today the world is urban we live in a decidedly urban world for the first time
decidedly urban world for the first time
decidedly urban world for the first time in human history more people live in
in human history more people live in
in human history more people live in cities than do not much of this process
cities than do not much of this process
cities than do not much of this process has been taking place in the Western
has been taking place in the Western
has been taking place in the Western world for a little bit over a century
world for a little bit over a century
world for a little bit over a century and a half but now the main point of
and a half but now the main point of
and a half but now the main point of urban growth in the world is taking
urban growth in the world is taking
urban growth in the world is taking place in the global south particularly
place in the global south particularly
place in the global south particularly in China portions of China India
in China portions of China India
in China portions of China India Southeast Asia and also Africa as well
Southeast Asia and also Africa as well
Southeast Asia and also Africa as well this shift to the urban has
this shift to the urban has
this shift to the urban has fundamentally changed the ways in which
fundamentally changed the ways in which
fundamentally changed the ways in which we live it’s changed the ways in which
we live it’s changed the ways in which
we live it’s changed the ways in which we work in which we play in which we
we work in which we play in which we
we work in which we play in which we love it’s even changed our mental and
love it’s even changed our mental and
love it’s even changed our mental and physical makeups it’s also fundamentally
physical makeups it’s also fundamentally
physical makeups it’s also fundamentally I would argue informed the way in which
I would argue informed the way in which
I would argue informed the way in which we understand space and place I want to
we understand space and place I want to
we understand space and place I want to just take a minute to unpack those terms
just take a minute to unpack those terms
just take a minute to unpack those terms what do we mean by what we’re talking
what do we mean by what we’re talking
what do we mean by what we’re talking about space and place one of the most
about space and place one of the most
about space and place one of the most influential thinkers on how we think
influential thinkers on how we think
influential thinkers on how we think about race and space I should say space
about race and space I should say space
about race and space I should say space and place is John Locke the English
and place is John Locke the English
and place is John Locke the English philosopher now you know cue rolling of
philosopher now you know cue rolling of
philosopher now you know cue rolling of eyes I know people didn’t show up on a
eyes I know people didn’t show up on a
eyes I know people didn’t show up on a Friday night to hear me talk at length
Friday night to hear me talk at length
Friday night to hear me talk at length about it long dead English philosopher
about it long dead English philosopher
about it long dead English philosopher but I think it’s important because Locke
but I think it’s important because Locke
but I think it’s important because Locke really illuminates some interesting
really illuminates some interesting
really illuminates some interesting things about space and place for Locke
things about space and place for Locke
things about space and place for Locke he argues that space pre-exists our
he argues that space pre-exists our
he argues that space pre-exists our knowledge of it he believed that space
knowledge of it he believed that space
knowledge of it he believed that space was only visible and only comprehensible
was only visible and only comprehensible
was only visible and only comprehensible by the position of points objects and
by the position of points objects and
by the position of points objects and bodies within it so the point at which
bodies within it so the point at which
bodies within it so the point at which two or more of these bodies or objects
two or more of these bodies or objects
two or more of these bodies or objects are at rest is what Locke calls place
are at rest is what Locke calls place
are at rest is what Locke calls place space and place then are dependent on
space and place then are dependent on
space and place then are dependent on each other but Locke takes it even
each other but Locke takes it even
each other but Locke takes it even further he says that if you understand
further he says that if you understand
further he says that if you understand race as related to place if it’s
race as related to place if it’s
race as related to place if it’s something that you can measure if you
something that you can measure if you
something that you can measure if you can plot if it becomes as we see here a
can plot if it becomes as we see here a
can plot if it becomes as we see here a location it can also be commodified or
location it can also be commodified or
location it can also be commodified or monetized so for Locke place is a site
monetized so for Locke place is a site
monetized so for Locke place is a site of property and at the turn of the 20th
of property and at the turn of the 20th
of property and at the turn of the 20th century the rise of the modern city
century the rise of the modern city
century the rise of the modern city through issues of place space and
through issues of place space and
through issues of place space and property into sharp relief questions
property into sharp relief questions
property into sharp relief questions over who can access these space the
over who can access these space the
over who can access these space the right to acquire property where to live
right to acquire property where to live
right to acquire property where to live where to work how you move through
where to work how you move through
where to work how you move through cities and as we all know throughout
cities and as we all know throughout
cities and as we all know throughout much of Western history the rights to
much of Western history the rights to
much of Western history the rights to the rights to place have largely been
the rights to place have largely been
the rights to place have largely been the purview of those peoples deemed
the purview of those peoples deemed
the purview of those peoples deemed white the challenges of these new urban
white the challenges of these new urban
white the challenges of these new urban realities were also especially important
realities were also especially important
realities were also especially important or especially difficult for people’s who
or especially difficult for people’s who
or especially difficult for people’s who only a few generations prior had been
only a few generations prior had been
only a few generations prior had been property themselves that being
property themselves that being
property themselves that being african-americans so how were they to
african-americans so how were they to
african-americans so how were they to negotiate these new and unfamiliar
negotiate these new and unfamiliar
negotiate these new and unfamiliar spaces ultimately issues of urban space
spaces ultimately issues of urban space
spaces ultimately issues of urban space place and race were not simply questions
place and race were not simply questions
place and race were not simply questions of where but also of when urbanization
of where but also of when urbanization
of where but also of when urbanization didn’t just change the way people
didn’t just change the way people
didn’t just change the way people thought about space and place it changed
thought about space and place it changed
thought about space and place it changed the ways that people thought about time
the ways that people thought about time
the ways that people thought about time and since the rise of the modern city
and since the rise of the modern city
and since the rise of the modern city it’s been the pace of life the flow the
it’s been the pace of life the flow the
it’s been the pace of life the flow the rhythm of the modern city that struck
rhythm of the modern city that struck
rhythm of the modern city that struck people the most now the old world was a
people the most now the old world was a
people the most now the old world was a known world
known world
known world it was governed by the rhythms and
it was governed by the rhythms and
it was governed by the rhythms and seasons of the land by planting by
seasons of the land by planting by
seasons of the land by planting by harvest by dawn dusk even by the tides
harvest by dawn dusk even by the tides
harvest by dawn dusk even by the tides it’s a known world it’s where one’s
it’s a known world it’s where one’s
it’s a known world it’s where one’s ancestors are buried and there was a
ancestors are buried and there was a
ancestors are buried and there was a deep connection between notions of space
deep connection between notions of space
deep connection between notions of space and place and most people whether you
and place and most people whether you
and place and most people whether you came from the American South or whether
came from the American South or whether
came from the American South or whether you came from the shadows of Eastern
you came from the shadows of Eastern
you came from the shadows of Eastern Europe were born lived and died within
Europe were born lived and died within
Europe were born lived and died within about the same 10-mile radius yet all
about the same 10-mile radius yet all
about the same 10-mile radius yet all this change with a mass migration to
this change with a mass migration to
this change with a mass migration to cities it unmoored people from the
cities it unmoored people from the
cities it unmoored people from the rhythms of the natural world how they
rhythms of the natural world how they
rhythms of the natural world how they understood time as being something
understood time as being something
understood time as being something instinctive through things such as time
instinctive through things such as time
instinctive through things such as time standardization through electrification
standardization through electrification
standardization through electrification that turned night in today and rapid
that turned night in today and rapid
that turned night in today and rapid industrialization all conspired to
industrialization all conspired to
industrialization all conspired to dramatically alter everyday temporal
dramatically alter everyday temporal
dramatically alter everyday temporal realities so just as space came to be
realities so just as space came to be
realities so just as space came to be quantified so too did time with
quantified so too did time with
quantified so too did time with ever-increasing precision in the city
ever-increasing precision in the city
ever-increasing precision in the city time truly became money and the modern
time truly became money and the modern
time truly became money and the modern urban environment as we see here was
urban environment as we see here was
urban environment as we see here was awash in these symbols of time whether
awash in these symbols of time whether
awash in these symbols of time whether they be public clocks whether it be the
they be public clocks whether it be the
they be public clocks whether it be the punch clock of factories or the whistles
punch clock of factories or the whistles
punch clock of factories or the whistles signaling the beginning and end of work
signaling the beginning and end of work
signaling the beginning and end of work and modernity also in many ways which
and modernity also in many ways which
and modernity also in many ways which can be defined by speed by pace also had
can be defined by speed by pace also had
can be defined by speed by pace also had really profound physiological reasons of
really profound physiological reasons of
really profound physiological reasons of physiological impacts I should say I
physiological impacts I should say I
physiological impacts I should say I just want to read you a brief quote from
just want to read you a brief quote from
just want to read you a brief quote from a jazz historian Joel Dennis Dean who
a jazz historian Joel Dennis Dean who
a jazz historian Joel Dennis Dean who recounts how after spending his
recounts how after spending his
recounts how after spending his undergrad
undergrad
undergrad years in Buffalo New York he’s from New
years in Buffalo New York he’s from New
years in Buffalo New York he’s from New York City to begin with he returns to
York City to begin with he returns to
York City to begin with he returns to New York one spring day only to find
New York one spring day only to find
New York one spring day only to find himself knocked off his feet by the
himself knocked off his feet by the
himself knocked off his feet by the Russian crowds so after retiring to a
Russian crowds so after retiring to a
Russian crowds so after retiring to a coffee shop to collect himself he
coffee shop to collect himself he
coffee shop to collect himself he realized that he simply was not in gear
realized that he simply was not in gear
realized that he simply was not in gear as he described it so we resolved to
as he described it so we resolved to
as he described it so we resolved to kick himself into a higher gear in order
kick himself into a higher gear in order
kick himself into a higher gear in order to get himself home and make his way
to get himself home and make his way
to get himself home and make his way through the city and this is really an
through the city and this is really an
through the city and this is really an example of how space and particularly
example of how space and particularly
example of how space and particularly pace of the urban environment can be
pace of the urban environment can be
pace of the urban environment can be embodied can be something physiological
embodied can be something physiological
embodied can be something physiological in how people adapt this notion of the
in how people adapt this notion of the
in how people adapt this notion of the pace of life as the flow or movement of
pace of life as the flow or movement of
pace of life as the flow or movement of experience that people undergo in the
experience that people undergo in the
experience that people undergo in the urban environment when we talk of the
urban environment when we talk of the
urban environment when we talk of the New York minute that’s a measure or
New York minute that’s a measure or
New York minute that’s a measure or perception of pace
perception of pace
perception of pace New York’s diamond ISM flows from the
New York’s diamond ISM flows from the
New York’s diamond ISM flows from the rapid flow of human capital and
rapid flow of human capital and
rapid flow of human capital and financial capital if you stand in the
financial capital if you stand in the
financial capital if you stand in the middle of Times Square for 48 hours you
middle of Times Square for 48 hours you
middle of Times Square for 48 hours you can feel this pace right in your bones
can feel this pace right in your bones
can feel this pace right in your bones and all those cities may vary in their
and all those cities may vary in their
and all those cities may vary in their real and imagined rhythms the
real and imagined rhythms the
real and imagined rhythms the hyperkinetic character of a New York
hyperkinetic character of a New York
hyperkinetic character of a New York City of Chicago or the shall we say
City of Chicago or the shall we say
City of Chicago or the shall we say somewhat less Placid pace of a place
somewhat less Placid pace of a place
somewhat less Placid pace of a place such as Winnipeg or Buffalo New York
such as Winnipeg or Buffalo New York
such as Winnipeg or Buffalo New York most cities do seem to conform to a
most cities do seem to conform to a
most cities do seem to conform to a general temple rhythm of the five-day
general temple rhythm of the five-day
general temple rhythm of the five-day workweek and 9:00 to 5:00 daily grind
workweek and 9:00 to 5:00 daily grind
workweek and 9:00 to 5:00 daily grind which informs activity in certain areas
which informs activity in certain areas
which informs activity in certain areas of the city at the end of the workday
of the city at the end of the workday
of the city at the end of the workday most of these places empty out as
most of these places empty out as
most of these places empty out as hundreds of thousands of people make
hundreds of thousands of people make
hundreds of thousands of people make their way back to the surrounding
their way back to the surrounding
their way back to the surrounding suburbs in American cities and I would
suburbs in American cities and I would
suburbs in American cities and I would argue in some Canadian cities this is
argue in some Canadian cities this is
argue in some Canadian cities this is only interrupted by a weekend pilgrimage
only interrupted by a weekend pilgrimage
only interrupted by a weekend pilgrimage back to the city core in order to take
back to the city core in order to take
back to the city core in order to take advantage of cultural events or sporting
advantage of cultural events or sporting
advantage of cultural events or sporting events but it’s in these spaces between
events but it’s in these spaces between
events but it’s in these spaces between it’s in these spaces and times between
it’s in these spaces and times between
it’s in these spaces and times between that we find the poor the homeless the
that we find the poor the homeless the
that we find the poor the homeless the indigent disabled disproportionately
indigent disabled disproportionately
indigent disabled disproportionately peoples of color people who are largely
peoples of color people who are largely
peoples of color people who are largely disconnected from the schedules of the
disconnected from the schedules of the
disconnected from the schedules of the larger labor market disproportionately
larger labor market disproportionately
larger labor market disproportionately dependent on social services with
dependent on social services with
dependent on social services with erratic hours and often inaccessible
erratic hours and often inaccessible
erratic hours and often inaccessible locations for people of limited means
locations for people of limited means
locations for people of limited means all of which gives these areas a
all of which gives these areas a
all of which gives these areas a decidedly different pace a different
decidedly different pace a different
decidedly different pace a different rhythm populated by a decidedly
rhythm populated by a decidedly
rhythm populated by a decidedly different set of people’s so what does
different set of people’s so what does
different set of people’s so what does it mean when we speak of
it mean when we speak of
it mean when we speak of urban spaces as dead or dynamic is it
urban spaces as dead or dynamic is it
urban spaces as dead or dynamic is it the volume of people is it the
the volume of people is it the
the volume of people is it the particular type of people is a specific
particular type of people is a specific
particular type of people is a specific time and how can the living inhabit an
time and how can the living inhabit an
time and how can the living inhabit an area which is said to be dead to better
area which is said to be dead to better
area which is said to be dead to better understand these context I would argue
understand these context I would argue
understand these context I would argue that we need to see cities as
that we need to see cities as
that we need to see cities as collections not just of spaces but as
collections not just of spaces but as
collections not just of spaces but as collections of time as a landscape of
collections of time as a landscape of
collections of time as a landscape of shifting temporal geographies and
shifting temporal geographies and
shifting temporal geographies and there’s some really interesting work
there’s some really interesting work
there’s some really interesting work being done on this notion of how could
being done on this notion of how could
being done on this notion of how could we perhaps overlay a temporal map of the
we perhaps overlay a temporal map of the
we perhaps overlay a temporal map of the rhythms of cities over a physical map
rhythms of cities over a physical map
rhythms of cities over a physical map and you’ll see here an attempt to do so
and you’ll see here an attempt to do so
and you’ll see here an attempt to do so by University by researchers I should
by University by researchers I should
by University by researchers I should say at the federal university in Rio de
say at the federal university in Rio de
say at the federal university in Rio de Janeiro who have done some amazing work
Janeiro who have done some amazing work
Janeiro who have done some amazing work in mapping these urban temporal
in mapping these urban temporal
in mapping these urban temporal geographies in this case they’re
geographies in this case they’re
geographies in this case they’re focusing on what they say are the
focusing on what they say are the
focusing on what they say are the spatial and temporal conditions of
spatial and temporal conditions of
spatial and temporal conditions of formation of social networks namely on
formation of social networks namely on
formation of social networks namely on encounters as they call it as a key
encounters as they call it as a key
encounters as they call it as a key social event they have really
social event they have really
social event they have really interesting ways in which they’re trying
interesting ways in which they’re trying
interesting ways in which they’re trying to chart that through social classes and
to chart that through social classes and
to chart that through social classes and through various other social markers so
through various other social markers so
through various other social markers so if time is relative then different
if time is relative then different
if time is relative then different peoples must experience time differently
peoples must experience time differently
peoples must experience time differently and in urban America the fault line of
and in urban America the fault line of
and in urban America the fault line of difference is race now there was a time
difference is race now there was a time
difference is race now there was a time when this issue could be seen as black
when this issue could be seen as black
when this issue could be seen as black and white urban inner city being seen as
and white urban inner city being seen as
and white urban inner city being seen as a synonym in many ways for blackness but
a synonym in many ways for blackness but
a synonym in many ways for blackness but since the dawn of the millennium we’ve
since the dawn of the millennium we’ve
since the dawn of the millennium we’ve seen a real shift in this Elizabeth knee
seen a real shift in this Elizabeth knee
seen a real shift in this Elizabeth knee born who is a fellow at the Brookings
born who is a fellow at the Brookings
born who is a fellow at the Brookings Institute I’ll just read you a couple of
Institute I’ll just read you a couple of
Institute I’ll just read you a couple of quick quick statistics as she looked at
quick quick statistics as she looked at
quick quick statistics as she looked at numbers from 2010 to 2014 in the
numbers from 2010 to 2014 in the
numbers from 2010 to 2014 in the American Community Survey and found that
American Community Survey and found that
American Community Survey and found that 39 percent of African Americans live in
39 percent of African Americans live in
39 percent of African Americans live in the suburbs 36 percent live in cities 15
the suburbs 36 percent live in cities 15
the suburbs 36 percent live in cities 15 percent live in small metropolitan areas
percent live in small metropolitan areas
percent live in small metropolitan areas and 10 percent live in rural communities
and 10 percent live in rural communities
and 10 percent live in rural communities just over 7 percent of all African
just over 7 percent of all African
just over 7 percent of all African Americans nationwide now live in
Americans nationwide now live in
Americans nationwide now live in traditional ghettos much too I’m sure
traditional ghettos much too I’m sure
traditional ghettos much too I’m sure would be the amazement of the current
would be the amazement of the current
would be the amazement of the current occupant of the White House who
occupant of the White House who
occupant of the White House who continually describes the inner cities
continually describes the inner cities
continually describes the inner cities as sites of carnage exclusively occupied
as sites of carnage exclusively occupied
as sites of carnage exclusively occupied by African Americans and people of color
by African Americans and people of color
by African Americans and people of color so when speaking of inner city residents
so when speaking of inner city residents
so when speaking of inner city residents the dominant characteristic is often
the dominant characteristic is often
the dominant characteristic is often poverty rather than strictly just race
poverty rather than strictly just race
poverty rather than strictly just race or at least more a broadly based
or at least more a broadly based
or at least more a broadly based understanding of color so what then are
understanding of color so what then are
understanding of color so what then are the temporal geographies of the average
the temporal geographies of the average
the temporal geographies of the average inner city resident I want to just look
inner city resident I want to just look
inner city resident I want to just look at three main elements of this beginning
at three main elements of this beginning
at three main elements of this beginning with housing as I’m sure many of you
with housing as I’m sure many of you
with housing as I’m sure many of you know for the first part of the post-war
know for the first part of the post-war
know for the first part of the post-war era housing projects were the dominant
era housing projects were the dominant
era housing projects were the dominant form of housing available to inner city
form of housing available to inner city
form of housing available to inner city residents that consisted is one
residents that consisted is one
residents that consisted is one consisted of one or more concentrated
consisted of one or more concentrated
consisted of one or more concentrated blocks of low-rise or high-rise
blocks of low-rise or high-rise
blocks of low-rise or high-rise apartment buildings they were intended
apartment buildings they were intended
apartment buildings they were intended to provide housing to low-income
to provide housing to low-income
to provide housing to low-income residents at below market rates and they
residents at below market rates and they
residents at below market rates and they were operated by the US Department of
were operated by the US Department of
were operated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development or HUD
Housing and Urban Development or HUD
Housing and Urban Development or HUD more than 1.2 million households
more than 1.2 million households
more than 1.2 million households currently live in public housing of some
currently live in public housing of some
currently live in public housing of some kind most of these houses most of this
kind most of these houses most of this
kind most of these houses most of this form of housing public housing are the
form of housing public housing are the
form of housing public housing are the projects as they were called were built
projects as they were called were built
projects as they were called were built under the architectural notion of
under the architectural notion of
under the architectural notion of defensible space defensible spaces
defensible space defensible spaces
defensible space defensible spaces encourages us two of the key elements of
encourages us two of the key elements of
encourages us two of the key elements of this were to encourage a sense of
this were to encourage a sense of
this were to encourage a sense of territoriality to provide residents with
territoriality to provide residents with
territoriality to provide residents with a sense of ownership and to provide
a sense of ownership and to provide
a sense of ownership and to provide clear sight lines for optimal visual
clear sight lines for optimal visual
clear sight lines for optimal visual surveillance needed to enforce vagrancy
surveillance needed to enforce vagrancy
surveillance needed to enforce vagrancy and curfew bylaws these spatial and
and curfew bylaws these spatial and
and curfew bylaws these spatial and temporal imperatives were built into the
temporal imperatives were built into the
temporal imperatives were built into the very bricks and mortar with the various
very bricks and mortar with the various
very bricks and mortar with the various forms of sight lines the way angles were
forms of sight lines the way angles were
forms of sight lines the way angles were utilized the kinds of materials that
utilized the kinds of materials that
utilized the kinds of materials that were used when you pair these with the
were used when you pair these with the
were used when you pair these with the various curfew and vagrancy statutes it
various curfew and vagrancy statutes it
various curfew and vagrancy statutes it created a unique form of spatial and
created a unique form of spatial and
created a unique form of spatial and temporal surveillance and discipline
temporal surveillance and discipline
temporal surveillance and discipline ostensibly of course this was designed
ostensibly of course this was designed
ostensibly of course this was designed to provide residents from safety from
to provide residents from safety from
to provide residents from safety from perceived external threats but it ended
perceived external threats but it ended
perceived external threats but it ended up creating an internal sense of
up creating an internal sense of
up creating an internal sense of discipline and surveillance for the
discipline and surveillance for the
discipline and surveillance for the residents for many residents of the
residents for many residents of the
residents for many residents of the project’s their time and space was very
project’s their time and space was very
project’s their time and space was very clearly not their own what happens then
clearly not their own what happens then
clearly not their own what happens then when people’s move out make their way
when people’s move out make their way
when people’s move out make their way out of the projects down into the
out of the projects down into the
out of the projects down into the streets into the city streets they often
streets into the city streets they often
streets into the city streets they often found themselves facing a similar form
found themselves facing a similar form
found themselves facing a similar form of ten
of ten
of ten Perle and spatial discipline with
Perle and spatial discipline with
Perle and spatial discipline with joblessness rates in high-poverty urban
joblessness rates in high-poverty urban
joblessness rates in high-poverty urban areas nearly three times the national
areas nearly three times the national
areas nearly three times the national average and limited substandard
average and limited substandard
average and limited substandard educational opportunities and the jobs
educational opportunities and the jobs
educational opportunities and the jobs that were available to people being of
that were available to people being of
that were available to people being of unskilled low wage but temporary jobs in
unskilled low wage but temporary jobs in
unskilled low wage but temporary jobs in the retail and service sector thousands
the retail and service sector thousands
the retail and service sector thousands of young men made their way into the
of young men made their way into the
of young men made their way into the streets to make a living
streets to make a living
streets to make a living often involved in street level drug
often involved in street level drug
often involved in street level drug economies I don’t say alternate I don’t
economies I don’t say alternate I don’t
economies I don’t say alternate I don’t say alternative or underground because
say alternative or underground because
say alternative or underground because in many of these communities the drug
in many of these communities the drug
in many of these communities the drug trade is the economy and this is a drug
trade is the economy and this is a drug
trade is the economy and this is a drug trade predicated on the violent
trade predicated on the violent
trade predicated on the violent acquisition of territory or corners or
acquisition of territory or corners or
acquisition of territory or corners or turf which were then monetized through
turf which were then monetized through
turf which were then monetized through the sale of drugs these same corners
the sale of drugs these same corners
the sale of drugs these same corners were spaces subject to constant
were spaces subject to constant
were spaces subject to constant surveillance and discipline not only
surveillance and discipline not only
surveillance and discipline not only from rival gangs but from law
from rival gangs but from law
from rival gangs but from law enforcement as well who often use
enforcement as well who often use
enforcement as well who often use long-neglected vagrancy and curfew
long-neglected vagrancy and curfew
long-neglected vagrancy and curfew statutes to clear corners at certain
statutes to clear corners at certain
statutes to clear corners at certain times of day and place black bodies
times of day and place black bodies
times of day and place black bodies under a strict temporal and spatial
under a strict temporal and spatial
under a strict temporal and spatial discipline to keep black bodies in their
discipline to keep black bodies in their
discipline to keep black bodies in their place this can’t be separated from the
place this can’t be separated from the
place this can’t be separated from the skyrocketing prison population the you
skyrocketing prison population the you
skyrocketing prison population the you have in the US which as we know is the
have in the US which as we know is the
have in the US which as we know is the largest jailer in the world it holds the
largest jailer in the world it holds the
largest jailer in the world it holds the greatest amount of prisoners on earth a
greatest amount of prisoners on earth a
greatest amount of prisoners on earth a disproportionate number of them of
disproportionate number of them of
disproportionate number of them of course being black men this chilling
course being black men this chilling
course being black men this chilling statistic here provided by Michelle
statistic here provided by Michelle
statistic here provided by Michelle Alexander the author of the new Jim Crow
Alexander the author of the new Jim Crow
Alexander the author of the new Jim Crow that there are more black men in prison
that there are more black men in prison
that there are more black men in prison today than there were enslaved in 1850
today than there were enslaved in 1850
today than there were enslaved in 1850 absolutely mind-blowing and while black
absolutely mind-blowing and while black
absolutely mind-blowing and while black women are the fastest-growing sector of
women are the fastest-growing sector of
women are the fastest-growing sector of the prison population this this is very
the prison population this this is very
the prison population this this is very much a ghetto to Prison Pipeline as many
much a ghetto to Prison Pipeline as many
much a ghetto to Prison Pipeline as many scholars have described it and for many
scholars have described it and for many
scholars have described it and for many residents this connection between this
residents this connection between this
residents this connection between this the temporal and spatial discipline they
the temporal and spatial discipline they
the temporal and spatial discipline they face at their homes in the streets is
face at their homes in the streets is
face at their homes in the streets is then replicated or mirrored in what they
then replicated or mirrored in what they
then replicated or mirrored in what they experienced when they often make the
experienced when they often make the
experienced when they often make the inevitable trip to prison very much what
inevitable trip to prison very much what
inevitable trip to prison very much what the scholar eduardo and Edith notes it
the scholar eduardo and Edith notes it
the scholar eduardo and Edith notes it as we can see the ghetto as prison and
as we can see the ghetto as prison and
as we can see the ghetto as prison and the prison as ghetto one of the key
the prison as ghetto one of the key
the prison as ghetto one of the key aspects of defensible space was
aspects of defensible space was
aspects of defensible space was situating housing projects proximate to
situating housing projects proximate to
situating housing projects proximate to so-called desirable neighbor
so-called desirable neighbor
so-called desirable neighbor however as you can see here often this
however as you can see here often this
however as you can see here often this proximity was physically impeded by the
proximity was physically impeded by the
proximity was physically impeded by the establishment of massive multi Lane
establishment of massive multi Lane
establishment of massive multi Lane arterial roads coincidentally of course
arterial roads coincidentally of course
arterial roads coincidentally of course which were designed to expediency
which were designed to expediency
which were designed to expediency bourbon heights through the city at the
bourbon heights through the city at the
bourbon heights through the city at the greatest possible rate not to any points
greatest possible rate not to any points
greatest possible rate not to any points within the city but to make their way
within the city but to make their way
within the city but to make their way through the city so you can see the
through the city so you can see the
through the city so you can see the Robert Taylor homes I don’t know if you
Robert Taylor homes I don’t know if you
Robert Taylor homes I don’t know if you can make that out in Chicago here which
can make that out in Chicago here which
can make that out in Chicago here which are bounded by the Dan Ryan Expressway
are bounded by the Dan Ryan Expressway
are bounded by the Dan Ryan Expressway on one side and other larger two of
on one side and other larger two of
on one side and other larger two of roads or a very explicit example here in
roads or a very explicit example here in
roads or a very explicit example here in Syracuse in New York this is a turn
Syracuse in New York this is a turn
Syracuse in New York this is a turn towards a car centric urban environment
towards a car centric urban environment
towards a car centric urban environment and this made residents of the projects
and this made residents of the projects
and this made residents of the projects often who lack the capital of course to
often who lack the capital of course to
often who lack the capital of course to invest in a vehicle disproportionately
invest in a vehicle disproportionately
invest in a vehicle disproportionately reliant on public transit which as we
reliant on public transit which as we
reliant on public transit which as we know at the turn of the 20th century is
know at the turn of the 20th century is
know at the turn of the 20th century is facing severe cases of underfunding in
facing severe cases of underfunding in
facing severe cases of underfunding in the face in particularly United States
the face in particularly United States
the face in particularly United States of suburban control of regional councils
of suburban control of regional councils
of suburban control of regional councils and ultimate disinterest in facilitating
and ultimate disinterest in facilitating
and ultimate disinterest in facilitating regional transit authorities in the
regional transit authorities in the
regional transit authorities in the words of the infamous Albert’s Paterson
words of the infamous Albert’s Paterson
words of the infamous Albert’s Paterson one of the most vociferous advocates of
one of the most vociferous advocates of
one of the most vociferous advocates of suburban sprawl in the United States
suburban sprawl in the United States
suburban sprawl in the United States he’s the chief executive of Oakland
he’s the chief executive of Oakland
he’s the chief executive of Oakland County a very wealthy affluent suburb
County a very wealthy affluent suburb
County a very wealthy affluent suburb that bounds Detroit and being very clear
that bounds Detroit and being very clear
that bounds Detroit and being very clear about his intention for how the suburbs
about his intention for how the suburbs
about his intention for how the suburbs should relate to the city what we’re
should relate to the city what we’re
should relate to the city what we’re going to do is turn Detroit into an
going to do is turn Detroit into an
going to do is turn Detroit into an Indian Reservation where we heard all
Indian Reservation where we heard all
Indian Reservation where we heard all the Indians into the city build a fence
the Indians into the city build a fence
the Indians into the city build a fence around it and then throw in the blankets
around it and then throw in the blankets
around it and then throw in the blankets and corn and quote definitive means to
and corn and quote definitive means to
and corn and quote definitive means to try and confine and restrict racial
try and confine and restrict racial
try and confine and restrict racial undesirables to keep black people’s poor
undesirables to keep black people’s poor
undesirables to keep black people’s poor peoples of color in their proper place
peoples of color in their proper place
peoples of color in their proper place totally cut off from the rhythms of
totally cut off from the rhythms of
totally cut off from the rhythms of mainstream society fewer buses and
mainstream society fewer buses and
mainstream society fewer buses and trains on the street and erratic or
trains on the street and erratic or
trains on the street and erratic or intermediate scheduling hampers many
intermediate scheduling hampers many
intermediate scheduling hampers many inner city residents attempts to move
inner city residents attempts to move
inner city residents attempts to move freely within the city beyond their
freely within the city beyond their
freely within the city beyond their immediate space and so as the temporal
immediate space and so as the temporal
immediate space and so as the temporal and spatial isolation of the city’s most
and spatial isolation of the city’s most
and spatial isolation of the city’s most vulnerable peoples increases and as
vulnerable peoples increases and as
vulnerable peoples increases and as researchers at the Brookings Institute
researchers at the Brookings Institute
researchers at the Brookings Institute have again in a similar study proven
have again in a similar study proven
have again in a similar study proven proximity to jobs and commute times can
proximity to jobs and commute times can
proximity to jobs and commute times can affect the employment outcome of a
affect the employment outcome of a
affect the employment outcome of a city’s most vulnerable citizens between
city’s most vulnerable citizens between
city’s most vulnerable citizens between two
two
two thousand 2012 residents of high poverty
thousand 2012 residents of high poverty
thousand 2012 residents of high poverty and majority minority neighborhoods
and majority minority neighborhoods
and majority minority neighborhoods experienced particularly pronounced
experienced particularly pronounced
experienced particularly pronounced declines in job proximity sometimes
declines in job proximity sometimes
declines in job proximity sometimes spending over three hours on return
spending over three hours on return
spending over three hours on return trips to low-paying retail and service
trips to low-paying retail and service
trips to low-paying retail and service industry work now this matters because
industry work now this matters because
industry work now this matters because people who live closer to jobs are more
people who live closer to jobs are more
people who live closer to jobs are more likely to work they face shorter job
likely to work they face shorter job
likely to work they face shorter job searches and spells of joblessness
searches and spells of joblessness
searches and spells of joblessness proximity to employment proves
proximity to employment proves
proximity to employment proves particularly important to certain kinds
particularly important to certain kinds
particularly important to certain kinds of workers and residents for instance
of workers and residents for instance
of workers and residents for instance the duration of joblessness among black
the duration of joblessness among black
the duration of joblessness among black female or older workers tends to be more
female or older workers tends to be more
female or older workers tends to be more sensitive to job accessibility than it
sensitive to job accessibility than it
sensitive to job accessibility than it is for other kinds of workers for poor
is for other kinds of workers for poor
is for other kinds of workers for poor residents living closer to jobs
residents living closer to jobs
residents living closer to jobs increases the likelihood of working and
increases the likelihood of working and
increases the likelihood of working and leaving welfare so from the project to
leaving welfare so from the project to
leaving welfare so from the project to the streets to work to the simple
the streets to work to the simple
the streets to work to the simple ability to move through the city to make
ability to move through the city to make
ability to move through the city to make one’s way through the city poor people’s
one’s way through the city poor people’s
one’s way through the city poor people’s of color find themselves confronted with
of color find themselves confronted with
of color find themselves confronted with what’s been termed a carceral lang logic
what’s been termed a carceral lang logic
what’s been termed a carceral lang logic at every turn
at every turn
at every turn a logic of punishment and confinement
a logic of punishment and confinement
a logic of punishment and confinement that’s rooted in specific malice
that’s rooted in specific malice
that’s rooted in specific malice manifestations of time and space
manifestations of time and space
manifestations of time and space so in conclusion even when we turn to
so in conclusion even when we turn to
so in conclusion even when we turn to the language of urban renewal or
the language of urban renewal or
the language of urban renewal or gentrification it’s often weighted with
gentrification it’s often weighted with
gentrification it’s often weighted with certain assumptions of race space and
certain assumptions of race space and
certain assumptions of race space and time too often the peoples we wish to
time too often the peoples we wish to
time too often the peoples we wish to renew or more accurately remove are seen
renew or more accurately remove are seen
renew or more accurately remove are seen as impediments to progress given our
as impediments to progress given our
as impediments to progress given our linear understanding of progress this
linear understanding of progress this
linear understanding of progress this places these people as peoples literally
places these people as peoples literally
places these people as peoples literally out of time we’re one set of people’s
out of time we’re one set of people’s
out of time we’re one set of people’s mainly peoples of color come to
mainly peoples of color come to
mainly peoples of color come to represent renewal while others as you
represent renewal while others as you
represent renewal while others as you can see in this advertisement here for a
can see in this advertisement here for a
can see in this advertisement here for a redevelopment in Dalston square in
redevelopment in Dalston square in
redevelopment in Dalston square in London are seen as representative of
London are seen as representative of
London are seen as representative of best and forgotten and regrettable past
best and forgotten and regrettable past
best and forgotten and regrettable past whose physical presence must be removed
whose physical presence must be removed
whose physical presence must be removed from these renewed or rejuvenated spaces
from these renewed or rejuvenated spaces
from these renewed or rejuvenated spaces as Locke reminds us place is not neutral
as Locke reminds us place is not neutral
as Locke reminds us place is not neutral it’s a site of property it’s a
it’s a site of property it’s a
it’s a site of property it’s a socio-economic construction place is
socio-economic construction place is
socio-economic construction place is constantly being contested
constantly being contested
constantly being contested by socio-economic cultural and political
by socio-economic cultural and political
by socio-economic cultural and political forces forces that I would argue can be
forces forces that I would argue can be
forces forces that I would argue can be better understood through a temporal
better understood through a temporal
better understood through a temporal lens and that we see that time and place
lens and that we see that time and place
lens and that we see that time and place are functions of power plain and simple
are functions of power plain and simple
are functions of power plain and simple time and place are rooted in power to
time and place are rooted in power to
time and place are rooted in power to determine who can access it who can own
determine who can access it who can own
determine who can access it who can own it
it
it who can monetize it and more importantly
who can monetize it and more importantly
who can monetize it and more importantly who cannot time reveals the contours of
who cannot time reveals the contours of
who cannot time reveals the contours of urban inequality it links the micro
urban inequality it links the micro
urban inequality it links the micro inequalities of the day-to-day life of
inequalities of the day-to-day life of
inequalities of the day-to-day life of people the daily minutia of bus
people the daily minutia of bus
people the daily minutia of bus schedules vagrancy statutes curfew
schedules vagrancy statutes curfew
schedules vagrancy statutes curfew violations work shift work to the macro
violations work shift work to the macro
violations work shift work to the macro systems of racial inequality and
systems of racial inequality and
systems of racial inequality and structural racism and of course this is
structural racism and of course this is
structural racism and of course this is not an American exclusively American
not an American exclusively American
not an American exclusively American problem I’ve talked at length today
problem I’ve talked at length today
problem I’ve talked at length today about specifically American issues but
about specifically American issues but
about specifically American issues but this is something that defines urban
this is something that defines urban
this is something that defines urban environments across the globe we see how
environments across the globe we see how
environments across the globe we see how difference and inequality are mediated
difference and inequality are mediated
difference and inequality are mediated by spatial and temporal dynamics if
by spatial and temporal dynamics if
by spatial and temporal dynamics if nothing else conceiving of the city not
nothing else conceiving of the city not
nothing else conceiving of the city not simply as a collection of places but
simply as a collection of places but
simply as a collection of places but also as a collection of times a set of
also as a collection of times a set of
also as a collection of times a set of flows of rhythms can help denaturalize
flows of rhythms can help denaturalize
flows of rhythms can help denaturalize the seemingly natural entities we think
the seemingly natural entities we think
the seemingly natural entities we think of of time and space that we don’t
of of time and space that we don’t
of of time and space that we don’t really give too much thought as to how
really give too much thought as to how
really give too much thought as to how they develop it can help architects city
they develop it can help architects city
they develop it can help architects city planners and citizens and the like
planners and citizens and the like
planners and citizens and the like conceive of the way that temple and flow
conceive of the way that temple and flow
conceive of the way that temple and flow can inform or impact on social equality
can inform or impact on social equality
can inform or impact on social equality or inequality the temporal geography is
or inequality the temporal geography is
or inequality the temporal geography is which shape and constrain intercept
which shape and constrain intercept
which shape and constrain intercept inner city residents are not accidental
inner city residents are not accidental
inner city residents are not accidental they are the result of historical design
they are the result of historical design
they are the result of historical design and while we wait may not be able to
and while we wait may not be able to
and while we wait may not be able to make up for the mistakes of the past
make up for the mistakes of the past
make up for the mistakes of the past well we may not be able to make the
well we may not be able to make the
well we may not be able to make the decisions of the past
decisions of the past
decisions of the past unmade if we adopt new ways of looking
unmade if we adopt new ways of looking
unmade if we adopt new ways of looking at spatial and temporal dynamics of
at spatial and temporal dynamics of
at spatial and temporal dynamics of urban inequality it can perhaps better
urban inequality it can perhaps better
urban inequality it can perhaps better inform the making of more equitable
inform the making of more equitable
inform the making of more equitable urban environments that do not hold its
urban environments that do not hold its
urban environments that do not hold its most vulnerable citizens hostages to
most vulnerable citizens hostages to
most vulnerable citizens hostages to times past thank you
you
you [Applause]
”
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