okay good afternoon I’m delighted to have this opportunity to discuss with
have this opportunity to discuss with
have this opportunity to discuss with you about my in town encounters with
you about my in town encounters with
you about my in town encounters with this issue of women in physics I’m a
this issue of women in physics I’m a
this issue of women in physics I’m a physicist as you heard from the
physicist as you heard from the
physicist as you heard from the introduction so therefore my choice of
introduction so therefore my choice of
introduction so therefore my choice of this particular topic may sound very
this particular topic may sound very
this particular topic may sound very natural or even obvious to some of you
natural or even obvious to some of you
natural or even obvious to some of you but in fact it is actually quite a
but in fact it is actually quite a
but in fact it is actually quite a journey for me to really understand this
journey for me to really understand this
journey for me to really understand this issue and to become engaged so I would
issue and to become engaged so I would
issue and to become engaged so I would like to take you all back with my
like to take you all back with my
like to take you all back with my journey at least part of my journey you
journey at least part of my journey you
journey at least part of my journey you know I grew up in China believing truly
know I grew up in China believing truly
know I grew up in China believing truly woman hold up half of the sky and I was
woman hold up half of the sky and I was
woman hold up half of the sky and I was very lucky always had a strong woman in
very lucky always had a strong woman in
very lucky always had a strong woman in my life and talented woman my mother my
my life and talented woman my mother my
my life and talented woman my mother my grandmother I had chemistry teacher who
grandmother I had chemistry teacher who
grandmother I had chemistry teacher who was woman and physics high school
was woman and physics high school
was woman and physics high school teacher also woman in fact my high
teacher also woman in fact my high
teacher also woman in fact my high school physics teacher was so
school physics teacher was so
school physics teacher was so inspirational and she was one of the
inspirational and she was one of the
inspirational and she was one of the important reasons I decided to pursue
important reasons I decided to pursue
important reasons I decided to pursue physics I went to Ching hai University
physics I went to Ching hai University
physics I went to Ching hai University in 1984 and among all the physics
in 1984 and among all the physics
in 1984 and among all the physics professors who taught me physics about
professors who taught me physics about
professors who taught me physics about half are women professors in now
half are women professors in now
half are women professors in now thinking back even though in my class of
thinking back even though in my class of
thinking back even though in my class of 100 students we only had certain woman
100 students we only had certain woman
100 students we only had certain woman but I never felt we were minority at all
but I never felt we were minority at all
but I never felt we were minority at all never ever and I’m very proud to show
never ever and I’m very proud to show
never ever and I’m very proud to show you this picture of Ching hai University
you this picture of Ching hai University
you this picture of Ching hai University Department of Physics in 1936 look at
Department of Physics in 1936 look at
Department of Physics in 1936 look at the graduates 30% were woman and this is
the graduates 30% were woman and this is
the graduates 30% were woman and this is the kind of result or the kind of
the kind of result or the kind of
the kind of result or the kind of diversity actually every physics
diversity actually every physics
diversity actually every physics department in US would be proud of these
department in US would be proud of these
department in US would be proud of these days but that happened in 1936 I also
days but that happened in 1936 I also
days but that happened in 1936 I also want to say a few words about professor
want to say a few words about professor
want to say a few words about professor Warmington she was the first woman
Warmington she was the first woman
Warmington she was the first woman professor ever at Ching hai University
professor ever at Ching hai University
professor ever at Ching hai University she was a physicist she was born in 1906
she was a physicist she was born in 1906
she was a physicist she was born in 1906 and you noticed that she got her PhD
and you noticed that she got her PhD
and you noticed that she got her PhD from Michigan in 1942 which means that
from Michigan in 1942 which means that
from Michigan in 1942 which means that she was in her mid-thirties when she got
she was in her mid-thirties when she got
she was in her mid-thirties when she got her PhD why because she had to overcome
her PhD why because she had to overcome
her PhD why because she had to overcome many obstacles in order to go abroad
many obstacles in order to go abroad
many obstacles in order to go abroad she was now supported by her stepmother
she was now supported by her stepmother
she was now supported by her stepmother by her father to pursue her training in
by her father to pursue her training in
by her father to pursue her training in physics
physics
physics she was discriminated by people because
she was discriminated by people because
she was discriminated by people because they did not want to waste a position on
they did not want to waste a position on
they did not want to waste a position on her as a compact illusion the kind of
her as a compact illusion the kind of
her as a compact illusion the kind of sponsorship by the government at the
sponsorship by the government at the
sponsorship by the government at the time so she had to work to support
time so she had to work to support
time so she had to work to support herself and also to save money and she
herself and also to save money and she
herself and also to save money and she returned to China after her work at MIT
returned to China after her work at MIT
returned to China after her work at MIT in 1955 so I mentioned that I was lucky
in 1955 so I mentioned that I was lucky
in 1955 so I mentioned that I was lucky and I also have very strong role model
and I also have very strong role model
and I also have very strong role model in my life Madame Curie and modern Wu
in my life Madame Curie and modern Wu
in my life Madame Curie and modern Wu both were experimental nuclear physicist
both were experimental nuclear physicist
both were experimental nuclear physicist and I became experimental nuclear
and I became experimental nuclear
and I became experimental nuclear physicist myself so I was so lucky
physicist myself so I was so lucky
physicist myself so I was so lucky growing up in the town at the time that
growing up in the town at the time that
growing up in the town at the time that we were supported encouraged by our
we were supported encouraged by our
we were supported encouraged by our teachers by our parents to pursue our
teachers by our parents to pursue our
teachers by our parents to pursue our interests and passion in science whether
interests and passion in science whether
interests and passion in science whether we were girls or boys so you can imagine
we were girls or boys so you can imagine
we were girls or boys so you can imagine when we actually went chanis student
when we actually went chanis student
when we actually went chanis student went to us people always like to ask us
went to us people always like to ask us
went to us people always like to ask us what will be your culture shock in 1989
what will be your culture shock in 1989
what will be your culture shock in 1989 when I went to the famous California
when I went to the famous California
when I went to the famous California Institute of Technology
Institute of Technology
Institute of Technology Caltech world-famous for science and
Caltech world-famous for science and
Caltech world-famous for science and technology and very well known as the
technology and very well known as the
technology and very well known as the credo for Nobel Prize I was in shock
credo for Nobel Prize I was in shock
credo for Nobel Prize I was in shock when I discovered the same year when I
when I discovered the same year when I
when I discovered the same year when I went to Caltech Caltech had the first
went to Caltech Caltech had the first
went to Caltech Caltech had the first woman faculty woman professor in physics
woman faculty woman professor in physics
woman faculty woman professor in physics and I was even shocked even more shocked
and I was even shocked even more shocked
and I was even shocked even more shocked later to found out that count Eck did
later to found out that count Eck did
later to found out that count Eck did not have undergraduate women students
not have undergraduate women students
not have undergraduate women students until 1970 the lab I was doing my
until 1970 the lab I was doing my
until 1970 the lab I was doing my research kara log radiation lab
research kara log radiation lab
research kara log radiation lab had a few outstanding talented American
had a few outstanding talented American
had a few outstanding talented American woman physicists at the time what I
woman physicists at the time what I
woman physicists at the time what I noticed that they were very sensitive in
noticed that they were very sensitive in
noticed that they were very sensitive in some time perhaps even a little bit
some time perhaps even a little bit
some time perhaps even a little bit defensive as women in physics which I
defensive as women in physics which I
defensive as women in physics which I didn’t quite understand why initially
didn’t quite understand why initially
didn’t quite understand why initially until one day a fellow graduate student
until one day a fellow graduate student
until one day a fellow graduate student in physics American male student we were
in physics American male student we were
in physics American male student we were friends and he said you know high n I
friends and he said you know high n I
friends and he said you know high n I think in order for me to be accepted by
think in order for me to be accepted by
think in order for me to be accepted by Caltech
Caltech
Caltech I believe my scores must be higher than
I believe my scores must be higher than
I believe my scores must be higher than yours so what he was saying is that you
yours so what he was saying is that you
yours so what he was saying is that you know Caltech most likely lower the
know Caltech most likely lower the
know Caltech most likely lower the standard so that you got him and I knew
standard so that you got him and I knew
standard so that you got him and I knew myself very well so I told him it’s a
myself very well so I told him it’s a
myself very well so I told him it’s a Brian you’re wrong I’m pretty sure my
Brian you’re wrong I’m pretty sure my
Brian you’re wrong I’m pretty sure my scores are higher than yours and I was
scores are higher than yours and I was
scores are higher than yours and I was correct my skull were higher than his so
correct my skull were higher than his so
correct my skull were higher than his so that was my first brief encounter with
that was my first brief encounter with
that was my first brief encounter with the issue of women in physics at Caltech
the issue of women in physics at Caltech
the issue of women in physics at Caltech my major encounter took place at MIT I
my major encounter took place at MIT I
my major encounter took place at MIT I joined physics faculty as a tenure-track
joined physics faculty as a tenure-track
joined physics faculty as a tenure-track assistant professor in 1997 at MIT 1999
assistant professor in 1997 at MIT 1999
assistant professor in 1997 at MIT 1999 a committee released a report on a study
a committee released a report on a study
a committee released a report on a study on the status woman faculty in science
on the status woman faculty in science
on the status woman faculty in science at MIT that report took two committees
at MIT that report took two committees
at MIT that report took two committees several years of work what was the
several years of work what was the
several years of work what was the finding in the report the finding the
finding in the report the finding the
finding in the report the finding the report can be summarized why faculty
report can be summarized why faculty
report can be summarized why faculty member like myself at the time work
member like myself at the time work
member like myself at the time work until the junior faculty member we felt
until the junior faculty member we felt
until the junior faculty member we felt overall we were supported well there was
overall we were supported well there was
overall we were supported well there was no discrimination however at the senior
no discrimination however at the senior
no discrimination however at the senior level for those women who got tenure and
level for those women who got tenure and
level for those women who got tenure and for professors they felt the kind of
for professors they felt the kind of
for professors they felt the kind of discrimination happened along the way
discrimination happened along the way
discrimination happened along the way over the years and you notice that when
over the years and you notice that when
over the years and you notice that when you look at their salary you look at
you look at their salary you look at
you look at their salary you look at their lab space you look at the
their lab space you look at the
their lab space you look at the nomination for awards you look at other
nomination for awards you look at other
nomination for awards you look at other resources compared with their male
resources compared with their male
resources compared with their male colleagues you see a noticeable
colleagues you see a noticeable
colleagues you see a noticeable difference this report
difference this report
difference this report was the first one which really bring
was the first one which really bring
was the first one which really bring this issue to the national stage and was
this issue to the national stage and was
this issue to the national stage and was very very timely and also very
very very timely and also very
very very timely and also very sensational at the time and many
sensational at the time and many
sensational at the time and many universities national labs professional
universities national labs professional
universities national labs professional societies of science science took notice
societies of science science took notice
societies of science science took notice and started to take action a few years
and started to take action a few years
and started to take action a few years later I joined Duke University as a
later I joined Duke University as a
later I joined Duke University as a tenured associate professor around that
tenured associate professor around that
tenured associate professor around that time my department has a very difficult
time my department has a very difficult
time my department has a very difficult issue concerning gender and we were
issue concerning gender and we were
issue concerning gender and we were working very hard try to make the whole
working very hard try to make the whole
working very hard try to make the whole University the whole department more
University the whole department more
University the whole department more inclusive and improved by our climate of
inclusive and improved by our climate of
inclusive and improved by our climate of the whole department as we were working
the whole department as we were working
the whole department as we were working through these very difficult issues I
through these very difficult issues I
through these very difficult issues I was very pleasantly surprised to find
was very pleasantly surprised to find
was very pleasantly surprised to find out that Duke University in 1930s had
out that Duke University in 1930s had
out that Duke University in 1930s had the first woman professor in science and
the first woman professor in science and
the first woman professor in science and she was on the faculty in physics here
she was on the faculty in physics here
she was on the faculty in physics here there is a story in those days as you
there is a story in those days as you
there is a story in those days as you see Duke University is quite young and
see Duke University is quite young and
see Duke University is quite young and the university was changed to his
the university was changed to his
the university was changed to his present name in 1924 so therefore for
present name in 1924 so therefore for
present name in 1924 so therefore for those of us who are building NYU
those of us who are building NYU
those of us who are building NYU Shanghai or to conjoin University we
Shanghai or to conjoin University we
Shanghai or to conjoin University we understand what it meant to build a
understand what it meant to build a
understand what it meant to build a university president view at the time
university president view at the time
university president view at the time was personally involved to recruit high
was personally involved to recruit high
was personally involved to recruit high physics faculty so he wrote a letter to
physics faculty so he wrote a letter to
physics faculty so he wrote a letter to President Milligan the president of
President Milligan the president of
President Milligan the president of Caltech who was a Nobel laureate asking
Caltech who was a Nobel laureate asking
Caltech who was a Nobel laureate asking him whether Duke should high doctors
him whether Duke should high doctors
him whether Duke should high doctors former to its faculty in physics
former to its faculty in physics
former to its faculty in physics Milligan wrote back essentially telling
Milligan wrote back essentially telling
Milligan wrote back essentially telling president view that you should not waste
president view that you should not waste
president view that you should not waste a position on a woman the good news was
a position on a woman the good news was
a position on a woman the good news was president view to now take his advice
president view to now take his advice
president view to now take his advice and the doctors boner
and the doctors boner
and the doctors boner the faculty in 1936 until her retirement
the faculty in 1936 until her retirement
the faculty in 1936 until her retirement in 1966 she was the first woman
in 1966 she was the first woman
in 1966 she was the first woman professor in science at Duke as I
professor in science at Duke as I
professor in science at Duke as I mentioned and because of her being at
mentioned and because of her being at
mentioned and because of her being at Duke she was able to attract she was
Duke she was able to attract she was
Duke she was able to attract she was like a magnet
like a magnet
like a magnet she attract a large number of
she attract a large number of
she attract a large number of international renowned physicist to Duke
international renowned physicist to Duke
international renowned physicist to Duke University so in the 1950 the University
University so in the 1950 the University
University so in the 1950 the University Physics Department was in the same
Physics Department was in the same
Physics Department was in the same league as the physics department at Yale
league as the physics department at Yale
league as the physics department at Yale and MIT Harvard here I like to show you
and MIT Harvard here I like to show you
and MIT Harvard here I like to show you a picture a very historical picture
a picture a very historical picture
a picture a very historical picture everybody recognized Albert Einstein on
everybody recognized Albert Einstein on
everybody recognized Albert Einstein on this picture sitting to the left is dr.
this picture sitting to the left is dr.
this picture sitting to the left is dr. Curtis Palmer and I also want to point
Curtis Palmer and I also want to point
Curtis Palmer and I also want to point out another famous woman physicist Lisa
out another famous woman physicist Lisa
out another famous woman physicist Lisa Meitner and there are several names here
Meitner and there are several names here
Meitner and there are several names here in red and all these are Nobel laureates
in red and all these are Nobel laureates
in red and all these are Nobel laureates and one of them is Otto Hahn now Otto ha
and one of them is Otto Hahn now Otto ha
and one of them is Otto Hahn now Otto ha was awarded Nobel Prize for the same
was awarded Nobel Prize for the same
was awarded Nobel Prize for the same discovery he and Lita Meisner cold mate
discovery he and Lita Meisner cold mate
discovery he and Lita Meisner cold mate but she was not given Nobel Prize and
but she was not given Nobel Prize and
but she was not given Nobel Prize and this was one of the most famous
this was one of the most famous
this was one of the most famous discrimination against women in science
discrimination against women in science
discrimination against women in science in history and I also want to tell you
in history and I also want to tell you
in history and I also want to tell you that before World War Two there were
that before World War Two there were
that before World War Two there were only three women in Germany who actually
only three women in Germany who actually
only three women in Germany who actually obtained habilitation and this is the
obtained habilitation and this is the
obtained habilitation and this is the qualification for you to be able to
qualification for you to be able to
qualification for you to be able to apply for a teaching position in Germany
apply for a teaching position in Germany
apply for a teaching position in Germany at the time only three woman one of them
at the time only three woman one of them
at the time only three woman one of them was leader with a minor and the other
was leader with a minor and the other
was leader with a minor and the other two are hurdles model and Hedwig home
two are hurdles model and Hedwig home
two are hurdles model and Hedwig home and dr. combed after her retirement as a
and dr. combed after her retirement as a
and dr. combed after her retirement as a physics professor at Wellesley she came
physics professor at Wellesley she came
physics professor at Wellesley she came to Cal she came to Duke University and
to Cal she came to Duke University and
to Cal she came to Duke University and worked doing research at Duke University
worked doing research at Duke University
worked doing research at Duke University and to her death in 1964 so you see Duke
and to her death in 1964 so you see Duke
and to her death in 1964 so you see Duke physics had a very glorious history
physics had a very glorious history
physics had a very glorious history associated with women in physics or
associated with women in physics or
associated with women in physics or women in size unfortunately
women in size unfortunately
women in size unfortunately the next woman faculty was hired into
the next woman faculty was hired into
the next woman faculty was hired into the department that took place in 1990s
the department that took place in 1990s
the department that took place in 1990s and after dr. hurt her spawner I was the
and after dr. hurt her spawner I was the
and after dr. hurt her spawner I was the second woman full professor in the
second woman full professor in the
second woman full professor in the department so you smell see the issue
department so you smell see the issue
department so you smell see the issue woman physicist amana is a minority
woman physicist amana is a minority
woman physicist amana is a minority group in us why there are social culture
group in us why there are social culture
group in us why there are social culture views and expectations of women and
views and expectations of women and
views and expectations of women and women’s are expected to take care of the
women’s are expected to take care of the
women’s are expected to take care of the family
family
family take healthy kids and to basically have
take healthy kids and to basically have
take healthy kids and to basically have the kind of responsibility associate
the kind of responsibility associate
the kind of responsibility associate more with their homes and there are also
more with their homes and there are also
more with their homes and there are also the kind of discouragement I was lucky I
the kind of discouragement I was lucky I
the kind of discouragement I was lucky I was encouraged by my teachers by my
was encouraged by my teachers by my
was encouraged by my teachers by my professors by my parents but there are a
professors by my parents but there are a
professors by my parents but there are a lot of young woman who were discouraged
lot of young woman who were discouraged
lot of young woman who were discouraged from studying physics and people some
from studying physics and people some
from studying physics and people some people would tell them that you know
people would tell them that you know
people would tell them that you know boys do better in science engineering
boys do better in science engineering
boys do better in science engineering including the formal Harvard president
including the formal Harvard president
including the formal Harvard president Larry Summers who in famously made a
Larry Summers who in famously made a
Larry Summers who in famously made a statement that the possibility for the
statement that the possibility for the
statement that the possibility for the woman math professor is perhaps men’s
woman math professor is perhaps men’s
woman math professor is perhaps men’s are better at mathematics and woman and
are better at mathematics and woman and
are better at mathematics and woman and one of my colleague at Duke University
one of my colleague at Duke University
one of my colleague at Duke University years ago she was the one who really
years ago she was the one who really
years ago she was the one who really helped me to understand the kind of
helped me to understand the kind of
helped me to understand the kind of obstacle girls needs to overcome to
obstacle girls needs to overcome to
obstacle girls needs to overcome to study physics in high school in us
study physics in high school in us
study physics in high school in us because they were considered not
because they were considered not
because they were considered not attractive or not very cool and there
attractive or not very cool and there
attractive or not very cool and there are also conscious and unconscious bias
are also conscious and unconscious bias
are also conscious and unconscious bias and discrimination against women at
and discrimination against women at
and discrimination against women at workplace their women in order to go
workplace their women in order to go
workplace their women in order to go achieve higher goals they have on
achieve higher goals they have on
achieve higher goals they have on average more obstacles to overcome as a
average more obstacles to overcome as a
average more obstacles to overcome as a minority group your boys quite often is
minority group your boys quite often is
minority group your boys quite often is not hurt
not hurt
not hurt and when it comes to negotiations
and when it comes to negotiations
and when it comes to negotiations somehow woman just do not seem to really
somehow woman just do not seem to really
somehow woman just do not seem to really sing a lot about negotiation or somehow
sing a lot about negotiation or somehow
sing a lot about negotiation or somehow just have a different opinion when it
just have a different opinion when it
just have a different opinion when it comes to negotiation here I can share a
comes to negotiation here I can share a
comes to negotiation here I can share a story when I was being recruited from
story when I was being recruited from
story when I was being recruited from MIT to Duke the Dean at the time had a
MIT to Duke the Dean at the time had a
MIT to Duke the Dean at the time had a meeting with me
meeting with me
meeting with me on my second trip before I decided to
on my second trip before I decided to
on my second trip before I decided to accept the offer he said you know
accept the offer he said you know
accept the offer he said you know everything is up for negotiation
everything is up for negotiation
everything is up for negotiation including your salary I said no no no no
including your salary I said no no no no
including your salary I said no no no no no I don’t negotiate salary why I said
no I don’t negotiate salary why I said
no I don’t negotiate salary why I said that I trust you guys we’ll do the right
that I trust you guys we’ll do the right
that I trust you guys we’ll do the right thing and we tend to trust the
thing and we tend to trust the
thing and we tend to trust the institution we’ll do the rice saying
institution we’ll do the rice saying
institution we’ll do the rice saying based on your qualification based on
based on your qualification based on
based on your qualification based on your contribution to the institution so
your contribution to the institution so
your contribution to the institution so therefore most of the women faculty do
therefore most of the women faculty do
therefore most of the women faculty do not go outside to seek offers and if you
not go outside to seek offers and if you
not go outside to seek offers and if you are very confident assertive when you
are very confident assertive when you
are very confident assertive when you ask for support sometime you are
ask for support sometime you are
ask for support sometime you are considered being too aggressive so over
considered being too aggressive so over
considered being too aggressive so over time you can see why you see the kind of
time you can see why you see the kind of
time you can see why you see the kind of finding in the MIT report in terms of
finding in the MIT report in terms of
finding in the MIT report in terms of difference in salary space Awards
difference in salary space Awards
difference in salary space Awards resources and compared with their male
resources and compared with their male
resources and compared with their male colleagues or counterparts so how do we
colleagues or counterparts so how do we
colleagues or counterparts so how do we improve I think that building awareness
improve I think that building awareness
improve I think that building awareness is extremely important and I mentioned
is extremely important and I mentioned
is extremely important and I mentioned that the MIT report really helped a lot
that the MIT report really helped a lot
that the MIT report really helped a lot to bring this very important issue to
to bring this very important issue to
to bring this very important issue to the forefront American Physical Society
the forefront American Physical Society
the forefront American Physical Society as well as a lot of other science
as well as a lot of other science
as well as a lot of other science professional society really have been
professional society really have been
professional society really have been champing this issue and working very
champing this issue and working very
champing this issue and working very hard and we all are working very hard to
hard and we all are working very hard to
hard and we all are working very hard to on the pipeline and pipeline is
on the pipeline and pipeline is
on the pipeline and pipeline is extremely important remember I said that
extremely important remember I said that
extremely important remember I said that girls were discouraged we would like to
girls were discouraged we would like to
girls were discouraged we would like to have more girls and boys interested in
have more girls and boys interested in
have more girls and boys interested in physics in science and we want to show
physics in science and we want to show
physics in science and we want to show them that physics is cool physicists
them that physics is cool physicists
them that physics is cool physicists physics is fun and physicists are cool
physics is fun and physicists are cool
physics is fun and physicists are cool on one hand is good that you have a
on one hand is good that you have a
on one hand is good that you have a median shoe have a show like Big Bang
median shoe have a show like Big Bang
median shoe have a show like Big Bang Theory right talking about physicists
Theory right talking about physicists
Theory right talking about physicists engineer
engineer
engineer and Caltech but at the same time you
and Caltech but at the same time you
and Caltech but at the same time you know most of physicists have better
know most of physicists have better
know most of physicists have better social skills than Sheldon Cooper and I
social skills than Sheldon Cooper and I
social skills than Sheldon Cooper and I tell people I said look I’m the Caltech
tell people I said look I’m the Caltech
tell people I said look I’m the Caltech trained physicist also and I do not look
trained physicist also and I do not look
trained physicist also and I do not look like Sheldon Cooper I hope you will
like Sheldon Cooper I hope you will
like Sheldon Cooper I hope you will agree and be role models that is so
agree and be role models that is so
agree and be role models that is so important my colleague and I we are both
important my colleague and I we are both
important my colleague and I we are both women physicists I’m a nuclear physicist
women physicists I’m a nuclear physicist
women physicists I’m a nuclear physicist she is a neutrino
she is a neutrino
she is a neutrino particle physicist we would form a group
particle physicist we would form a group
particle physicist we would form a group we would go to some of the rural schools
we would go to some of the rural schools
we would go to some of the rural schools in North Carolina – Sheldon you have to
in North Carolina – Sheldon you have to
in North Carolina – Sheldon you have to Duke professors doing physics they are
Duke professors doing physics they are
Duke professors doing physics they are both woman we brought very fun
both woman we brought very fun
both woman we brought very fun experiment we make ice cream for them
experiment we make ice cream for them
experiment we make ice cream for them using liquid nitrogen and the kids just
using liquid nitrogen and the kids just
using liquid nitrogen and the kids just love it so I think that be being role
love it so I think that be being role
love it so I think that be being role models are very important pipeline is
models are very important pipeline is
models are very important pipeline is important but we also need to prevent
important but we also need to prevent
important but we also need to prevent leaking pipeline so what do I mean by
leaking pipeline so what do I mean by
leaking pipeline so what do I mean by leaping leaking pipeline means that as
leaping leaking pipeline means that as
leaping leaking pipeline means that as the student go into college study
the student go into college study
the student go into college study physics continue on graduate school
physics continue on graduate school
physics continue on graduate school physics and post our and you will find
physics and post our and you will find
physics and post our and you will find that the number or the ratio becomes
that the number or the ratio becomes
that the number or the ratio becomes smaller and smaller at the top and this
smaller and smaller at the top and this
smaller and smaller at the top and this is a very serious issue and largely due
is a very serious issue and largely due
is a very serious issue and largely due to the kind of societal pressure on this
to the kind of societal pressure on this
to the kind of societal pressure on this young woman and this young woman to give
young woman and this young woman to give
young woman and this young woman to give up careers for family and for motherhood
up careers for family and for motherhood
up careers for family and for motherhood so that we need to have better mentoring
so that we need to have better mentoring
so that we need to have better mentoring and support at all stages for women so I
and support at all stages for women so I
and support at all stages for women so I want to say that in the last two decades
want to say that in the last two decades
want to say that in the last two decades also a lot of progress has been made in
also a lot of progress has been made in
also a lot of progress has been made in US and in Europe here I want to share a
US and in Europe here I want to share a
US and in Europe here I want to share a story when I in the 1994 I started to go
story when I in the 1994 I started to go
story when I in the 1994 I started to go to Germany more regularly to work on
to Germany more regularly to work on
to Germany more regularly to work on experiment in Hamburg and I was just
experiment in Hamburg and I was just
experiment in Hamburg and I was just like I was shocked when I first arrived
like I was shocked when I first arrived
like I was shocked when I first arrived in u.s. I was even more shocked when I
in u.s. I was even more shocked when I
in u.s. I was even more shocked when I arrived in Germany because I found out
arrived in Germany because I found out
arrived in Germany because I found out that all the stalls were at the time
that all the stalls were at the time
that all the stalls were at the time were
were
were around 5:00 p.m. and most of the stall
around 5:00 p.m. and most of the stall
around 5:00 p.m. and most of the stall do not open did not open on the weekend
do not open did not open on the weekend
do not open did not open on the weekend I remember once I arrived at the airport
I remember once I arrived at the airport
I remember once I arrived at the airport already after 5:00 p.m. and it was a
already after 5:00 p.m. and it was a
already after 5:00 p.m. and it was a Friday so the whole weekend I lived on
Friday so the whole weekend I lived on
Friday so the whole weekend I lived on the vending machines in the accelerator
the vending machines in the accelerator
the vending machines in the accelerator lab but that was changed very soon
lab but that was changed very soon
lab but that was changed very soon shortly after and also in more recent
shortly after and also in more recent
shortly after and also in more recent years I had been going to generally more
years I had been going to generally more
years I had been going to generally more regularly and I also was very happy to
regularly and I also was very happy to
regularly and I also was very happy to see that Germany and also the entire
see that Germany and also the entire
see that Germany and also the entire European Union country have made a lot
European Union country have made a lot
European Union country have made a lot of progress about women in science in
of progress about women in science in
of progress about women in science in general why because no country can
general why because no country can
general why because no country can afford not using 50 percent of the
afford not using 50 percent of the
afford not using 50 percent of the talents okay coming back to China we all
talents okay coming back to China we all
talents okay coming back to China we all know that China has gone through
know that China has gone through
know that China has gone through enormously amazing rapid economic growth
enormously amazing rapid economic growth
enormously amazing rapid economic growth here being in this area you know that
here being in this area you know that
here being in this area you know that you know what I’m talking about and you
you know what I’m talking about and you
you know what I’m talking about and you see the modern China you also on the
see the modern China you also on the
see the modern China you also on the other hand of course there’s a huge
other hand of course there’s a huge
other hand of course there’s a huge difference between cities and rural
difference between cities and rural
difference between cities and rural areas but to me what was particularly
unsettling such Asian is the kind of
unsettling such Asian is the kind of contrast between physicists women
contrast between physicists women
contrast between physicists women physicists other racial woman physicists
physicists other racial woman physicists
physicists other racial woman physicists among officers compared with my
among officers compared with my
among officers compared with my experience growing up in China this
experience growing up in China this
experience growing up in China this graph shows that women research in
graph shows that women research in
graph shows that women research in Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of
Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of
Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics him down as a function of time
Physics him down as a function of time
Physics him down as a function of time and in fact it continues to come down
and in fact it continues to come down
and in fact it continues to come down because more women researchers well
because more women researchers well
because more women researchers well retire all have retired in recent years
retire all have retired in recent years
retire all have retired in recent years and this is picture also is very
and this is picture also is very
and this is picture also is very reflective of universities and nowadays
reflective of universities and nowadays
reflective of universities and nowadays at all top universities in China in
at all top universities in China in
at all top universities in China in physics very few women especially at the
physics very few women especially at the
physics very few women especially at the highest-ranked which is for professor
highest-ranked which is for professor
highest-ranked which is for professor rec several years ago I was asked to
rec several years ago I was asked to
rec several years ago I was asked to serve on a review committee at a top
serve on a review committee at a top
serve on a review committee at a top physics department in China and the
physics department in China and the
physics department in China and the department head was very proud to show
department head was very proud to show
department head was very proud to show the distinguished panel about their
the distinguished panel about their
the distinguished panel about their accomplishment in recruiting talents
accomplishment in recruiting talents
accomplishment in recruiting talents from overseas about 20 outstanding young
from overseas about 20 outstanding young
from overseas about 20 outstanding young people were recruited in different areas
people were recruited in different areas
people were recruited in different areas of physics and I noticed that none of
of physics and I noticed that none of
of physics and I noticed that none of them is woman so I raised my hand I say
them is woman so I raised my hand I say
them is woman so I raised my hand I say you know did you notice that none of
you know did you notice that none of
you know did you notice that none of them is woman and I know based on
them is woman and I know based on
them is woman and I know based on numbers whether it’s American Physical
numbers whether it’s American Physical
numbers whether it’s American Physical Society number or American Institute of
Society number or American Institute of
Society number or American Institute of Physics number or number from European
Physics number or number from European
Physics number or number from European countries I know there are good number
countries I know there are good number
countries I know there are good number woman very talented women in different
woman very talented women in different
woman very talented women in different kind of views of physics in the areas
kind of views of physics in the areas
kind of views of physics in the areas you’re recording they didn’t even notice
you’re recording they didn’t even notice
you’re recording they didn’t even notice this and I think that that is actually a
this and I think that that is actually a
this and I think that that is actually a very sad situation and this is not
very sad situation and this is not
very sad situation and this is not unique by the way just for physics or
unique by the way just for physics or
unique by the way just for physics or for other science area Laurie Koller
for other science area Laurie Koller
for other science area Laurie Koller recently visited do clean shine
recently visited do clean shine
recently visited do clean shine University
University
University she’s alum of Duke University and she’s
she’s alum of Duke University and she’s
she’s alum of Duke University and she’s the senior vice president for Kohler
the senior vice president for Kohler
the senior vice president for Kohler Company and you guys also use Kona
Company and you guys also use Kona
Company and you guys also use Kona product here and we do also and she
product here and we do also and she
product here and we do also and she showed us data and look at this data and
showed us data and look at this data and
showed us data and look at this data and you see for large corporations companies
you see for large corporations companies
you see for large corporations companies and for women leadership at senior level
and for women leadership at senior level
and for women leadership at senior level CEO or director of board positions you
CEO or director of board positions you
CEO or director of board positions you see the number for both country US and
see the number for both country US and
see the number for both country US and China very low before China it is
China very low before China it is
China very low before China it is particularly low and we also know from
particularly low and we also know from
particularly low and we also know from your friends your family that women are
your friends your family that women are
your friends your family that women are very much discriminate these days in
very much discriminate these days in
very much discriminate these days in finding jobs and lack of support and
finding jobs and lack of support and
finding jobs and lack of support and also lack of respect and workplace and
also lack of respect and workplace and
also lack of respect and workplace and this is actually not a good situation
this is actually not a good situation
this is actually not a good situation and I don’t think China can’t afford not
and I don’t think China can’t afford not
and I don’t think China can’t afford not using 50 percent of talent of human
using 50 percent of talent of human
using 50 percent of talent of human resources
resources
resources and what to do again it’s important to
and what to do again it’s important to
and what to do again it’s important to Butte awareness here I want to share
Butte awareness here I want to share
Butte awareness here I want to share another story just happen actually this
another story just happen actually this
another story just happen actually this week in Wuhan University in Wuhan not in
week in Wuhan University in Wuhan not in
week in Wuhan University in Wuhan not in Wuhan University I was having dinner
Wuhan University I was having dinner
Wuhan University I was having dinner with a colleague who is a physicist and
with a colleague who is a physicist and
with a colleague who is a physicist and we started to talk about women in
we started to talk about women in
we started to talk about women in physics such Asian issue and he was very
physics such Asian issue and he was very
physics such Asian issue and he was very surprised by why I care about this issue
surprised by why I care about this issue
surprised by why I care about this issue so much and so in that conversation it
so much and so in that conversation it
so much and so in that conversation it became very unpleasant because he was
became very unpleasant because he was
became very unpleasant because he was telling me basically that you see you
telling me basically that you see you
telling me basically that you see you and I have difference because you care
and I have difference because you care
and I have difference because you care about this kind of issues I care about
about this kind of issues I care about
about this kind of issues I care about bigger issues and I don’t think that you
bigger issues and I don’t think that you
bigger issues and I don’t think that you know not using 50% of talent of human
know not using 50% of talent of human
know not using 50% of talent of human resources is a small issue and I think
resources is a small issue and I think
resources is a small issue and I think that building awareness is particularly
that building awareness is particularly
that building awareness is particularly important in China and of course what I
important in China and of course what I
important in China and of course what I said early work on the pipelines and
said early work on the pipelines and
said early work on the pipelines and outreach be role models and change
outreach be role models and change
outreach be role models and change buyers and perceptions and prevent leaky
buyers and perceptions and prevent leaky
buyers and perceptions and prevent leaky pipeline which means mentoring and
pipeline which means mentoring and
pipeline which means mentoring and support very important and network is
support very important and network is
support very important and network is also very important and different kind
also very important and different kind
also very important and different kind of programs leadership development
of programs leadership development
of programs leadership development programs for young women interested in
programs for young women interested in
programs for young women interested in science that is very important and
science that is very important and
science that is very important and lastly I want to say women in science
lastly I want to say women in science
lastly I want to say women in science women in physics or gender equality it
women in physics or gender equality it
women in physics or gender equality it is not just an issue for women it is an
is not just an issue for women it is an
is not just an issue for women it is an issue for everybody so I think that
issue for everybody so I think that
issue for everybody so I think that together we can make good things happen
together we can make good things happen
together we can make good things happen and together I think that woman finally
and together I think that woman finally
and together I think that woman finally well hold up half of the sky thank you
well hold up half of the sky thank you
well hold up half of the sky thank you [Applause]
”
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