[Applause] the last time that I got sick the total
the last time that I got sick the total
the last time that I got sick the total time that I spent traveling to the
time that I spent traveling to the
time that I spent traveling to the hospital filling out paperwork and
hospital filling out paperwork and
hospital filling out paperwork and sitting in the waiting room was
sitting in the waiting room was
sitting in the waiting room was significantly longer than the one-on-one
significantly longer than the one-on-one
significantly longer than the one-on-one time I ended up having with a doctor to
time I ended up having with a doctor to
time I ended up having with a doctor to diagnose me and give me a prescription
diagnose me and give me a prescription
diagnose me and give me a prescription for antibiotics now the irony is I had
for antibiotics now the irony is I had
for antibiotics now the irony is I had spent the three previous days completely
spent the three previous days completely
spent the three previous days completely miserable getting sicker and sicker
miserable getting sicker and sicker
miserable getting sicker and sicker hoping my cold would magically go away
hoping my cold would magically go away
hoping my cold would magically go away just trying to avoid that doctor’s visit
just trying to avoid that doctor’s visit
just trying to avoid that doctor’s visit in 1966 a medical device was created
in 1966 a medical device was created
in 1966 a medical device was created that would have allowed me to diagnose
that would have allowed me to diagnose
that would have allowed me to diagnose myself on day one as soon as I started
myself on day one as soon as I started
myself on day one as soon as I started feeling bad this singular piece of
feeling bad this singular piece of
feeling bad this singular piece of technology had the ability to transform
technology had the ability to transform
technology had the ability to transform medical system unfortunately it stopped
medical system unfortunately it stopped
medical system unfortunately it stopped being used when they cancelled it on
being used when they cancelled it on
being used when they cancelled it on Star Trek
remember the tricorder device that dr.
remember the tricorder device that dr. McCoy used to use he would simply scan
McCoy used to use he would simply scan
McCoy used to use he would simply scan you and tell you everything that’s going
you and tell you everything that’s going
you and tell you everything that’s going on with you at that moment now almost 70
on with you at that moment now almost 70
on with you at that moment now almost 70 years later this is a little more
years later this is a little more
years later this is a little more science than it is fiction and at Sandia
science than it is fiction and at Sandia
science than it is fiction and at Sandia National Laboratories we are working to
National Laboratories we are working to
National Laboratories we are working to make a version of this device consider
make a version of this device consider
make a version of this device consider three attributes of the tricorder that
three attributes of the tricorder that
three attributes of the tricorder that we would like to reproduce the first is
we would like to reproduce the first is
we would like to reproduce the first is that it is small and it’s portable no
that it is small and it’s portable no
that it is small and it’s portable no need for a testing lab you carry the
need for a testing lab you carry the
need for a testing lab you carry the testing lab around with you computers
testing lab around with you computers
testing lab around with you computers used to be the size of rooms now we
used to be the size of rooms now we
used to be the size of rooms now we carry them around in our hand why not
carry them around in our hand why not
carry them around in our hand why not laboratory equipment there’s a whole
laboratory equipment there’s a whole
laboratory equipment there’s a whole field collab on the chip technologies
field collab on the chip technologies
field collab on the chip technologies that allows us to miniaturize medical
that allows us to miniaturize medical
that allows us to miniaturize medical devices the second attribute instant
devices the second attribute instant
devices the second attribute instant readout and can tell you many things
readout and can tell you many things
readout and can tell you many things that are going on with you at that
that are going on with you at that
that are going on with you at that moment
moment
moment now the third attribute which is by far
now the third attribute which is by far
now the third attribute which is by far the most difficult challenge for us to
the most difficult challenge for us to
the most difficult challenge for us to reproduce is that the tricorder was
reproduce is that the tricorder was
reproduce is that the tricorder was non-invasive it didn’t even have to
non-invasive it didn’t even have to
non-invasive it didn’t even have to touch you so remember this I’m going to
touch you so remember this I’m going to
touch you so remember this I’m going to bring this up in a second but first let
bring this up in a second but first let
bring this up in a second but first let me put two more characteristics that the
me put two more characteristics that the
me put two more characteristics that the tricorder didn’t have we would like to
tricorder didn’t have we would like to
tricorder didn’t have we would like to attempt to do let’s remove dr. McCoy
attempt to do let’s remove dr. McCoy
attempt to do let’s remove dr. McCoy from the equation let’s make the
from the equation let’s make the
from the equation let’s make the tricorder a wearable device that is
tricorder a wearable device that is
tricorder a wearable device that is continuously monitoring and let’s give
continuously monitoring and let’s give
continuously monitoring and let’s give it a little extra neck read out so you
it a little extra neck read out so you
it a little extra neck read out so you can transmit the results okay let’s go
can transmit the results okay let’s go
can transmit the results okay let’s go back to the most difficult challenge to
back to the most difficult challenge to
back to the most difficult challenge to make it non invasive the first
make it non invasive the first
make it non invasive the first generation of wearables have just come
generation of wearables have just come
generation of wearables have just come out and they are non-invasive but they
out and they are non-invasive but they
out and they are non-invasive but they are limited to mainly
are limited to mainly
are limited to mainly electrophysiological measurements they
electrophysiological measurements they
electrophysiological measurements they can measure your heart rate your blood
can measure your heart rate your blood
can measure your heart rate your blood flow maybe even then the steps you take
flow maybe even then the steps you take
flow maybe even then the steps you take that’s great information but one of the
that’s great information but one of the
that’s great information but one of the gold standards for clinical diagnosis is
gold standards for clinical diagnosis is
gold standards for clinical diagnosis is to measure circulating molecules in your
to measure circulating molecules in your
to measure circulating molecules in your blood so we want to make a wearable
blood so we want to make a wearable
blood so we want to make a wearable continuous device that measures as many
continuous device that measures as many
continuous device that measures as many of these same blood markers as possible
of these same blood markers as possible
of these same blood markers as possible kind of think about it like it’s a
kind of think about it like it’s a
kind of think about it like it’s a fitbit on steroids
fitbit on steroids
fitbit on steroids we do this with a technology called
we do this with a technology called
we do this with a technology called micro needles now just as it sounds
micro needles now just as it sounds
micro needles now just as it sounds they’re just very very small needles
they’re just very very small needles
they’re just very very small needles here’s an example of micro needles that
here’s an example of micro needles that
here’s an example of micro needles that we make in our laboratory they’re made
we make in our laboratory they’re made
we make in our laboratory they’re made out of metal
out of metal
out of metal they’re pyramidal in shape hollow with
they’re pyramidal in shape hollow with
they’re pyramidal in shape hollow with an offset bore to draw in biological
an offset bore to draw in biological
an offset bore to draw in biological fluids to give you an example of their
fluids to give you an example of their
fluids to give you an example of their size here’s a penny right here when I
size here’s a penny right here when I
size here’s a penny right here when I turn it on its side it is 1.5
turn it on its side it is 1.5
turn it on its side it is 1.5 millimeters tall these micro needles are
millimeters tall these micro needles are
millimeters tall these micro needles are 0.75 millimeters you would need to stack
0.75 millimeters you would need to stack
0.75 millimeters you would need to stack two of these micro needles on top of
two of these micro needles on top of
two of these micro needles on top of each other to be as tall as this penny
each other to be as tall as this penny
each other to be as tall as this penny right now compare that to a traditional
right now compare that to a traditional
right now compare that to a traditional hypodermic needle which penetrates deep
hypodermic needle which penetrates deep
hypodermic needle which penetrates deep in the muscle and is very painful micro
in the muscle and is very painful micro
in the muscle and is very painful micro needles barely pierce the stratum
needles barely pierce the stratum
needles barely pierce the stratum corneum the outermost layer of the skin
corneum the outermost layer of the skin
corneum the outermost layer of the skin they’re so small they don’t reach nerve
they’re so small they don’t reach nerve
they’re so small they don’t reach nerve endings you don’t feel a thing
endings you don’t feel a thing
endings you don’t feel a thing micro needles were originally developed
micro needles were originally developed
micro needles were originally developed for drug delivery purposes and they’ve
for drug delivery purposes and they’ve
for drug delivery purposes and they’ve proven to be very effective in the
proven to be very effective in the
proven to be very effective in the painless delivery of vaccines and drugs
painless delivery of vaccines and drugs
painless delivery of vaccines and drugs we want to go the opposite way we want
we want to go the opposite way we want
we want to go the opposite way we want to use them to sample biological fluids
to use them to sample biological fluids
to use them to sample biological fluids but they don’t reach blood capillaries
but they don’t reach blood capillaries
but they don’t reach blood capillaries like hypodermic needles so we don’t
like hypodermic needles so we don’t
like hypodermic needles so we don’t sample blood we sample interstitial
sample blood we sample interstitial
sample blood we sample interstitial fluid this is the fluid between cells in
fluid this is the fluid between cells in
fluid this is the fluid between cells in your skin so let’s think how would a
your skin so let’s think how would a
your skin so let’s think how would a device like this affect your lives
device like this affect your lives
device like this affect your lives first of all it
first of all it
first of all it just makes it more convenient if you can
just makes it more convenient if you can
just makes it more convenient if you can show up to the doctor with your results
show up to the doctor with your results
show up to the doctor with your results or even better measure yourself at home
or even better measure yourself at home
or even better measure yourself at home and send the results to the doctor it
and send the results to the doctor it
and send the results to the doctor it saves time and it’s saved money but it’s
saves time and it’s saved money but it’s
saves time and it’s saved money but it’s more than that
more than that
more than that continuous health monitoring is
continuous health monitoring is
continuous health monitoring is invaluable here’s a profile from an
invaluable here’s a profile from an
invaluable here’s a profile from an implantable blood glucose meter that
implantable blood glucose meter that
implantable blood glucose meter that measures you over the course of 24 hours
measures you over the course of 24 hours
measures you over the course of 24 hours the solid line you see it jumps up all
the solid line you see it jumps up all
the solid line you see it jumps up all day long goes up and it goes down those
day long goes up and it goes down those
day long goes up and it goes down those red dots are the results from my finger
red dots are the results from my finger
red dots are the results from my finger prick test where you might test yourself
prick test where you might test yourself
prick test where you might test yourself four or five times a day you can measure
four or five times a day you can measure
four or five times a day you can measure yourself and seem healthy with
yourself and seem healthy with
yourself and seem healthy with intermittent monitoring and miss all
intermittent monitoring and miss all
intermittent monitoring and miss all these highs and lows if we can make a
these highs and lows if we can make a
these highs and lows if we can make a medical diagnostic device that is so
medical diagnostic device that is so
medical diagnostic device that is so simple you measure yourself when you are
simple you measure yourself when you are
simple you measure yourself when you are healthy
healthy
healthy it makes diagnosis more accurate and
it makes diagnosis more accurate and
it makes diagnosis more accurate and makes it faster and you can even
makes it faster and you can even
makes it faster and you can even diagnose yourself before you feel
diagnose yourself before you feel
diagnose yourself before you feel symptoms of getting sick I started
symptoms of getting sick I started
symptoms of getting sick I started working in the field of micro needle
working in the field of micro needle
working in the field of micro needle sensors back in 2010 at Sandia with my
sensors back in 2010 at Sandia with my
sensors back in 2010 at Sandia with my colleague Phillip Miller and we use a
colleague Phillip Miller and we use a
colleague Phillip Miller and we use a technique called electrochemistry where
technique called electrochemistry where
technique called electrochemistry where we try to use chemical reactions to
we try to use chemical reactions to
we try to use chemical reactions to convert the presence of molecules into
convert the presence of molecules into
convert the presence of molecules into electrical signals so we have made micro
electrical signals so we have made micro
electrical signals so we have made micro needle sensors to detect glucose so a
needle sensors to detect glucose so a
needle sensors to detect glucose so a diabetic can measure his blood glucose
diabetic can measure his blood glucose
diabetic can measure his blood glucose at home lactate in a port in metabolic
at home lactate in a port in metabolic
at home lactate in a port in metabolic marker and even skin pH now taken
marker and even skin pH now taken
marker and even skin pH now taken together all these markers are good
together all these markers are good
together all these markers are good indicator of your health but but
indicator of your health but but
indicator of your health but but measured simultaneously they are fatigue
measured simultaneously they are fatigue
measured simultaneously they are fatigue markers so there’s something an athlete
markers so there’s something an athlete
markers so there’s something an athlete might use to optimize his performance
might use to optimize his performance
might use to optimize his performance the Department of Defense wants us to
the Department of Defense wants us to
the Department of Defense wants us to use these two to measure the performance
use these two to measure the performance
use these two to measure the performance of soldiers on the battlefield so we
of soldiers on the battlefield so we
of soldiers on the battlefield so we have started making devices to measure
have started making devices to measure
have started making devices to measure multiple markers simultaneously on these
multiple markers simultaneously on these
multiple markers simultaneously on these micro needles here’s an example of a
micro needles here’s an example of a
micro needles here’s an example of a device we have made it’s a micro needle
device we have made it’s a micro needle
device we have made it’s a micro needle fluidic chip with micro needle arrays
fluidic chip with micro needle arrays
fluidic chip with micro needle arrays sensors integrated and we use this to
sensors integrated and we use this to
sensors integrated and we use this to detect a protein called troponin which
detect a protein called troponin which
detect a protein called troponin which is a cardiac marker that is released in
is a cardiac marker that is released in
is a cardiac marker that is released in you have a heart attack so it’s
you have a heart attack so it’s
you have a heart attack so it’s something a person with a previous
something a person with a previous
something a person with a previous history at home can solve a patch on and
history at home can solve a patch on and
history at home can solve a patch on and see if they’re having another event or
see if they’re having another event or
see if they’re having another event or just stressed out
we have also made a microneedle device
we have also made a microneedle device to detect electrolytes such as potassium
to detect electrolytes such as potassium
to detect electrolytes such as potassium when we published this article it was
when we published this article it was
when we published this article it was featured on the cover of the journal
featured on the cover of the journal
featured on the cover of the journal that month and very soon after Game one
that month and very soon after Game one
that month and very soon after Game one of the NBA Finals LeBron James got a
of the NBA Finals LeBron James got a
of the NBA Finals LeBron James got a muscle cramp and had to leave the game
muscle cramp and had to leave the game
muscle cramp and had to leave the game we actually got calls the people said
we actually got calls the people said
we actually got calls the people said hey we read about your electrolytes at
hey we read about your electrolytes at
hey we read about your electrolytes at Sur earlier we thought it was cool and
Sur earlier we thought it was cool and
Sur earlier we thought it was cool and now we think him might be really
now we think him might be really
now we think him might be really valuable we were on the evening news
valuable we were on the evening news
valuable we were on the evening news they said could your device have helped
they said could your device have helped
they said could your device have helped the Bron James stay in the game so we
the Bron James stay in the game so we
the Bron James stay in the game so we said well yeah it’s the point if you can
said well yeah it’s the point if you can
said well yeah it’s the point if you can be measuring your electrolyte levels you
be measuring your electrolyte levels you
be measuring your electrolyte levels you see a negative trend tell him to drink
see a negative trend tell him to drink
see a negative trend tell him to drink Gatorade or
Gatorade or
Gatorade or maybe even have other micro needles
maybe even have other micro needles
maybe even have other micro needles inject a countermeasure then we tried to
inject a countermeasure then we tried to
inject a countermeasure then we tried to make the point that it can be helped
make the point that it can be helped
make the point that it can be helped non-famous people – I didn’t complain
non-famous people – I didn’t complain
non-famous people – I didn’t complain because you can’t buy that kind of
because you can’t buy that kind of
because you can’t buy that kind of publicity currently we are doing
publicity currently we are doing
publicity currently we are doing clinical studies on these at the
clinical studies on these at the
clinical studies on these at the University of New Mexico Medical School
University of New Mexico Medical School
University of New Mexico Medical School with dr. Justin Baca an emergency
with dr. Justin Baca an emergency
with dr. Justin Baca an emergency medicine specialist one of the things we
medicine specialist one of the things we
medicine specialist one of the things we discovered is how to put the micro
discovered is how to put the micro
discovered is how to put the micro needles in and extract fluid out of the
needles in and extract fluid out of the
needles in and extract fluid out of the skin that’s the clear fluid you see in
skin that’s the clear fluid you see in
skin that’s the clear fluid you see in that glass capillary completely
that glass capillary completely
that glass capillary completely colorless no red blood cells pure dermal
colorless no red blood cells pure dermal
colorless no red blood cells pure dermal interstitial fluid now today in health
interstitial fluid now today in health
interstitial fluid now today in health monitoring you sample biological fluids
monitoring you sample biological fluids
monitoring you sample biological fluids it’s primarily blood urine saliva even
it’s primarily blood urine saliva even
it’s primarily blood urine saliva even sweat nobody measures skin fluid or
sweat nobody measures skin fluid or
sweat nobody measures skin fluid or right now but the skin is not just a
right now but the skin is not just a
right now but the skin is not just a protective barrier to the outside world
protective barrier to the outside world
protective barrier to the outside world your skin is an organ it’s has its own
your skin is an organ it’s has its own
your skin is an organ it’s has its own unique immune cells called Langerhans
unique immune cells called Langerhans
unique immune cells called Langerhans cells in fact the skin is the largest
cells in fact the skin is the largest
cells in fact the skin is the largest organ in the human body so we’ve been
organ in the human body so we’ve been
organ in the human body so we’ve been taking this fluid out and analyzing what
taking this fluid out and analyzing what
taking this fluid out and analyzing what is inside and one of the most
is inside and one of the most
is inside and one of the most interesting things is we found that this
interesting things is we found that this
interesting things is we found that this fluid is full of EXO zones those are
fluid is full of EXO zones those are
fluid is full of EXO zones those are these spheres you see here and these
these spheres you see here and these
these spheres you see here and these electron microscope pictures now
electron microscope pictures now
electron microscope pictures now exercise were discovered in the 80s and
exercise were discovered in the 80s and
exercise were discovered in the 80s and there’s still a little bit of a mystery
there’s still a little bit of a mystery
there’s still a little bit of a mystery they form inside of cells and they
they form inside of cells and they
they form inside of cells and they capture biological molecules like
capture biological molecules like
capture biological molecules like proteins genetic material like RNA and
proteins genetic material like RNA and
proteins genetic material like RNA and then the cell will spit it out so they
then the cell will spit it out so they
then the cell will spit it out so they were originally thought to be like
were originally thought to be like
were originally thought to be like nothing more than garbage trucks where
nothing more than garbage trucks where
nothing more than garbage trucks where the cell would be wanting to get rid of
the cell would be wanting to get rid of
the cell would be wanting to get rid of I’m watching all
I’m watching all
I’m watching all kills then they started to notice that
kills then they started to notice that
kills then they started to notice that these X’s on would travel through the
these X’s on would travel through the
these X’s on would travel through the body and another cell will take them in
body and another cell will take them in
body and another cell will take them in the cells are talking to each other this
the cells are talking to each other this
the cells are talking to each other this is how cells communicate in the car go
is how cells communicate in the car go
is how cells communicate in the car go inside of these X’s ohms have messages
inside of these X’s ohms have messages
inside of these X’s ohms have messages in instructions both good and bad an
in instructions both good and bad an
in instructions both good and bad an immune cell can release an X’s ohm that
immune cell can release an X’s ohm that
immune cell can release an X’s ohm that tells another cell were being attacked
tells another cell were being attacked
tells another cell were being attacked activate your self defense mechanisms
activate your self defense mechanisms
activate your self defense mechanisms and on the flip side a cancer cell will
and on the flip side a cancer cell will
and on the flip side a cancer cell will release an X’s ohm that causes another
release an X’s ohm that causes another
release an X’s ohm that causes another cell to become cancerous so we want to
cell to become cancerous so we want to
cell to become cancerous so we want to use these micro needles to extract the
use these micro needles to extract the
use these micro needles to extract the fluid intercept these EXO’s ohms look at
fluid intercept these EXO’s ohms look at
fluid intercept these EXO’s ohms look at the proteins look at the RNAs inside
the proteins look at the RNAs inside
the proteins look at the RNAs inside read the messages can we understand how
read the messages can we understand how
read the messages can we understand how does the body defend itself
does the body defend itself
does the body defend itself how does cancer spread can we make an
how does cancer spread can we make an
how does cancer spread can we make an early cancer detector can we make drugs
early cancer detector can we make drugs
early cancer detector can we make drugs that target these EXO’s ohms instead of
that target these EXO’s ohms instead of
that target these EXO’s ohms instead of the cancer to stop it from spreading
so coming full circle we are still
so coming full circle we are still trying to make continuously monitoring
trying to make continuously monitoring
trying to make continuously monitoring micro needle sensor by this time next
micro needle sensor by this time next
micro needle sensor by this time next year we hope to have a sensor that
year we hope to have a sensor that
year we hope to have a sensor that measures lactate on a person exercising
measures lactate on a person exercising
measures lactate on a person exercising but now we also think we have a research
but now we also think we have a research
but now we also think we have a research platform to look at how the body cancer
platform to look at how the body cancer
platform to look at how the body cancer spreads can we make new drugs to fight
spreads can we make new drugs to fight
spreads can we make new drugs to fight cancer can we use interstitial fluid as
cancer can we use interstitial fluid as
cancer can we use interstitial fluid as a novel method to do clinical diagnosis
a novel method to do clinical diagnosis
a novel method to do clinical diagnosis it’s a fun project I get to work with
it’s a fun project I get to work with
it’s a fun project I get to work with great people and thank you for listening
great people and thank you for listening
great people and thank you for listening [Applause]
”
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