we are in the middle of a genetic revolution one which will change
revolution one which will change
revolution one which will change everything one which could mean that all
everything one which could mean that all
everything one which could mean that all genetic illness and disease could be not
genetic illness and disease could be not
genetic illness and disease could be not just treated but affordably cured do you
just treated but affordably cured do you
just treated but affordably cured do you know what the number one cause of
know what the number one cause of
know what the number one cause of genetic illnesses its reproduction when
genetic illnesses its reproduction when
genetic illnesses its reproduction when we mate we mutate I’m not very romantic
we mate we mutate I’m not very romantic
we mate we mutate I’m not very romantic in the 1700s farmers tried to take the
in the 1700s farmers tried to take the
in the 1700s farmers tried to take the guesswork out of this gamble by
guesswork out of this gamble by
guesswork out of this gamble by selective breeding this is the beginning
selective breeding this is the beginning
selective breeding this is the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution they
of the Agricultural Revolution they
of the Agricultural Revolution they realized that if you cross large male
realized that if you cross large male
realized that if you cross large male pig with large female pig you would get
pig with large female pig you would get
pig with large female pig you would get a lot more meat for your mate in this
a lot more meat for your mate in this
a lot more meat for your mate in this simple genetic formula of meat squared
simple genetic formula of meat squared
simple genetic formula of meat squared changed everything it was simple and
changed everything it was simple and
changed everything it was simple and this was before they knew about DNA what
this was before they knew about DNA what
this was before they knew about DNA what do we know about DNA and more
do we know about DNA and more
do we know about DNA and more importantly what have we left to find
importantly what have we left to find
importantly what have we left to find out
DNA is the Lego of our legacy with just
DNA is the Lego of our legacy with just a few simple pieces we can make very
a few simple pieces we can make very
a few simple pieces we can make very complex beings and if you think of DNA
complex beings and if you think of DNA
complex beings and if you think of DNA as an alphabet then our genomes are the
as an alphabet then our genomes are the
as an alphabet then our genomes are the language and our genes the words only
language and our genes the words only
language and our genes the words only this alphabet only consists of four
this alphabet only consists of four
this alphabet only consists of four letters a T G and C now it’s not
letters a T G and C now it’s not
letters a T G and C now it’s not surprising that this language is complex
surprising that this language is complex
surprising that this language is complex what is surprising is that in the 14
what is surprising is that in the 14
what is surprising is that in the 14 years since the human genome was
years since the human genome was
years since the human genome was sequenced much of this language has yet
sequenced much of this language has yet
sequenced much of this language has yet to be deciphered
to be deciphered
to be deciphered and that’s because genes like words have
and that’s because genes like words have
and that’s because genes like words have more than one meaning mutations are like
more than one meaning mutations are like
more than one meaning mutations are like spelling mistakes sometimes a spelling
spelling mistakes sometimes a spelling
spelling mistakes sometimes a spelling mistake can make very little difference
mistake can make very little difference
mistake can make very little difference to the meaning of the word other times
to the meaning of the word other times
to the meaning of the word other times it can be catastrophic I’ll give you
it can be catastrophic I’ll give you
it can be catastrophic I’ll give you some examples here is a present thank
some examples here is a present thank
some examples here is a present thank you if we swap the e for the a we get a
you if we swap the e for the a we get a
you if we swap the e for the a we get a very different gift hair is a present
now it’s not always the change of one
now it’s not always the change of one letter which makes the difference you
letter which makes the difference you
letter which makes the difference you can have deletions and you can also have
can have deletions and you can also have
can have deletions and you can also have insertions of letters into the
insertions of letters into the
insertions of letters into the completely wrong place here is a
completely wrong place here is a
completely wrong place here is a president but we can learn from
president but we can learn from
president but we can learn from mutations and previously this was our
mutations and previously this was our
mutations and previously this was our only way of studying disease when a
only way of studying disease when a
only way of studying disease when a mutation occurs in the same people with
mutation occurs in the same people with
mutation occurs in the same people with the same illness and we see the same
the same illness and we see the same
the same illness and we see the same spelling mistake in each of their DNA we
spelling mistake in each of their DNA we
spelling mistake in each of their DNA we can find a cause for that disease but
can find a cause for that disease but
can find a cause for that disease but what about finding a cure previously
what about finding a cure previously
what about finding a cure previously we’ve relied on looking at these
we’ve relied on looking at these
we’ve relied on looking at these patterns in people to find the cure we
patterns in people to find the cure we
patterns in people to find the cure we never really knew what we were going to
never really knew what we were going to
never really knew what we were going to expect until we actually waited for that
expect until we actually waited for that
expect until we actually waited for that to happen now in the 70s scientists
to happen now in the 70s scientists
to happen now in the 70s scientists learned that if you could put one piece
learned that if you could put one piece
learned that if you could put one piece of DNA from one organism into another
of DNA from one organism into another
of DNA from one organism into another this was met with both curiosity for the
this was met with both curiosity for the
this was met with both curiosity for the type of people who cared and concern and
type of people who cared and concern and
type of people who cared and concern and maybe the concern was justified was but
maybe the concern was justified was but
maybe the concern was justified was but so too was the potential for progress
so too was the potential for progress
so too was the potential for progress and in 1974 the world’s for
and in 1974 the world’s for
and in 1974 the world’s for genetically altered mouse was made this
genetically altered mouse was made this
genetically altered mouse was made this revolutionized our way of treating
revolutionized our way of treating
revolutionized our way of treating studying and learning about disease in a
studying and learning about disease in a
studying and learning about disease in a way that we could never do it before him
way that we could never do it before him
way that we could never do it before him in the 1980s the first patent was given
in the 1980s the first patent was given
in the 1980s the first patent was given for a microbe which could eat oil this
for a microbe which could eat oil this
for a microbe which could eat oil this was used to clear up oil spills all over
was used to clear up oil spills all over
was used to clear up oil spills all over the world probably the best use of this
the world probably the best use of this
the world probably the best use of this genetic technology was in our health
genetic technology was in our health
genetic technology was in our health care treatments and many of the
care treatments and many of the
care treatments and many of the treatments that we take for granted
treatments that we take for granted
treatments that we take for granted today are produced by means of
today are produced by means of
today are produced by means of engineered life such as blood clotting
engineered life such as blood clotting
engineered life such as blood clotting factors for people with hemophilia
factors for people with hemophilia
factors for people with hemophilia growth hormones for people with
growth hormones for people with
growth hormones for people with pituitary disorders and even insulin can
pituitary disorders and even insulin can
pituitary disorders and even insulin can be created completely in the lab without
be created completely in the lab without
be created completely in the lab without the need for animal organs it can be
the need for animal organs it can be
the need for animal organs it can be grown in bacteria which work as many
grown in bacteria which work as many
grown in bacteria which work as many production factories bacteria are not as
production factories bacteria are not as
production factories bacteria are not as clever very useful after this we
clever very useful after this we
clever very useful after this we realized that we must learn more and
realized that we must learn more and
realized that we must learn more and after this we began the genetic
after this we began the genetic
after this we began the genetic revolution so genetic engineering was
revolution so genetic engineering was
revolution so genetic engineering was born when we were able to put pieces of
born when we were able to put pieces of
born when we were able to put pieces of DNA from one into organism into the next
DNA from one into organism into the next
DNA from one into organism into the next and the current technologies that we use
and the current technologies that we use
and the current technologies that we use rely on curing by compensation such as
rely on curing by compensation such as
rely on curing by compensation such as giving that insulin to patients with
giving that insulin to patients with
giving that insulin to patients with diabetic
diabetic
diabetic with diabetes who cannot produce it
with diabetes who cannot produce it
with diabetes who cannot produce it themselves or we cure by concealing such
themselves or we cure by concealing such
themselves or we cure by concealing such as giving pain medication to temporarily
as giving pain medication to temporarily
as giving pain medication to temporarily alleviate pain but what about curing by
alleviate pain but what about curing by
alleviate pain but what about curing by correction nowadays we can use methods
correction nowadays we can use methods
correction nowadays we can use methods to harvest the tools that we already
to harvest the tools that we already
to harvest the tools that we already have and use these to better further our
have and use these to better further our
have and use these to better further our understanding of disease in fact most of
understanding of disease in fact most of
understanding of disease in fact most of the drugs that we use nowadays are
the drugs that we use nowadays are
the drugs that we use nowadays are manufactured with the idea that
manufactured with the idea that
manufactured with the idea that everyone’s genetics is the same they
everyone’s genetics is the same they
everyone’s genetics is the same they take no accountability for the fact that
take no accountability for the fact that
take no accountability for the fact that there are genetic differences between
there are genetic differences between
there are genetic differences between ethnicities and people and certainly
ethnicities and people and certainly
ethnicities and people and certainly males and females many drug trials that
males and females many drug trials that
males and females many drug trials that we use at the moment were all tested on
we use at the moment were all tested on
we use at the moment were all tested on Caucasian males aged between 18 and 40
Caucasian males aged between 18 and 40
Caucasian males aged between 18 and 40 even preclinical drug trials are carried
even preclinical drug trials are carried
even preclinical drug trials are carried out on male mice to avoid the Easter
out on male mice to avoid the Easter
out on male mice to avoid the Easter cycle and the hormonal fluctuations in a
cycle and the hormonal fluctuations in a
cycle and the hormonal fluctuations in a female Mouse that means that true
female Mouse that means that true
female Mouse that means that true pharmacological interactions are not
pharmacological interactions are not
pharmacological interactions are not really being accounted for in sometimes
really being accounted for in sometimes
really being accounted for in sometimes over 50% of the population that’s a lot
over 50% of the population that’s a lot
over 50% of the population that’s a lot of pointless prescribing well what if
of pointless prescribing well what if
of pointless prescribing well what if your prescription was personal tailored
your prescription was personal tailored
your prescription was personal tailored to your genetics in fact bacteria do
to your genetics in fact bacteria do
to your genetics in fact bacteria do have a mechanism of tailoring their
have a mechanism of tailoring their
have a mechanism of tailoring their genetics and it’s called their immunity
genetics and it’s called their immunity
genetics and it’s called their immunity why not make our prescriptions
why not make our prescriptions
why not make our prescriptions personalized
personalized
personalized to each of our genomes after all cost of
to each of our genomes after all cost of
to each of our genomes after all cost of genetic sequencing has fallen the
genetic sequencing has fallen the
genetic sequencing has fallen the ability to read every single letter in
ability to read every single letter in
ability to read every single letter in the book that is U has gone from over a
the book that is U has gone from over a
the book that is U has gone from over a million ten years ago to under a
million ten years ago to under a
million ten years ago to under a thousand now and is constantly falling
thousand now and is constantly falling
thousand now and is constantly falling so what about these bacteria who can
so what about these bacteria who can
so what about these bacteria who can edit their own genome well how how they
edit their own genome well how how they
edit their own genome well how how they work is to use it as an immune system so
work is to use it as an immune system so
work is to use it as an immune system so we all recognize that we have an immune
we all recognize that we have an immune
we all recognize that we have an immune system which is which we need to fight
system which is which we need to fight
system which is which we need to fight off bacteria bacteria to need an immune
off bacteria bacteria to need an immune
off bacteria bacteria to need an immune system and how this works is to
system and how this works is to
system and how this works is to recognize invading bacteria cut it up
recognize invading bacteria cut it up
recognize invading bacteria cut it up and insert it into their own pretty
and insert it into their own pretty
and insert it into their own pretty useful CRISPR is the immune system of
useful CRISPR is the immune system of
useful CRISPR is the immune system of bacteria and its acronym
bacteria and its acronym
bacteria and its acronym explains how it works it stands for
explains how it works it stands for
explains how it works it stands for clustered regularly interspaced short
clustered regularly interspaced short
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats okay it doesn’t
palindromic repeats okay it doesn’t
palindromic repeats okay it doesn’t explain it what it does do is it refers
explain it what it does do is it refers
explain it what it does do is it refers to the genetic sequence of bacteria and
to the genetic sequence of bacteria and
to the genetic sequence of bacteria and in these bacteria there were pieces of
in these bacteria there were pieces of
in these bacteria there were pieces of DNA which puzzled scientists because
DNA which puzzled scientists because
DNA which puzzled scientists because they didn’t belong to that bacteria they
they didn’t belong to that bacteria they
they didn’t belong to that bacteria they soon discovered that these in between
soon discovered that these in between
soon discovered that these in between pieces of DNA belonged to other bacteria
pieces of DNA belonged to other bacteria
pieces of DNA belonged to other bacteria and other viruses and what they realized
and other viruses and what they realized
and other viruses and what they realized what these were the chopped-up remains
what these were the chopped-up remains
what these were the chopped-up remains of viruses and bacteria that had
of viruses and bacteria that had
of viruses and bacteria that had previously tried to infect that bacteria
previously tried to infect that bacteria
previously tried to infect that bacteria essentially every interspaced piece
essentially every interspaced piece
essentially every interspaced piece served as a genetic timeline for every
served as a genetic timeline for every
served as a genetic timeline for every infection that that bacteria had fought
infection that that bacteria had fought
infection that that bacteria had fought and won and it’s this fight that’s of
and won and it’s this fight that’s of
and won and it’s this fight that’s of interest to us if we can use this clever
interest to us if we can use this clever
interest to us if we can use this clever immune system to locate a piece of DNA
immune system to locate a piece of DNA
immune system to locate a piece of DNA recognize it cut it and insert it into
recognize it cut it and insert it into
recognize it cut it and insert it into our own and uses are endless
our own and uses are endless
our own and uses are endless now the discovery of CRISPR was far from
now the discovery of CRISPR was far from
now the discovery of CRISPR was far from overnight but its global uptake and
overnight but its global uptake and
overnight but its global uptake and application worm and it’s easy to see
application worm and it’s easy to see
application worm and it’s easy to see why CRISPR is like the smartphone of
why CRISPR is like the smartphone of
why CRISPR is like the smartphone of science if we can use this in the same
science if we can use this in the same
science if we can use this in the same way as smartphones by updating our
way as smartphones by updating our
way as smartphones by updating our technology we can maybe look to cure
technology we can maybe look to cure
technology we can maybe look to cure some diseases many genetic diseases
some diseases many genetic diseases
some diseases many genetic diseases cannot be cured so you might ask why
cannot be cured so you might ask why
cannot be cured so you might ask why should I care about CRISPR what does it
should I care about CRISPR what does it
should I care about CRISPR what does it matter well for the majority of genetic
matter well for the majority of genetic
matter well for the majority of genetic disorders and cancers and diseases there
disorders and cancers and diseases there
disorders and cancers and diseases there is no cure there’s only care many of
is no cure there’s only care many of
is no cure there’s only care many of even if we take single gene disorders
even if we take single gene disorders
even if we take single gene disorders these are the disorders which are caused
these are the disorders which are caused
these are the disorders which are caused due to a mutation in a single gene these
due to a mutation in a single gene these
due to a mutation in a single gene these are the ones which are most likely to be
are the ones which are most likely to be
are the ones which are most likely to be used for this technology or treated
used for this technology or treated
used for this technology or treated there are between five and eight
there are between five and eight
there are between five and eight thousand monogenic or single gene
thousand monogenic or single gene
thousand monogenic or single gene disorders and it’s thought that together
disorders and it’s thought that together
disorders and it’s thought that together they will affect 6% of the population at
they will affect 6% of the population at
they will affect 6% of the population at any time in their lives so even if we
any time in their lives so even if we
any time in their lives so even if we take this so-called rare form of genetic
take this so-called rare form of genetic
take this so-called rare form of genetic disorders these will affect a lot of
disorders these will affect a lot of
disorders these will affect a lot of people if we could begin to understand
people if we could begin to understand
people if we could begin to understand and begin to treat monogenic disorders
and begin to treat monogenic disorders
and begin to treat monogenic disorders are only a small example of the
are only a small example of the
are only a small example of the disorders which could be treated how it
disorders which could be treated how it
disorders which could be treated how it could work is in two ways one is to
could work is in two ways one is to
could work is in two ways one is to treat the person who’s already sick the
treat the person who’s already sick the
treat the person who’s already sick the other is to prevent the illness in the
other is to prevent the illness in the
other is to prevent the illness in the first place now in the first put very
first place now in the first put very
first place now in the first put very simply we could take cells from a person
simply we could take cells from a person
simply we could take cells from a person alter them and fix them and put them
alter them and fix them and put them
alter them and fix them and put them back in that person
back in that person
back in that person doing this is not new gene therapy has
doing this is not new gene therapy has
doing this is not new gene therapy has been attempting to do this for over 30
been attempting to do this for over 30
been attempting to do this for over 30 years and in fact older mechanisms are
years and in fact older mechanisms are
years and in fact older mechanisms are currently being used the first clinical
currently being used the first clinical
currently being used the first clinical trial has begun for treating up type of
trial has begun for treating up type of
trial has begun for treating up type of blood cancer leukemia how it works is to
blood cancer leukemia how it works is to
blood cancer leukemia how it works is to take patients cells
take patients cells
take patients cells process them in the lab and about two
process them in the lab and about two
process them in the lab and about two weeks later at a cost of 10,000 pounds
weeks later at a cost of 10,000 pounds
weeks later at a cost of 10,000 pounds those cells are put back in that patient
those cells are put back in that patient
those cells are put back in that patient and the results are very promising but
and the results are very promising but
and the results are very promising but these cells can only be used for that
these cells can only be used for that
these cells can only be used for that patient CRISPR could change that using
patient CRISPR could change that using
patient CRISPR could change that using CRISPR we could take these cells
CRISPR we could take these cells
CRISPR we could take these cells genetically modify them and they could
genetically modify them and they could
genetically modify them and they could be used for hundreds of patients at a
be used for hundreds of patients at a
be used for hundreds of patients at a fraction of the cost on time but just
fraction of the cost on time but just
fraction of the cost on time but just like a smartphone CRISPR is constantly
like a smartphone CRISPR is constantly
like a smartphone CRISPR is constantly updating in the last year alone we’ve
updating in the last year alone we’ve
updating in the last year alone we’ve found more uses we have refined its
found more uses we have refined its
found more uses we have refined its applicability and made it more precise
applicability and made it more precise
applicability and made it more precise by sequencing the bacterial genomes of
by sequencing the bacterial genomes of
by sequencing the bacterial genomes of many other bacteria before ethics is a
many other bacteria before ethics is a
many other bacteria before ethics is a big problem when it comes to this but we
big problem when it comes to this but we
big problem when it comes to this but we need to improve our technology in order
need to improve our technology in order
need to improve our technology in order to understand the repercussions and
to understand the repercussions and
to understand the repercussions and maybe there could be none maybe they
maybe there could be none maybe they
maybe there could be none maybe they could be only good our understanding of
could be only good our understanding of
could be only good our understanding of genetics is getting better the ability
genetics is getting better the ability
genetics is getting better the ability to sequence is falling and the ability
to sequence is falling and the ability
to sequence is falling and the ability to edit has arrived I’m not here to
to edit has arrived I’m not here to
to edit has arrived I’m not here to discuss the limitations because not
discuss the limitations because not
discuss the limitations because not everyone wants to be better faster
everyone wants to be better faster
everyone wants to be better faster CRISPR is stronger but I want to do is
CRISPR is stronger but I want to do is
CRISPR is stronger but I want to do is put it in context with some of the
put it in context with some of the
put it in context with some of the therapies that we already know and maybe
therapies that we already know and maybe
therapies that we already know and maybe say that what we have is not necessarily
say that what we have is not necessarily
say that what we have is not necessarily good enough and move you beyond caution
good enough and move you beyond caution
good enough and move you beyond caution to curiosity I don’t want to ask you if
to curiosity I don’t want to ask you if
to curiosity I don’t want to ask you if you’re for or against it but not
you’re for or against it but not
you’re for or against it but not necessarily for and certainly not
necessarily for and certainly not
necessarily for and certainly not against it because if healthcare was
against it because if healthcare was
against it because if healthcare was like technology and had regular updates
like technology and had regular updates
like technology and had regular updates would you click ignore or accept
would you click ignore or accept
would you click ignore or accept download I would accept
”
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