she liked to wear her traditional
new she liked to wear her traditional
new she liked to wear her traditional Japanese over garments in the lab
Japanese over garments in the lab
Japanese over garments in the lab instead of her lab coat which we can see
instead of her lab coat which we can see
instead of her lab coat which we can see on the image there she was hounded by
on the image there she was hounded by
on the image there she was hounded by the paparazzi when this work came out
the paparazzi when this work came out
the paparazzi when this work came out the clothes that she wore but the press
the clothes that she wore but the press
the clothes that she wore but the press conferences sold out across Japan
conferences sold out across Japan
conferences sold out across Japan because people wanted to be like her
because people wanted to be like her
because people wanted to be like her truly an overnight celebrity based on
truly an overnight celebrity based on
truly an overnight celebrity based on this work that she published so let’s
this work that she published so let’s
this work that she published so let’s have a look at exactly what happened to
have a look at exactly what happened to
have a look at exactly what happened to stop cells then initially the reaction
stop cells then initially the reaction
stop cells then initially the reaction from the scientific community was great
from the scientific community was great
from the scientific community was great excitement why well all of a sudden we
excitement why well all of a sudden we
excitement why well all of a sudden we had the ability to produce stem cells in
had the ability to produce stem cells in
had the ability to produce stem cells in the lab from any other cell very quickly
the lab from any other cell very quickly
the lab from any other cell very quickly very easily and very efficiently why was
very easily and very efficiently why was
very easily and very efficiently why was this important well there were two other
this important well there were two other
this important well there were two other options that are available to scientists
options that are available to scientists
options that are available to scientists who wanted stem cells capable of doing
who wanted stem cells capable of doing
who wanted stem cells capable of doing this work the first are embryonic stem
this work the first are embryonic stem
this work the first are embryonic stem cells very difficult to use we’re
cells very difficult to use we’re
cells very difficult to use we’re talking with regards to ethics with
talking with regards to ethics with
talking with regards to ethics with regards to morals and legally as well in
regards to morals and legally as well in
regards to morals and legally as well in fact in some countries you can’t use
fact in some countries you can’t use
fact in some countries you can’t use embryonic stem cells at all so it
embryonic stem cells at all so it
embryonic stem cells at all so it completely blocked that line of research
completely blocked that line of research
completely blocked that line of research the second option would be to use
the second option would be to use
the second option would be to use induced pluripotent stem cells again
induced pluripotent stem cells again
induced pluripotent stem cells again these were developed in Japan in the
these were developed in Japan in the
these were developed in Japan in the early 2000s and in 2012 shinya yamanaka
early 2000s and in 2012 shinya yamanaka
early 2000s and in 2012 shinya yamanaka who is one of the developers of induced
who is one of the developers of induced
who is one of the developers of induced pluripotent stem cells won the Nobel
pluripotent stem cells won the Nobel
pluripotent stem cells won the Nobel Prize on what this meant was with again
Prize on what this meant was with again
Prize on what this meant was with again we could take cells from anywhere in the
we could take cells from anywhere in the
we could take cells from anywhere in the body tweak their genetics so that they
body tweak their genetics so that they
body tweak their genetics so that they would start using genes that they hadn’t
would start using genes that they hadn’t
would start using genes that they hadn’t used since they were stem cells put
used since they were stem cells put
used since they were stem cells put those back into action and again they
those back into action and again they
those back into action and again they would start becoming stem cells but the
would start becoming stem cells but the
would start becoming stem cells but the process was inefficient it was
process was inefficient it was
process was inefficient it was technically difficult and it was long
technically difficult and it was long
technically difficult and it was long winded at the moment it wasn’t really an
winded at the moment it wasn’t really an
winded at the moment it wasn’t really an option for other loves to use this is
option for other loves to use this is
option for other loves to use this is why people
why people
why people excited about stop cells great for
excited about stop cells great for
excited about stop cells great for developmental biologists they had a
developmental biologists they had a
developmental biologists they had a reason to say that environment affected
reason to say that environment affected
reason to say that environment affected our development as well as genetics and
our development as well as genetics and
our development as well as genetics and for medicine as well imagine being able
for medicine as well imagine being able
for medicine as well imagine being able to take a sample from anywhere in the
to take a sample from anywhere in the
to take a sample from anywhere in the body of someone turning that sample into
body of someone turning that sample into
body of someone turning that sample into stem cells and then regrowing it into
stem cells and then regrowing it into
stem cells and then regrowing it into another organ skin or liver for example
another organ skin or liver for example
another organ skin or liver for example really exciting but a few weeks later we
really exciting but a few weeks later we
really exciting but a few weeks later we start to have some problems with these
start to have some problems with these
start to have some problems with these publications first and foremost we start
publications first and foremost we start
publications first and foremost we start to see that people were saying that the
to see that people were saying that the
to see that people were saying that the some of the images used weren’t quite
some of the images used weren’t quite
some of the images used weren’t quite right we had two images for example it
right we had two images for example it
right we had two images for example it should have come from two separate
should have come from two separate
should have come from two separate experiments but it was in fact the same
experiments but it was in fact the same
experiments but it was in fact the same image the opposite also occurred where
image the opposite also occurred where
image the opposite also occurred where in fact we had images whether it was
in fact we had images whether it was
in fact we had images whether it was supposed to be from two separate
supposed to be from two separate
supposed to be from two separate experiments put together to make it look
experiments put together to make it look
experiments put together to make it look as though it was from one so had some
as though it was from one so had some
as though it was from one so had some image manipulation problems there later
image manipulation problems there later
image manipulation problems there later on we start have more problems where
on we start have more problems where
on we start have more problems where people are trying to replicate the work
people are trying to replicate the work
people are trying to replicate the work what people trying to replicate it
what people trying to replicate it
what people trying to replicate it because it is so exciting they want to
because it is so exciting they want to
because it is so exciting they want to use these stem cells in their lab but
use these stem cells in their lab but
use these stem cells in their lab but they couldn’t do it and in a few weeks
they couldn’t do it and in a few weeks
they couldn’t do it and in a few weeks following at the publication of the
following at the publication of the
following at the publication of the article the one of the original authors
article the one of the original authors
article the one of the original authors tried to replicate this work in a
tried to replicate this work in a
tried to replicate this work in a different lab and he just couldn’t do it
different lab and he just couldn’t do it
different lab and he just couldn’t do it click and get the experiment to work
again another few weeks later and the
again another few weeks later and the some genetic tests were carried out to
some genetic tests were carried out to
some genetic tests were carried out to see whether the stat cells that over
see whether the stat cells that over
see whether the stat cells that over Carter said she produced were actually
Carter said she produced were actually
Carter said she produced were actually step cells and it turns out that they
step cells and it turns out that they
step cells and it turns out that they weren’t it looks as though they were
weren’t it looks as though they were
weren’t it looks as though they were already stem cells this isn’t looking
already stem cells this isn’t looking
already stem cells this isn’t looking good this isn’t looking good now so
good this isn’t looking good now so
good this isn’t looking good now so whereas originally people started to try
whereas originally people started to try
whereas originally people started to try and replicate this study because they
and replicate this study because they
and replicate this study because they wanted to use this as a tool in the lab
wanted to use this as a tool in the lab
wanted to use this as a tool in the lab now they were having to use it as a
now they were having to use it as a
now they were having to use it as a challenge they wanted to see whether
challenge they wanted to see whether
challenge they wanted to see whether snap cells were real or not
over Carter finally agreed to retract
over Carter finally agreed to retract papers this was after people had accused
papers this was after people had accused
papers this was after people had accused her of plagiarism in her previous work
her of plagiarism in her previous work
her of plagiarism in her previous work and other manipulation problems in her
and other manipulation problems in her
and other manipulation problems in her previous work so the papers were
previous work so the papers were
previous work so the papers were attracted in the summer and by this time
attracted in the summer and by this time
attracted in the summer and by this time more than 20 different laboratories had
more than 20 different laboratories had
more than 20 different laboratories had tried to replicate the results
tried to replicate the results
tried to replicate the results unsuccessfully so the question is was
unsuccessfully so the question is was
unsuccessfully so the question is was over Carter guilty of fraud or
over Carter guilty of fraud or
over Carter guilty of fraud or misconduct well let’s have a look at
misconduct well let’s have a look at
misconduct well let’s have a look at both replication and Trust and see
both replication and Trust and see
both replication and Trust and see whether she was or not so here’s trust
whether she was or not so here’s trust
whether she was or not so here’s trust definition there for us to focus on so
definition there for us to focus on so
definition there for us to focus on so we know what we’re talking about there
we know what we’re talking about there
we know what we’re talking about there are two main issues of trust that we
are two main issues of trust that we
are two main issues of trust that we have at the moment and that science
have at the moment and that science
have at the moment and that science let’s re trust within science and trust
let’s re trust within science and trust
let’s re trust within science and trust external to science so in science we
external to science so in science we
external to science so in science we have informal and formal measures of
have informal and formal measures of
have informal and formal measures of trust where scientists would talk to
trust where scientists would talk to
trust where scientists would talk to each other informally in the coffee room
each other informally in the coffee room
each other informally in the coffee room for example talk about experiments they
for example talk about experiments they
for example talk about experiments they were thinking of doing or some
were thinking of doing or some
were thinking of doing or some hypothesis that they were planning on
hypothesis that they were planning on
hypothesis that they were planning on testing and they would expect other
testing and they would expect other
testing and they would expect other researchers not to pinch those ideas and
researchers not to pinch those ideas and
researchers not to pinch those ideas and go and do them first there’s also the
go and do them first there’s also the
go and do them first there’s also the peer review process for example which is
peer review process for example which is
peer review process for example which is a more formal method of trust where
a more formal method of trust where
a more formal method of trust where researchers are sent for example funding
researchers are sent for example funding
researchers are sent for example funding applications and again aren’t expected
applications and again aren’t expected
applications and again aren’t expected to run off with those ideas and go and
to run off with those ideas and go and
to run off with those ideas and go and do than themselves or their expects to
do than themselves or their expects to
do than themselves or their expects to give honest critique and feedback
give honest critique and feedback
give honest critique and feedback they’re not expected to sabotage someone
they’re not expected to sabotage someone
they’re not expected to sabotage someone else’s work in this peer review process
else’s work in this peer review process
else’s work in this peer review process so that’s trust replication replication
so that’s trust replication replication
so that’s trust replication replication is seen as the cornerstone of scientific
is seen as the cornerstone of scientific
is seen as the cornerstone of scientific research in theory it is one of the most
research in theory it is one of the most
research in theory it is one of the most important things you can do in
important things you can do in
important things you can do in experiments repeat your experiments to
experiments repeat your experiments to
experiments repeat your experiments to see if you get the same results it’s
see if you get the same results it’s
see if you get the same results it’s very important for confidence in your
very important for confidence in your
very important for confidence in your results important for reliability
results important for reliability
results important for reliability important to demonstrate quality for
important to demonstrate quality for
important to demonstrate quality for example and pretty much every single
example and pretty much every single
example and pretty much every single researcher on the planet would agree the
researcher on the planet would agree the
researcher on the planet would agree the replication was important however in
replication was important however in
replication was important however in practice not so simple and there are
practice not so simple and there are
practice not so simple and there are four reasons for this
four reasons for this
four reasons for this firstly if you look at any scientific
firstly if you look at any scientific
firstly if you look at any scientific paper the method section is really quite
paper the method section is really quite
paper the method section is really quite short in comparison to the rest of the
short in comparison to the rest of the
short in comparison to the rest of the paper it’s not detailed there’s no
paper it’s not detailed there’s no
paper it’s not detailed there’s no nuance on there and that makes anyone
nuance on there and that makes anyone
nuance on there and that makes anyone trying to copy this method sorry leaves
trying to copy this method sorry leaves
trying to copy this method sorry leaves anybody with trying to cut to copy this
anybody with trying to cut to copy this
anybody with trying to cut to copy this method in some difficulty because they
method in some difficulty because they
method in some difficulty because they don’t know exactly these fine details
don’t know exactly these fine details
don’t know exactly these fine details and nuances the second problem is that
and nuances the second problem is that
and nuances the second problem is that the resources might not be available for
the resources might not be available for
the resources might not be available for example if you were testing a drug you
example if you were testing a drug you
example if you were testing a drug you would perhaps test it on very specific
would perhaps test it on very specific
would perhaps test it on very specific group of patients that’s type of patient
group of patients that’s type of patient
group of patients that’s type of patient might not be available anymore so you
might not be available anymore so you
might not be available anymore so you can’t replicate the test furthermore
can’t replicate the test furthermore
can’t replicate the test furthermore another problem is that there might not
another problem is that there might not
another problem is that there might not be funding available so lack of
be funding available so lack of
be funding available so lack of resources again no scientists to do it
resources again no scientists to do it
resources again no scientists to do it because you can’t pay them no money to
because you can’t pay them no money to
because you can’t pay them no money to pay for the equipment so on and so forth
pay for the equipment so on and so forth
pay for the equipment so on and so forth this brings us on to the third problem
this brings us on to the third problem
this brings us on to the third problem with replication and that’s that there
with replication and that’s that there
with replication and that’s that there is no motivation from scientists while
is no motivation from scientists while
is no motivation from scientists while my other scientists motivated well
my other scientists motivated well
my other scientists motivated well because they can’t get replication
because they can’t get replication
because they can’t get replication studies published and they can’t get
studies published and they can’t get
studies published and they can’t get funding for them funders do not want to
funding for them funders do not want to
funding for them funders do not want to pay for research that has already been
pay for research that has already been
pay for research that has already been done elsewhere but vacations do not want
done elsewhere but vacations do not want
done elsewhere but vacations do not want to publish research that has already
to publish research that has already
to publish research that has already been done elsewhere everything has to be
been done elsewhere everything has to be
been done elsewhere everything has to be new and original and exciting and
new and original and exciting and
new and original and exciting and cutting-edge there is no place for
cutting-edge there is no place for
cutting-edge there is no place for replication the fourth reason the last
replication the fourth reason the last
replication the fourth reason the last reason why replication falls down in
reason why replication falls down in
reason why replication falls down in science in practical reality is that it
science in practical reality is that it
science in practical reality is that it can be seen as a challenge to other
can be seen as a challenge to other
can be seen as a challenge to other scientists it can be seen as a challenge
scientists it can be seen as a challenge
scientists it can be seen as a challenge to another scientist replicator other
to another scientist replicator other
to another scientist replicator other scientists integrity and skill we don’t
scientists integrity and skill we don’t
scientists integrity and skill we don’t want to do that it’s going to cause
want to do that it’s going to cause
want to do that it’s going to cause great animosity between scientists
great animosity between scientists
great animosity between scientists between labs even between countries and
between labs even between countries and
between labs even between countries and it really isn’t where ever want to go
it really isn’t where ever want to go
it really isn’t where ever want to go with science we don’t want to create any
with science we don’t want to create any
with science we don’t want to create any animosity in that respect so let’s have
animosity in that respect so let’s have
animosity in that respect so let’s have a look at trust and replication in
a look at trust and replication in
a look at trust and replication in specifically in the step sell
specifically in the step sell
specifically in the step sell controversy
controversy
controversy first of all the co-authors of a paper
first of all the co-authors of a paper
first of all the co-authors of a paper would have had trust in the lead author
would have had trust in the lead author
would have had trust in the lead author they would have carried out their
they would have carried out their
they would have carried out their experiments and they would have had
experiments and they would have had
experiments and they would have had trusted the lead author with their
trusted the lead author with their
trusted the lead author with their results they trusted her not to
results they trusted her not to
results they trusted her not to misinterpret them or to misrepresent
misinterpret them or to misrepresent
misinterpret them or to misrepresent them in the publications likewise the
them in the publications likewise the
them in the publications likewise the lead author would have expected to all
lead author would have expected to all
lead author would have expected to all of her collaborators were carrying out
of her collaborators were carrying out
of her collaborators were carrying out the results that carrying out the
the results that carrying out the
the results that carrying out the experiments they said they were going to
experiments they said they were going to
experiments they said they were going to do and give her those results they’re
do and give her those results they’re
do and give her those results they’re also the same peer review trust issues
also the same peer review trust issues
also the same peer review trust issues that I’ve mentioned earlier so trust
that I’ve mentioned earlier so trust
that I’ve mentioned earlier so trust that nobody else was going to try and
that nobody else was going to try and
that nobody else was going to try and sabotage for example the publication of
sabotage for example the publication of
sabotage for example the publication of this work because they were doing
this work because they were doing
this work because they were doing something similar what about replication
something similar what about replication
something similar what about replication then well initially as I mentioned the
then well initially as I mentioned the
then well initially as I mentioned the replication studies started to be
replication studies started to be
replication studies started to be carried out because people wanted to use
carried out because people wanted to use
carried out because people wanted to use this method in their labs they saw it as
this method in their labs they saw it as
this method in their labs they saw it as really important and exciting in a great
really important and exciting in a great
really important and exciting in a great tool but as time went on and we started
tool but as time went on and we started
tool but as time went on and we started to lose trust in the lead researcher we
to lose trust in the lead researcher we
to lose trust in the lead researcher we started to use replication as a
started to use replication as a
started to use replication as a challenge had the author actually
challenge had the author actually
challenge had the author actually carried out the experiment she said she
carried out the experiment she said she
carried out the experiment she said she had well let’s try and replicate it and
had well let’s try and replicate it and
had well let’s try and replicate it and see if we get the same results so the
see if we get the same results so the
see if we get the same results so the question remains them was over Carter a
question remains them was over Carter a
question remains them was over Carter a victim of trust and replication in
victim of trust and replication in
victim of trust and replication in science and if she was if she was is
science and if she was if she was is
science and if she was if she was is this a problem this is a bad thing
this a problem this is a bad thing
this a problem this is a bad thing hopefully what I’ve managed to establish
hopefully what I’ve managed to establish
hopefully what I’ve managed to establish here today is that trust in science acts
here today is that trust in science acts
here today is that trust in science acts independently of replication trust
independently of replication trust
independently of replication trust always has to be there trust between
always has to be there trust between
always has to be there trust between Sciences between scientists and the
Sciences between scientists and the
Sciences between scientists and the public all has to be their replication
public all has to be their replication
public all has to be their replication though in some ways depends on trust so
though in some ways depends on trust so
though in some ways depends on trust so what happens with replication is we only
what happens with replication is we only
what happens with replication is we only tend to carry out if we want to use a
tend to carry out if we want to use a
tend to carry out if we want to use a say
say
say tools in the lab or we carry out as a
tools in the lab or we carry out as a
tools in the lab or we carry out as a challenge to another scientists
challenge to another scientists
challenge to another scientists integrity and skill signaling that we
integrity and skill signaling that we
integrity and skill signaling that we don’t trust them so perhaps then we need
don’t trust them so perhaps then we need
don’t trust them so perhaps then we need to think about this as whether there is
to think about this as whether there is
to think about this as whether there is too much trust in science and not enough
too much trust in science and not enough
too much trust in science and not enough replication thank you very much
replication thank you very much
replication thank you very much [Applause]
”
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