[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] the majority of the world’s population
the majority of the world’s population
the majority of the world’s population actually uses more than one language to
actually uses more than one language to
actually uses more than one language to communicate many people grow up with two
communicate many people grow up with two
communicate many people grow up with two languages but the majority of
languages but the majority of
languages but the majority of multilingual –zz acquire the languages
multilingual –zz acquire the languages
multilingual –zz acquire the languages are various times in their lives many
are various times in their lives many
are various times in their lives many people learn language to open doors to
people learn language to open doors to
people learn language to open doors to education business diplomacy many other
education business diplomacy many other
education business diplomacy many other professional spheres many people learn
professional spheres many people learn
professional spheres many people learn languages to know enough so they can
languages to know enough so they can
languages to know enough so they can introduce themselves order a steak ask
introduce themselves order a steak ask
introduce themselves order a steak ask for directions when there are broads and
for directions when there are broads and
for directions when there are broads and a lot of people fall into the Loren
a lot of people fall into the Loren
a lot of people fall into the Loren category I will fail you for this test
category I will fail you for this test
category I will fail you for this test which means you will get an F for the
which means you will get an F for the
which means you will get an F for the entire module sweep overhead
well like Lauren billions of us learn a
well like Lauren billions of us learn a language because we have to I fall into
language because we have to I fall into
language because we have to I fall into the Lauren category I learned how to
the Lauren category I learned how to
the Lauren category I learned how to read and write in English before I could
read and write in English before I could
read and write in English before I could do so in my native language Greek and
do so in my native language Greek and
do so in my native language Greek and the reason for that is that my parents
the reason for that is that my parents
the reason for that is that my parents run a foreign language school in Greece
run a foreign language school in Greece
run a foreign language school in Greece here it is
here it is
here it is the athanasopoulou foreign language
the athanasopoulou foreign language
the athanasopoulou foreign language school and that’s a cute picture of me
school and that’s a cute picture of me
school and that’s a cute picture of me and my siblings all proud alumni of the
and my siblings all proud alumni of the
and my siblings all proud alumni of the school I will look very cute there but
school I will look very cute there but
school I will look very cute there but my dad will tell you that we were right
my dad will tell you that we were right
my dad will tell you that we were right terrors in the classroom we’re like
terrors in the classroom we’re like
terrors in the classroom we’re like Lauren
Lauren
Lauren we weren’t bothered but thinking about
we weren’t bothered but thinking about
we weren’t bothered but thinking about it and studying the subject they’re not
it and studying the subject they’re not
it and studying the subject they’re not doing research of it I’ve come to
doing research of it I’ve come to
doing research of it I’ve come to realize that actually Lauren isn’t just
realize that actually Lauren isn’t just
realize that actually Lauren isn’t just mixing up a languages for the sake of it
mixing up a languages for the sake of it
mixing up a languages for the sake of it she isn’t confused she’s trying to
she isn’t confused she’s trying to
she isn’t confused she’s trying to achieve maximum communicative effects
achieve maximum communicative effects
achieve maximum communicative effects notice how she pronounced bovered
notice how she pronounced bovered
notice how she pronounced bovered in the French sentence and how her
in the French sentence and how her
in the French sentence and how her pronunciation and pitch for the same
pronunciation and pitch for the same
pronunciation and pitch for the same word changed to English milliseconds
word changed to English milliseconds
word changed to English milliseconds later Lauren is living life in high
later Lauren is living life in high
later Lauren is living life in high definition like millions of second
definition like millions of second
definition like millions of second language users she adapts her behavior
language users she adapts her behavior
language users she adapts her behavior she combines her languages to make her
she combines her languages to make her
she combines her languages to make her point to her French teacher yes she
point to her French teacher yes she
point to her French teacher yes she knows enough French to pass the oral
knows enough French to pass the oral
knows enough French to pass the oral exam and no she ain’t bothered so using
exam and no she ain’t bothered so using
exam and no she ain’t bothered so using another language isn’t just mindless
another language isn’t just mindless
another language isn’t just mindless translation from your first language you
translation from your first language you
translation from your first language you actually enter into a new mode of
actually enter into a new mode of
actually enter into a new mode of thinking a bilingual mode and that’s
thinking a bilingual mode and that’s
thinking a bilingual mode and that’s because languages aren’t just different
because languages aren’t just different
because languages aren’t just different codes for the same meanings the embodied
codes for the same meanings the embodied
codes for the same meanings the embodied different world views different ways to
different world views different ways to
different world views different ways to see the world and in this respect the
see the world and in this respect the
see the world and in this respect the language works very much like vision so
language works very much like vision so
language works very much like vision so how does vision work
how does vision work
how does vision work here’s another childhood reminisce the
here’s another childhood reminisce the
here’s another childhood reminisce the movie Wayne’s World I grew up with that
movie Wayne’s World I grew up with that
movie Wayne’s World I grew up with that movie loved it couldn’t resist the
movie loved it couldn’t resist the
movie loved it couldn’t resist the opportunity to play a clip here
opportunity to play a clip here
opportunity to play a clip here here’s Wayne to explain us how vision
here’s Wayne to explain us how vision
here’s Wayne to explain us how vision works
works
works camera one camera two camera one camera
camera one camera two camera one camera
camera one camera two camera one camera two camera one camera two camera one
two camera one camera two camera one
two camera one camera two camera one camera two camera two tell me when that
camera two camera two tell me when that
camera two camera two tell me when that first show is over will you still love
first show is over will you still love
first show is over will you still love me when I’m an incredibly humongo a
me when I’m an incredibly humongo a
me when I’m an incredibly humongo a giant star you know how to get a punch
giant star you know how to get a punch
giant star you know how to get a punch line in right so draw this at home your
line in right so draw this at home your
line in right so draw this at home your better half it’s a lot of fun I can tell
better half it’s a lot of fun I can tell
better half it’s a lot of fun I can tell you but Wayne discovers here the
you but Wayne discovers here the
you but Wayne discovers here the benefits of binocular vision we don’t
benefits of binocular vision we don’t
benefits of binocular vision we don’t actually need two eyes to see a one will
actually need two eyes to see a one will
actually need two eyes to see a one will do the job but see with two eyes instead
do the job but see with two eyes instead
do the job but see with two eyes instead of one expands your visual field it
of one expands your visual field it
of one expands your visual field it allows you to see in 3d so then you’re
allows you to see in 3d so then you’re
allows you to see in 3d so then you’re better able to judge the distance and
better able to judge the distance and
better able to judge the distance and size of objects and this is because each
size of objects and this is because each
size of objects and this is because each eye sees the world from a different
eye sees the world from a different
eye sees the world from a different angle creating slightly different
angle creating slightly different
angle creating slightly different picture and that the brain takes these
picture and that the brain takes these
picture and that the brain takes these pictures combines them into a single
pictures combines them into a single
pictures combines them into a single three-dimensional image language works
three-dimensional image language works
three-dimensional image language works very much the same way just like each
very much the same way just like each
very much the same way just like each eye presents a unique image to the brain
eye presents a unique image to the brain
eye presents a unique image to the brain so that each of the world’s languages
so that each of the world’s languages
so that each of the world’s languages present the unique world view to the
present the unique world view to the
present the unique world view to the mind some upon two days this using more
mind some upon two days this using more
mind some upon two days this using more than one language expands your mind just
than one language expands your mind just
than one language expands your mind just like seeing with two eyes expands your
like seeing with two eyes expands your
like seeing with two eyes expands your vision
vision
vision color is a classic demonstration of this
color is a classic demonstration of this
color is a classic demonstration of this so we’re used to a variety of
so we’re used to a variety of
so we’re used to a variety of standardized color terms in our
standardized color terms in our
standardized color terms in our industrialized societies but in fact
industrialized societies but in fact
industrialized societies but in fact many of the world’s languages have only
many of the world’s languages have only
many of the world’s languages have only two terms dark and light the majority of
two terms dark and light the majority of
two terms dark and light the majority of the world’s languages have five basic
the world’s languages have five basic
the world’s languages have five basic terms including a GRU term to refer to
terms including a GRU term to refer to
terms including a GRU term to refer to what English speakers would call green
what English speakers would call green
what English speakers would call green and blue and many languages make even
and blue and many languages make even
and blue and many languages make even finer distinctions than English so for
finer distinctions than English so for
finer distinctions than English so for example they distinguish between
example they distinguish between
example they distinguish between different shades of blue like Greek does
different shades of blue like Greek does
different shades of blue like Greek does so the darker shade is called Blair the
so the darker shade is called Blair the
so the darker shade is called Blair the lighter shade is called hell Azure and
lighter shade is called hell Azure and
lighter shade is called hell Azure and if you’re describing a picture in Greek
if you’re describing a picture in Greek
if you’re describing a picture in Greek you rarely mix those terms up the
you rarely mix those terms up the
you rarely mix those terms up the difference between them is as
difference between them is as
difference between them is as fundamental as a difference between
fundamental as a difference between
fundamental as a difference between green and blue for a speaker of English
green and blue for a speaker of English
green and blue for a speaker of English so we asked English monolinguals to
so we asked English monolinguals to
so we asked English monolinguals to point to the best example of blue on a
point to the best example of blue on a
point to the best example of blue on a color chart like this one that has tens
color chart like this one that has tens
color chart like this one that has tens of examples and then we asked Greek
of examples and then we asked Greek
of examples and then we asked Greek monolinguals to do the same for the
monolinguals to do the same for the
monolinguals to do the same for the translation equivalent of blue which is
translation equivalent of blue which is
translation equivalent of blue which is black and the two groups spawned two
black and the two groups spawned two
black and the two groups spawned two completely different examples and then
completely different examples and then
completely different examples and then we asked Greek English bilinguals to do
we asked Greek English bilinguals to do
we asked Greek English bilinguals to do this and the mind combine the two
this and the mind combine the two
this and the mind combine the two concepts into one they picked the color
concepts into one they picked the color
concepts into one they picked the color that was in between the two monolingual
that was in between the two monolingual
that was in between the two monolingual examples just like the brain combines
examples just like the brain combines
examples just like the brain combines the two images that come from the eyes
the two images that come from the eyes
the two images that come from the eyes into one picture but integrating
into one picture but integrating
into one picture but integrating multiple perspectives can go as far as
multiple perspectives can go as far as
multiple perspectives can go as far as helping us overcome some deeply rooted
helping us overcome some deeply rooted
helping us overcome some deeply rooted stereotypes one of those is gender now
stereotypes one of those is gender now
stereotypes one of those is gender now despite our best efforts no matter how
despite our best efforts no matter how
despite our best efforts no matter how hard we try to avoid gender stereotypes
hard we try to avoid gender stereotypes
hard we try to avoid gender stereotypes they unconsciously creep up into our
they unconsciously creep up into our
they unconsciously creep up into our activity it’s the way we’re socialized
activity it’s the way we’re socialized
activity it’s the way we’re socialized the way that would be body with this by
the way that would be body with this by
the way that would be body with this by the media and so on the one who brought
the media and so on the one who brought
the media and so on the one who brought up sometimes
up sometimes
up sometimes this is reflected in the language
this is reflected in the language
this is reflected in the language examples I’m using here so shopping is
examples I’m using here so shopping is
examples I’m using here so shopping is typically associated with women but
typically associated with women but
typically associated with women but guitar playing is something that men
guitar playing is something that men
guitar playing is something that men usually do in fact gender is so
usually do in fact gender is so
usually do in fact gender is so entrenched in the way that we operate
entrenched in the way that we operate
entrenched in the way that we operate that almost all of the world’s languages
that almost all of the world’s languages
that almost all of the world’s languages have words that refer to gender so
have words that refer to gender so
have words that refer to gender so English has what we linguists call
English has what we linguists call
English has what we linguists call semantic or natural gender and what you
semantic or natural gender and what you
semantic or natural gender and what you do is you use different words like she
do is you use different words like she
do is you use different words like she he has in his to refer to the entities
he has in his to refer to the entities
he has in his to refer to the entities biological gender where that is obvious
biological gender where that is obvious
biological gender where that is obvious when we talk about animates reference
when we talk about animates reference
when we talk about animates reference but there are many other languages like
but there are many other languages like
but there are many other languages like Spanish French German and Greek who also
Spanish French German and Greek who also
Spanish French German and Greek who also marked gender for non living things like
marked gender for non living things like
marked gender for non living things like toasters and guitars and tables and so
toasters and guitars and tables and so
toasters and guitars and tables and so on
on
on anybody who’s attempted to learn French
anybody who’s attempted to learn French
anybody who’s attempted to learn French or Spanish at school knows what
or Spanish at school knows what
or Spanish at school knows what difficult this is to learn every now and
difficult this is to learn every now and
difficult this is to learn every now and every word referring to that noun takes
every word referring to that noun takes
every word referring to that noun takes a different ending to mark the object’s
a different ending to mark the object’s
a different ending to mark the object’s gender now this kind of gender is called
gender now this kind of gender is called
gender now this kind of gender is called grammatical gender and grammatical
grammatical gender and grammatical
grammatical gender and grammatical gender is almost entirely arbitrary
gender is almost entirely arbitrary
gender is almost entirely arbitrary there’s nothing to indicate that
there’s nothing to indicate that
there’s nothing to indicate that biologically a toaster should be male or
biologically a toaster should be male or
biologically a toaster should be male or female and that’s
female and that’s
female and that’s so difficult to learn well it turns out
so difficult to learn well it turns out
so difficult to learn well it turns out that if you are a bilingual in a
that if you are a bilingual in a
that if you are a bilingual in a grammatical gender language like French
grammatical gender language like French
grammatical gender language like French and a natural gender language like
and a natural gender language like
and a natural gender language like English that helps you to get rid of
English that helps you to get rid of
English that helps you to get rid of these deeply rooted stereotypical biases
these deeply rooted stereotypical biases
these deeply rooted stereotypical biases relating to gender
relating to gender
relating to gender so we asked Englishmen or link walls to
so we asked Englishmen or link walls to
so we asked Englishmen or link walls to describe a face that is gender-neutral
describe a face that is gender-neutral
describe a face that is gender-neutral and we presented the face in the context
and we presented the face in the context
and we presented the face in the context of things that are associated with
of things that are associated with
of things that are associated with female stereotype like an apron and a
female stereotype like an apron and a
female stereotype like an apron and a necklace and the adjectives that they
necklace and the adjectives that they
necklace and the adjectives that they assigned to the face were things like
assigned to the face were things like
assigned to the face were things like charming and caring which are considered
charming and caring which are considered
charming and caring which are considered to be female stereotypes stereotypical
to be female stereotypes stereotypical
to be female stereotypes stereotypical traits the one who showed the same face
traits the one who showed the same face
traits the one who showed the same face the same people this time in the context
the same people this time in the context
the same people this time in the context of things that are associated with men
of things that are associated with men
of things that are associated with men like an axe and a power drill they tend
like an axe and a power drill they tend
like an axe and a power drill they tend to describe the face as muscular and
to describe the face as muscular and
to describe the face as muscular and realistic which are males Thera typical
realistic which are males Thera typical
realistic which are males Thera typical traits but we showed that face to
traits but we showed that face to
traits but we showed that face to french-english bilinguals they weren’t
french-english bilinguals they weren’t
french-english bilinguals they weren’t affected by these stereotypes at all
affected by these stereotypes at all
affected by these stereotypes at all they were just as likely to describe the
they were just as likely to describe the
they were just as likely to describe the face as caring Orion istic regardless of
face as caring Orion istic regardless of
face as caring Orion istic regardless of the stereotypical context so for them
the stereotypical context so for them
the stereotypical context so for them it’s as if these conventional
it’s as if these conventional
it’s as if these conventional stereotypical associations don’t exist
stereotypical associations don’t exist
stereotypical associations don’t exist at all it’s like one language holds a
at all it’s like one language holds a
at all it’s like one language holds a mirror up to the other language it helps
mirror up to the other language it helps
mirror up to the other language it helps you pull out some kind of monolingual
you pull out some kind of monolingual
you pull out some kind of monolingual matrix and coming out of the monolingual
matrix and coming out of the monolingual
matrix and coming out of the monolingual matrix can affect also our deepest north
matrix can affect also our deepest north
matrix can affect also our deepest north and conscious experiences like the
and conscious experiences like the
and conscious experiences like the passage of time time is something that
passage of time time is something that
passage of time time is something that really fascinates me because time is
really fascinates me because time is
really fascinates me because time is very abstract but what kind of touch to
very abstract but what kind of touch to
very abstract but what kind of touch to say but we’re really obsessed with time
say but we’re really obsessed with time
say but we’re really obsessed with time so I have a counter in front of me that
so I have a counter in front of me that
so I have a counter in front of me that tells me that my talk has to be over in
tells me that my talk has to be over in
tells me that my talk has to be over in 11 minutes and 35 seconds but for all
11 minutes and 35 seconds but for all
11 minutes and 35 seconds but for all strictness time is very very cool
strictness time is very very cool
strictness time is very very cool because the way that we actually
because the way that we actually
because the way that we actually experience it inside of us very much
experience it inside of us very much
experience it inside of us very much depends on our imagination and on our
depends on our imagination and on our
depends on our imagination and on our language so speakers of different
language so speakers of different
language so speakers of different languages have distinct ways
languages have distinct ways
languages have distinct ways of visualizing time in their mind
of visualizing time in their mind
of visualizing time in their mind English and Swedish speakers picture
English and Swedish speakers picture
English and Swedish speakers picture time in the minds as a horizontal line
time in the minds as a horizontal line
time in the minds as a horizontal line as distance traveled a long amount of
as distance traveled a long amount of
as distance traveled a long amount of time but on the other hand speakers of
time but on the other hand speakers of
time but on the other hand speakers of Spanish and Greek picture it as quantity
Spanish and Greek picture it as quantity
Spanish and Greek picture it as quantity as volume taking up three-dimensional
as volume taking up three-dimensional
as volume taking up three-dimensional space a big amount of time this affects
space a big amount of time this affects
space a big amount of time this affects how people unconsciously estimate time
how people unconsciously estimate time
how people unconsciously estimate time so when we show to English speakers
so when we show to English speakers
so when we show to English speakers lines drawing on the screen and we are
lines drawing on the screen and we are
lines drawing on the screen and we are interesting me at the time that
interesting me at the time that
interesting me at the time that influenced by how long the line grows
influenced by how long the line grows
influenced by how long the line grows that longer the line grows the more time
that longer the line grows the more time
that longer the line grows the more time they think has passed in their mind and
they think has passed in their mind and
they think has passed in their mind and will get this effect with Spanish and
will get this effect with Spanish and
will get this effect with Spanish and Greek speakers when we show them
Greek speakers when we show them
Greek speakers when we show them containers filling up with liquid the
containers filling up with liquid the
containers filling up with liquid the more liquid that goes in the container
more liquid that goes in the container
more liquid that goes in the container the more time they think has passed but
the more time they think has passed but
the more time they think has passed but bilinguals flexible so when we prompt
bilinguals flexible so when we prompt
bilinguals flexible so when we prompt them with a Swedish word for duration
them with a Swedish word for duration
them with a Swedish word for duration they actually estimate time at the
they actually estimate time at the
they actually estimate time at the Swedish frame when we prompt the Swedish
Swedish frame when we prompt the Swedish
Swedish frame when we prompt the Swedish Spanish bilinguals with the word for
Spanish bilinguals with the word for
Spanish bilinguals with the word for duration in Spanish then they’re
duration in Spanish then they’re
duration in Spanish then they’re influenced by the Spanish way doing it
influenced by the Spanish way doing it
influenced by the Spanish way doing it by container volume and they do this
by container volume and they do this
by container volume and they do this this is within the same individual very
this is within the same individual very
this is within the same individual very very quickly within the same experiment
very quickly within the same experiment
very quickly within the same experiment again milliseconds between the two
again milliseconds between the two
again milliseconds between the two languages it’s not unlike the recent
languages it’s not unlike the recent
languages it’s not unlike the recent film arrival with Amy Adams so Amy Adams
film arrival with Amy Adams so Amy Adams
film arrival with Amy Adams so Amy Adams in arrival she plays a linguist who’s
in arrival she plays a linguist who’s
in arrival she plays a linguist who’s trying to decipher an alien language
trying to decipher an alien language
trying to decipher an alien language and here comes the spoiler alert for
and here comes the spoiler alert for
and here comes the spoiler alert for those of you who haven’t seen the movie
those of you who haven’t seen the movie
those of you who haven’t seen the movie the way that the aliens talk about time
the way that the aliens talk about time
the way that the aliens talk about time in their language gives them the super
in their language gives them the super
in their language gives them the super power that they can see into the future
power that they can see into the future
power that they can see into the future and so as amy adams learns their
and so as amy adams learns their
and so as amy adams learns their language gradually she also develops
language gradually she also develops
language gradually she also develops this ability to look ahead now unlike
this ability to look ahead now unlike
this ability to look ahead now unlike hollywood’s we’re not claiming in our
hollywood’s we’re not claiming in our
hollywood’s we’re not claiming in our lab that bilinguals can see the future
lab that bilinguals can see the future
lab that bilinguals can see the future we can’t against but actually learning a
we can’t against but actually learning a
we can’t against but actually learning a new way to talk about time does rewire
new way to talk about time does rewire
new way to talk about time does rewire your brain it does something to your
your brain it does something to your
your brain it does something to your sense of
sense of
sense of time and this kind of fact not only
time and this kind of fact not only
time and this kind of fact not only individuals but entire societies let’s
individuals but entire societies let’s
individuals but entire societies let’s turn in to one of the foremost
turn in to one of the foremost
turn in to one of the foremost preoccupations of the modern world money
preoccupations of the modern world money
preoccupations of the modern world money okay well so here’s a graph showing you
okay well so here’s a graph showing you
okay well so here’s a graph showing you countries belonging to the OECD
countries belonging to the OECD
countries belonging to the OECD and what you see here are the savings
and what you see here are the savings
and what you see here are the savings rates that of each country expressed as
rates that of each country expressed as
rates that of each country expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product
a percentage of gross domestic product
a percentage of gross domestic product that is plotted on the vertical axis now
that is plotted on the vertical axis now
that is plotted on the vertical axis now what’s very clear from this graph is
what’s very clear from this graph is
what’s very clear from this graph is that there is a lot of variation some
that there is a lot of variation some
that there is a lot of variation some countries save more of their GDP than
countries save more of their GDP than
countries save more of their GDP than others now these are all Western
others now these are all Western
others now these are all Western democratic that’s realized societies so
democratic that’s realized societies so
democratic that’s realized societies so why is it so much variation the proposal
why is it so much variation the proposal
why is it so much variation the proposal by behavioral economist Keith Chen is
by behavioral economist Keith Chen is
by behavioral economist Keith Chen is that it’s all down to how this language
that it’s all down to how this language
that it’s all down to how this language the languages spoken in these countries
the languages spoken in these countries
the languages spoken in these countries separate the present from the future
separate the present from the future
separate the present from the future so in countries clustered towards the
so in countries clustered towards the
so in countries clustered towards the right side of the graph those that have
right side of the graph those that have
right side of the graph those that have more trouble saving money
more trouble saving money
more trouble saving money they are so-called future languages the
they are so-called future languages the
they are so-called future languages the Forster speakers to say different things
Forster speakers to say different things
Forster speakers to say different things depending on whether an event is
depending on whether an event is
depending on whether an event is happening now versus happening in the
happening now versus happening in the
happening now versus happening in the future
future
future so in Greek you say i dinner with a
so in Greek you say i dinner with a
so in Greek you say i dinner with a friend now and i will it dinner with a
friend now and i will it dinner with a
friend now and i will it dinner with a friend tomorrow and the english is very
friend tomorrow and the english is very
friend tomorrow and the english is very similar in that respect you say it’s
similar in that respect you say it’s
similar in that respect you say it’s raining now and it will rain tomorrow
raining now and it will rain tomorrow
raining now and it will rain tomorrow the point is that the verb changes
the point is that the verb changes
the point is that the verb changes there’s a linguistic barrier between the
there’s a linguistic barrier between the
there’s a linguistic barrier between the present and the future the mix the
present and the future the mix the
present and the future the mix the future see more distant more
future see more distant more
future see more distant more disconnected from the present so we
disconnected from the present so we
disconnected from the present so we don’t unless you tend to worry less
don’t unless you tend to worry less
don’t unless you tend to worry less about the future if you speak one of
about the future if you speak one of
about the future if you speak one of these languages but the language is
these languages but the language is
these languages but the language is spoken in countries closer to the left
spoken in countries closer to the left
spoken in countries closer to the left side of the graph those are the wealth
side of the graph those are the wealth
side of the graph those are the wealth in their savings make no such demand
in their savings make no such demand
in their savings make no such demand from their speakers there’s talk of
from their speakers there’s talk of
from their speakers there’s talk of futureless languages so in swedish the
futureless languages so in swedish the
futureless languages so in swedish the futureless language you say i didn’t
futureless language you say i didn’t
futureless language you say i didn’t with a friend now and i dinner with a
with a friend now and i dinner with a
with a friend now and i dinner with a friend
friend
friend tomorrow the verb stays the same so this
tomorrow the verb stays the same so this
tomorrow the verb stays the same so this identical way of talking about the
identical way of talking about the
identical way of talking about the present in the future leads you to also
present in the future leads you to also
present in the future leads you to also feel about them identically and that
feel about them identically and that
feel about them identically and that lead you to take more action in the
lead you to take more action in the
lead you to take more action in the present that has
present that has
present that has secuence is for your future but a few
secuence is for your future but a few
secuence is for your future but a few countries in chance graph are actually
countries in chance graph are actually
countries in chance graph are actually bi or multilingual if there’s a link
bi or multilingual if there’s a link
bi or multilingual if there’s a link between language structure and your
between language structure and your
between language structure and your ability to save could there also be a
ability to save could there also be a
ability to save could there also be a link between bilingualism and future
link between bilingualism and future
link between bilingualism and future saving strategies so I took out
saving strategies so I took out
saving strategies so I took out Luxembourg Switzerland and Belgium from
Luxembourg Switzerland and Belgium from
Luxembourg Switzerland and Belgium from this graph all countries with a
this graph all countries with a
this graph all countries with a multilingual population who crucially
multilingual population who crucially
multilingual population who crucially speak a mixture of future and futureless
speak a mixture of future and futureless
speak a mixture of future and futureless languages and are recalculating the GDP
languages and are recalculating the GDP
languages and are recalculating the GDP averages so this time I’m comparing
averages so this time I’m comparing
averages so this time I’m comparing three groups monolingual featured
three groups monolingual featured
three groups monolingual featured speakers versus monolingual futureless
speakers versus monolingual futureless
speakers versus monolingual futureless speakers versus multilingual countries
part that emerges is striking there’s a
part that emerges is striking there’s a clear economic advantage for
clear economic advantage for
clear economic advantage for multilingual countries what the
multilingual countries what the
multilingual countries what the difference between futureless and
difference between futureless and
difference between futureless and featured countries all but disappears
featured countries all but disappears
featured countries all but disappears it’s a little bit like the gender
it’s a little bit like the gender
it’s a little bit like the gender example I showed earlier it’s as if one
example I showed earlier it’s as if one
example I showed earlier it’s as if one language holds a mirror up to the other
language holds a mirror up to the other
language holds a mirror up to the other having these two contrasting ways of
having these two contrasting ways of
having these two contrasting ways of separating the present from you the
separating the present from you the
separating the present from you the future in your language repertoire helps
future in your language repertoire helps
future in your language repertoire helps you break free from the constraints of
you break free from the constraints of
you break free from the constraints of your native language well we need to
your native language well we need to
your native language well we need to verify this in the laboratory at the
verify this in the laboratory at the
verify this in the laboratory at the individual level look at people’s brains
individual level look at people’s brains
individual level look at people’s brains to see what’s really going on in the
to see what’s really going on in the
to see what’s really going on in the meantime if you want to save more money
meantime if you want to save more money
meantime if you want to save more money might not be a good a bad idea to learn
might not be a good a bad idea to learn
might not be a good a bad idea to learn Swedish or Japanese for that matter if
Swedish or Japanese for that matter if
Swedish or Japanese for that matter if you want to experience different shades
you want to experience different shades
you want to experience different shades of blue learn Greek if you want to break
of blue learn Greek if you want to break
of blue learn Greek if you want to break free from gender stereotypes learn
free from gender stereotypes learn
free from gender stereotypes learn French or German you want to experience
French or German you want to experience
French or German you want to experience time differently like Amy Adams learn
time differently like Amy Adams learn
time differently like Amy Adams learn Spanish or Swedish the point is that in
Spanish or Swedish the point is that in
Spanish or Swedish the point is that in this new light learning and using a
this new light learning and using a
this new light learning and using a second language is like having a
second language is like having a
second language is like having a superpower it allows you to become a
superpower it allows you to become a
superpower it allows you to become a mind reader almost you can understand
mind reader almost you can understand
mind reader almost you can understand and anticipate the behavior of others
and anticipate the behavior of others
and anticipate the behavior of others and like Lauren does at the beginning of
and like Lauren does at the beginning of
and like Lauren does at the beginning of my talk adapt your behavior to achieve
my talk adapt your behavior to achieve
my talk adapt your behavior to achieve what you want and in fact the payoff is
what you want and in fact the payoff is
what you want and in fact the payoff is far bigger than we ever imagined because
far bigger than we ever imagined because
far bigger than we ever imagined because language learning is difficult okay this
language learning is difficult okay this
language learning is difficult okay this is no myth it’s pretty hard especially
is no myth it’s pretty hard especially
is no myth it’s pretty hard especially if you’re an adult learning requires
if you’re an adult learning requires
if you’re an adult learning requires cognitive efforts monitoring
cognitive efforts monitoring
cognitive efforts monitoring conversational situation the language
conversational situation the language
conversational situation the language context switch between these different
context switch between these different
context switch between these different perspectives all these things take
perspectives all these things take
perspectives all these things take mental effort even if it’s unconscious
mental effort even if it’s unconscious
mental effort even if it’s unconscious but this is precisely why I would
but this is precisely why I would
but this is precisely why I would strongly urge you to learn languages
strongly urge you to learn languages
strongly urge you to learn languages because putting in all that mental
because putting in all that mental
because putting in all that mental effort is like sending your brain to the
effort is like sending your brain to the
effort is like sending your brain to the gym and the data from medical records is
gym and the data from medical records is
gym and the data from medical records is telling in countries as diverse as
telling in countries as diverse as
telling in countries as diverse as Israel Canada India and closer to home
Israel Canada India and closer to home
Israel Canada India and closer to home Scotland the number of languages you
Scotland the number of languages you
Scotland the number of languages you know correlates with better protection
know correlates with better protection
know correlates with better protection against cognitive decline in old age
against cognitive decline in old age
against cognitive decline in old age what delinquents actually get an average
what delinquents actually get an average
what delinquents actually get an average of five years more of healthy brain than
of five years more of healthy brain than
of five years more of healthy brain than monolinguals will delay the onset of
monolinguals will delay the onset of
monolinguals will delay the onset of Alzheimer’s and dementia and this is
Alzheimer’s and dementia and this is
Alzheimer’s and dementia and this is regardless of education level and some
regardless of education level and some
regardless of education level and some studies show regardless of when in life
studies show regardless of when in life
studies show regardless of when in life you started learning your languages and
you started learning your languages and
you started learning your languages and the really cool thing is that we don’t
the really cool thing is that we don’t
the really cool thing is that we don’t even have to learn your language at the
even have to learn your language at the
even have to learn your language at the super proficient level that’s like you
super proficient level that’s like you
super proficient level that’s like you don’t go to the gym to get a body like
don’t go to the gym to get a body like
don’t go to the gym to get a body like arnie so a little goes a long way here
arnie so a little goes a long way here
arnie so a little goes a long way here as long as you use more than one
as long as you use more than one
as long as you use more than one language in your everyday life you are
language in your everyday life you are
language in your everyday life you are firing up your neurons keeping your
firing up your neurons keeping your
firing up your neurons keeping your brain in good shape well having only one
brain in good shape well having only one
brain in good shape well having only one language allows you to get by just fine
language allows you to get by just fine
language allows you to get by just fine don’t get me wrong just like having one
don’t get me wrong just like having one
don’t get me wrong just like having one eye allows you to see you can adequately
eye allows you to see you can adequately
eye allows you to see you can adequately communicate with others function well in
communicate with others function well in
communicate with others function well in your job even get by in many parts of
your job even get by in many parts of
your job even get by in many parts of the world but speak your language but
the world but speak your language but
the world but speak your language but just like seeing with two eyes allows
just like seeing with two eyes allows
just like seeing with two eyes allows you to see in high-definition
you to see in high-definition
you to see in high-definition speaking using two three or more
speaking using two three or more
speaking using two three or more languages opens up new dimensions in
languages opens up new dimensions in
languages opens up new dimensions in your thinking in your outlook in your
your thinking in your outlook in your
your thinking in your outlook in your everyday behavior this allows you to
everyday behavior this allows you to
everyday behavior this allows you to live life in high definition so let us
live life in high definition so let us
live life in high definition so let us not have strict ourselves to only one
not have strict ourselves to only one
not have strict ourselves to only one language one worldview modern medicine
language one worldview modern medicine
language one worldview modern medicine has made it possible for us to live
has made it possible for us to live
has made it possible for us to live longer learning languages can give us
longer learning languages can give us
longer learning languages can give us better quality of life as well it’s
better quality of life as well it’s
better quality of life as well it’s never too late to start thank you
never too late to start thank you
never too late to start thank you [Applause]
”
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