[Applause] I’m a neuroscientist and like many
I’m a neuroscientist and like many
I’m a neuroscientist and like many neuroscientists I’m fascinated by memory
neuroscientists I’m fascinated by memory
neuroscientists I’m fascinated by memory this is Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel
this is Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel
this is Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel who is one of the first people to study
who is one of the first people to study
who is one of the first people to study how the brain for his memories and he
how the brain for his memories and he
how the brain for his memories and he liked to think about memory as a kind of
liked to think about memory as a kind of
liked to think about memory as a kind of glue saying the memories the glue that
glue saying the memories the glue that
glue saying the memories the glue that holds our mental life together and that
holds our mental life together and that
holds our mental life together and that without the unifying force of memory our
without the unifying force of memory our
without the unifying force of memory our consciousness would be broken into as
consciousness would be broken into as
consciousness would be broken into as many fragments as there are seconds in
many fragments as there are seconds in
many fragments as there are seconds in the day but despite all of this interest
the day but despite all of this interest
the day but despite all of this interest in memory and the central importance of
in memory and the central importance of
in memory and the central importance of memory for our lives there’s still a lot
memory for our lives there’s still a lot
memory for our lives there’s still a lot of basic things that we don’t really
of basic things that we don’t really
of basic things that we don’t really understand about how memory works in our
understand about how memory works in our
understand about how memory works in our everyday lives so for example if
everyday lives so for example if
everyday lives so for example if memories kind of kind of like a glue how
memories kind of kind of like a glue how
memories kind of kind of like a glue how does that glue work so one possibility
does that glue work so one possibility
does that glue work so one possibility is that our memories work kind of like a
is that our memories work kind of like a
is that our memories work kind of like a video camera where every instant of our
video camera where every instant of our
video camera where every instant of our lives is joined together into a long
lives is joined together into a long
lives is joined together into a long continuous film strip another
continuous film strip another
continuous film strip another possibility is that our brain actually
possibility is that our brain actually
possibility is that our brain actually tries to divide up our day into separate
tries to divide up our day into separate
tries to divide up our day into separate chunks that correspond to different
chunks that correspond to different
chunks that correspond to different events that happen to us during the day
events that happen to us during the day
events that happen to us during the day and it basically individually wraps
and it basically individually wraps
and it basically individually wraps these little packages and that these
these little packages and that these
these little packages and that these individual event chunks are what we
individual event chunks are what we
individual event chunks are what we store interim memories over the past few
store interim memories over the past few
store interim memories over the past few years I’ve been very interested this
years I’ve been very interested this
years I’ve been very interested this question and I’ve started using
question and I’ve started using
question and I’ve started using functional MRI to measure people’s brain
functional MRI to measure people’s brain
functional MRI to measure people’s brain activity while I have them watch movies
activity while I have them watch movies
activity while I have them watch movies and listen to stories I’m going to show
and listen to stories I’m going to show
and listen to stories I’m going to show a quick example here this is average
a quick example here this is average
a quick example here this is average brain activity in response to the
brain activity in response to the
brain activity in response to the beginning of this story and some of you
beginning of this story and some of you
beginning of this story and some of you might recognize the movie this story is
might recognize the movie this story is
might recognize the movie this story is based off of and I’m focusing here on
based off of and I’m focusing here on
based off of and I’m focusing here on this particular brain region which we
this particular brain region which we
this particular brain region which we know is important for building up
know is important for building up
know is important for building up memories and what I’d like you to watch
memories and what I’d like you to watch
memories and what I’d like you to watch and see if you think that brain activity
and see if you think that brain activity
and see if you think that brain activity in this region is just constantly
in this region is just constantly
in this region is just constantly changing all the time or if it looks
changing all the time or if it looks
changing all the time or if it looks like activity in this region is
like activity in this region is
like activity in this region is switching between different patterns as
switching between different patterns as
switching between different patterns as different events happen in the story
different events happen in the story
different events happen in the story vini and mona stumbled bleary-eyed into
vini and mona stumbled bleary-eyed into
vini and mona stumbled bleary-eyed into a dingy looking diner the place was
a dingy looking diner the place was
a dingy looking diner the place was deserted save for a few flies lazily
deserted save for a few flies lazily
deserted save for a few flies lazily circling around the lamps the hostess
circling around the lamps the hostess
circling around the lamps the hostess who was loudly chewing a wad of gum
who was loudly chewing a wad of gum
who was loudly chewing a wad of gum pointed toward the counter
pointed toward the counter
pointed toward the counter their seats at the counter if you want
their seats at the counter if you want
their seats at the counter if you want breakfast thanks said Vinnie and they
breakfast thanks said Vinnie and they
breakfast thanks said Vinnie and they took their seats with the yawn a cook
took their seats with the yawn a cook
took their seats with the yawn a cook wearing the white apron emerged from the
wearing the white apron emerged from the
wearing the white apron emerged from the backroom and slapped a single menu down
backroom and slapped a single menu down
backroom and slapped a single menu down in front of them before silently
in front of them before silently
in front of them before silently returning through the swinging doors
returning through the swinging doors
returning through the swinging doors Mona picked it up and Vinnie looked over
Mona picked it up and Vinnie looked over
Mona picked it up and Vinnie looked over her shoulder on the menu were exactly
her shoulder on the menu were exactly
her shoulder on the menu were exactly three choices breakfast for 199
three choices breakfast for 199
three choices breakfast for 199 lunch for 249 or dinner for 349 Mona
lunch for 249 or dinner for 349 Mona
lunch for 249 or dinner for 349 Mona tilted her head back and forth in
tilted her head back and forth in
tilted her head back and forth in sarcastic ambivalence so breakfast
sarcastic ambivalence so breakfast
sarcastic ambivalence so breakfast you think replied Vinnie stroking his
you think replied Vinnie stroking his
you think replied Vinnie stroking his chin so hoping you could see there is
chin so hoping you could see there is
chin so hoping you could see there is that although brain activity is always
that although brain activity is always
that although brain activity is always kind of Epping and flowing it really
kind of Epping and flowing it really
kind of Epping and flowing it really looks like it is jumping between stable
looks like it is jumping between stable
looks like it is jumping between stable patterns of activity and that these
patterns of activity and that these
patterns of activity and that these jumps occur when there’s a new event in
jumps occur when there’s a new event in
jumps occur when there’s a new event in the story and so we think this is
the story and so we think this is
the story and so we think this is evidence that what’s happening when
evidence that what’s happening when
evidence that what’s happening when we’re trying to build memories is that
we’re trying to build memories is that
we’re trying to build memories is that we’re taking all the information that’s
we’re taking all the information that’s
we’re taking all the information that’s streaming in through our senses and
streaming in through our senses and
streaming in through our senses and trying to build up some stable model
trying to build up some stable model
trying to build up some stable model inside our heads of the current event
inside our heads of the current event
inside our heads of the current event that we’re in in the world and that
that we’re in in the world and that
that we’re in in the world and that these individual events then become our
these individual events then become our
these individual events then become our memories and so my collaborators and I
memories and so my collaborators and I
memories and so my collaborators and I have been studying a number of brain
have been studying a number of brain
have been studying a number of brain regions that we think all work together
regions that we think all work together
regions that we think all work together in order to create these events and then
in order to create these events and then
in order to create these events and then transmit them into long-term memory but
transmit them into long-term memory but
transmit them into long-term memory but we know that this can’t be the whole
we know that this can’t be the whole
we know that this can’t be the whole story because when we’re creating our
story because when we’re creating our
story because when we’re creating our memories we’re not just building them
memories we’re not just building them
memories we’re not just building them from scratch based on what’s currently
from scratch based on what’s currently
from scratch based on what’s currently happening in the world when you heard
happening in the world when you heard
happening in the world when you heard that two characters are going into a
that two characters are going into a
that two characters are going into a diner you can immediately activate all
diner you can immediately activate all
diner you can immediately activate all of this common-sense knowledge that you
of this common-sense knowledge that you
of this common-sense knowledge that you have about what typically happens in
have about what typically happens in
have about what typically happens in diners and restaurants about why they’re
diners and restaurants about why they’re
diners and restaurants about why they’re there and what what they might do next
there and what what they might do next
there and what what they might do next and so in the language of cognitive
and so in the language of cognitive
and so in the language of cognitive psychology we’d say that you’re
psychology we’d say that you’re
psychology we’d say that you’re activating a restaurant script it’s the
activating a restaurant script it’s the
activating a restaurant script it’s the idea is that you have this script about
idea is that you have this script about
idea is that you have this script about what happens at restaurants that you
what happens at restaurants that you
what happens at restaurants that you come in you’re seated with a menu you
come in you’re seated with a menu you
come in you’re seated with a menu you place your order and then finally your
place your order and then finally your
place your order and then finally your food arrives right you have other
food arrives right you have other
food arrives right you have other information too about for example what
information too about for example what
information too about for example what people’s goals are when they go to a
people’s goals are when they go to a
people’s goals are when they go to a restaurant right why might someone go
restaurant right why might someone go
restaurant right why might someone go there you might have information about
there you might have information about
there you might have information about things that can go wrong in this script
things that can go wrong in this script
things that can go wrong in this script like if you try to order something and
like if you try to order something and
like if you try to order something and the restaurant is sold out and so when
the restaurant is sold out and so when
the restaurant is sold out and so when we’re building up these models that
we’re building up these models that
we’re building up these models that become our memories we’re combining
become our memories we’re combining
become our memories we’re combining what’s currently happening in the world
what’s currently happening in the world
what’s currently happening in the world with this whole library of schematic
with this whole library of schematic
with this whole library of schematic information that we have about the way
information that we have about the way
information that we have about the way we think the world works right so you
we think the world works right so you
we think the world works right so you might have scripts
might have scripts
might have scripts not just for restaurants but for what
not just for restaurants but for what
not just for restaurants but for what happens at the doctor what happens at
happens at the doctor what happens at
happens at the doctor what happens at the airport going grocery shopping we
the airport going grocery shopping we
the airport going grocery shopping we have a lot of scripts for what happens a
have a lot of scripts for what happens a
have a lot of scripts for what happens a different type of social interactions
different type of social interactions
different type of social interactions with other people so I was interesting
with other people so I was interesting
with other people so I was interesting and trying to see how the brain stores
and trying to see how the brain stores
and trying to see how the brain stores these scripts and how it activates them
these scripts and how it activates them
these scripts and how it activates them at the right time and so what I’ve been
at the right time and so what I’ve been
at the right time and so what I’ve been doing is showing people stories that all
doing is showing people stories that all
doing is showing people stories that all have some kind of shared schematic
have some kind of shared schematic
have some kind of shared schematic script so for example in one of these
script so for example in one of these
script so for example in one of these experiments we showed people a bunch of
experiments we showed people a bunch of
experiments we showed people a bunch of different movie and and audio clips that
different movie and and audio clips that
different movie and and audio clips that were taken from scenes from restaurants
were taken from scenes from restaurants
were taken from scenes from restaurants and so all these stories are very
and so all these stories are very
and so all these stories are very different the characters are very
different the characters are very
different the characters are very different some are funny and some are
different some are funny and some are
different some are funny and some are serious they’re talking about very
serious they’re talking about very
serious they’re talking about very different things
different things
different things and I was curious to see if there’s any
and I was curious to see if there’s any
and I was curious to see if there’s any parts of the brain that can actually
parts of the brain that can actually
parts of the brain that can actually pick up on this shared restaurant script
pick up on this shared restaurant script
pick up on this shared restaurant script in these very different stories and
in these very different stories and
in these very different stories and again we find that the answer is a
again we find that the answer is a
again we find that the answer is a little complicated and there’s a lot of
little complicated and there’s a lot of
little complicated and there’s a lot of different regions involved but we have a
different regions involved but we have a
different regions involved but we have a number of reasons to think that this
number of reasons to think that this
number of reasons to think that this frontal part of the brain so this is the
frontal part of the brain so this is the
frontal part of the brain so this is the part of the brain right between the
part of the brain right between the
part of the brain right between the behind the middle of your forehead here
behind the middle of your forehead here
behind the middle of your forehead here that we think that this is really
that we think that this is really
that we think that this is really critical for bringing these scripts
critical for bringing these scripts
critical for bringing these scripts online at the right time so just to give
online at the right time so just to give
online at the right time so just to give you a sense for what life would be like
you a sense for what life would be like
you a sense for what life would be like if you didn’t have this part of your
if you didn’t have this part of your
if you didn’t have this part of your brain I’m going to show you guys a clip
brain I’m going to show you guys a clip
brain I’m going to show you guys a clip of something that most of you probably
of something that most of you probably
of something that most of you probably don’t have a good script for this is a
don’t have a good script for this is a
don’t have a good script for this is a clip from the finals of a video game
clip from the finals of a video game
clip from the finals of a video game competition I just like you to try to
competition I just like you to try to
competition I just like you to try to watch this and remember what happens so
watch this and remember what happens so
watch this and remember what happens so you could so that you could tell me what
you could so that you could tell me what
you could so that you could tell me what happened it’s a nice oldie from Bowie
happened it’s a nice oldie from Bowie
happened it’s a nice oldie from Bowie maybe the regeneration of Erica the
maybe the regeneration of Erica the
maybe the regeneration of Erica the agency mode will pump faith’s able to
agency mode will pump faith’s able to
agency mode will pump faith’s able to shackle him forever holding him up they
shackle him forever holding him up they
shackle him forever holding him up they come once for so Hector is a son of
come once for so Hector is a son of
come once for so Hector is a son of Babylon the final copper baby
Babylon the final copper baby
Babylon the final copper baby [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] so assuming that you’re not familiar
so assuming that you’re not familiar
so assuming that you’re not familiar with this videogame that was probably a
with this videogame that was probably a
with this videogame that was probably a pretty baffling experience and you
pretty baffling experience and you
pretty baffling experience and you really couldn’t form a coherent memory
really couldn’t form a coherent memory
really couldn’t form a coherent memory of what happened right you don’t really
of what happened right you don’t really
of what happened right you don’t really have a script for what typically happens
have a script for what typically happens
have a script for what typically happens to this game you don’t have an
to this game you don’t have an
to this game you don’t have an understanding of who the relevant
understanding of who the relevant
understanding of who the relevant characters are and what they’re trying
characters are and what they’re trying
characters are and what they’re trying to do you don’t even really know what
to do you don’t even really know what
to do you don’t even really know what part of the screen you’re supposed to be
part of the screen you’re supposed to be
part of the screen you’re supposed to be looking at to get information and so if
looking at to get information and so if
looking at to get information and so if these scripts are so important how do we
these scripts are so important how do we
these scripts are so important how do we actually get them into our brains and so
actually get them into our brains and so
actually get them into our brains and so one possibility is that we’re directly
one possibility is that we’re directly
one possibility is that we’re directly taught them as kids so there’s this book
taught them as kids so there’s this book
taught them as kids so there’s this book Maisie goes on a plane which I’ve read
Maisie goes on a plane which I’ve read
Maisie goes on a plane which I’ve read many many times with my children
many many times with my children
many many times with my children absolutely nothing happens in this book
absolutely nothing happens in this book
absolutely nothing happens in this book it’s basically just a straight
it’s basically just a straight
it’s basically just a straight description of the airport script right
description of the airport script right
description of the airport script right and the events that happen when you try
and the events that happen when you try
and the events that happen when you try to get on a plane so this is possible
to get on a plane so this is possible
to get on a plane so this is possible but I think by far the more common way
but I think by far the more common way
but I think by far the more common way we learn scripts is simply through
we learn scripts is simply through
we learn scripts is simply through experience right so those commenters
experience right so those commenters
experience right so those commenters that those commentators that were really
that those commentators that were really
that those commentators that were really excited at that doing a video game
excited at that doing a video game
excited at that doing a video game they’ve seen hours and hours and hours
they’ve seen hours and hours and hours
they’ve seen hours and hours and hours of this game they have a very good
of this game they have a very good
of this game they have a very good understanding of what the strategies are
understanding of what the strategies are
understanding of what the strategies are and what people are trying to do so what
and what people are trying to do so what
and what people are trying to do so what this tells us is that there’s actually a
this tells us is that there’s actually a
this tells us is that there’s actually a loop in this system that not only are we
loop in this system that not only are we
loop in this system that not only are we using these scripts to build our
using these scripts to build our
using these scripts to build our memories but over time we’re trying to
memories but over time we’re trying to
memories but over time we’re trying to look for commonalities across different
look for commonalities across different
look for commonalities across different memories to try to extract this script
memories to try to extract this script
memories to try to extract this script structure to improve our script library
structure to improve our script library
structure to improve our script library and to add new items to it another
and to add new items to it another
and to add new items to it another interesting thing to note is that this
interesting thing to note is that this
interesting thing to note is that this part of the brain that we think is
part of the brain that we think is
part of the brain that we think is critical for activating these scripts
critical for activating these scripts
critical for activating these scripts overlaps pretty strongly with the part
overlaps pretty strongly with the part
overlaps pretty strongly with the part of the brain that grows the most over
of the brain that grows the most over
of the brain that grows the most over the first 10 years of life right so what
the first 10 years of life right so what
the first 10 years of life right so what this suggests is that it takes us a very
this suggests is that it takes us a very
this suggests is that it takes us a very very long time to accumulate these
very long time to accumulate these
very long time to accumulate these scripts so here’s my older son his first
scripts so here’s my older son his first
scripts so here’s my older son his first time at a restaurant or one of his first
time at a restaurant or one of his first
time at a restaurant or one of his first times right and we first time we’re in a
times right and we first time we’re in a
times right and we first time we’re in a restaurant we have no idea what we’re
restaurant we have no idea what we’re
restaurant we have no idea what we’re supposed to be doing or what to expect
supposed to be doing or what to expect
supposed to be doing or what to expect and it takes us many many times at a
and it takes us many many times at a
and it takes us many many times at a restaurant to actually understand what
restaurant to actually understand what
restaurant to actually understand what are the sort of common pieces that
are the sort of common pieces that
are the sort of common pieces that always happened what are the things that
always happened what are the things that
always happened what are the things that sometimes happen and so as we’re
sometimes happen and so as we’re
sometimes happen and so as we’re learning more and more about the world
learning more and more about the world
learning more and more about the world we’re not just getting better
we’re not just getting better
we’re not just getting better understanding what’s happening we’re
understanding what’s happening we’re
understanding what’s happening we’re also getting better at remembering right
also getting better at remembering right
also getting better at remembering right and so being able to remember things
and so being able to remember things
and so being able to remember things well is actually not something that
well is actually not something that
well is actually not something that we’re born with we need to learn how to
we’re born with we need to learn how to
we’re born with we need to learn how to remember now I’m leaving out a lot of
remember now I’m leaving out a lot of
remember now I’m leaving out a lot of details here and there’s a lot of thing
details here and there’s a lot of thing
details here and there’s a lot of thing we don’t really understand so for
we don’t really understand so for
we don’t really understand so for example we don’t really understand
example we don’t really understand
example we don’t really understand exactly what information is in these
exactly what information is in these
exactly what information is in these scripts and what information
scripts and what information
scripts and what information specifically gets stored in our memories
specifically gets stored in our memories
specifically gets stored in our memories and there’s even a bigger question here
and there’s even a bigger question here
and there’s even a bigger question here about how do we actually represent this
about how do we actually represent this
about how do we actually represent this kind of knowledge in the hardware of the
kind of knowledge in the hardware of the
kind of knowledge in the hardware of the brain right how can we use connections
brain right how can we use connections
brain right how can we use connections between neurons to try to represent this
between neurons to try to represent this
between neurons to try to represent this information and so these questions will
information and so these questions will
information and so these questions will keep me and many other neuroscientists
keep me and many other neuroscientists
keep me and many other neuroscientists busy for a long time so I’ve been
busy for a long time so I’ve been
busy for a long time so I’ve been talking a lot about the importance of
talking a lot about the importance of
talking a lot about the importance of these scripts and why we need them but
these scripts and why we need them but
these scripts and why we need them but I’d like to just end on a more
I’d like to just end on a more
I’d like to just end on a more cautionary note about the dangers of
cautionary note about the dangers of
cautionary note about the dangers of these scripts so there’s a classic study
these scripts so there’s a classic study
these scripts so there’s a classic study in cognitive psychology from decades ago
in cognitive psychology from decades ago
in cognitive psychology from decades ago where they basically brought people in
where they basically brought people in
where they basically brought people in and asked them to try to read and
and asked them to try to read and
and asked them to try to read and remember some stories and here’s one of
remember some stories and here’s one of
remember some stories and here’s one of the stories just read the very beginning
the stories just read the very beginning
the stories just read the very beginning here that rocky got slowly got up from
here that rocky got slowly got up from
here that rocky got slowly got up from the mat planning his escape he hesitated
the mat planning his escape he hesitated
the mat planning his escape he hesitated a moment and thought things were not
a moment and thought things were not
a moment and thought things were not going well well bothered and most is
going well well bothered and most is
going well well bothered and most is being held especially since the charge
being held especially since the charge
being held especially since the charge against him had been weak he considered
against him had been weak he considered
against him had been weak he considered his present situation the lock that held
his present situation the lock that held
his present situation the lock that held him was strong but he thought he could
him was strong but he thought he could
him was strong but he thought he could break it he knew however that his timing
break it he knew however that his timing
break it he knew however that his timing would have to be perfect so most people
would have to be perfect so most people
would have to be perfect so most people when they read the story they activate a
when they read the story they activate a
when they read the story they activate a script that this is about someone trying
script that this is about someone trying
script that this is about someone trying to break out of prison and when you ask
to break out of prison and when you ask
to break out of prison and when you ask them later what did you read they’ll say
them later what did you read they’ll say
them later what did you read they’ll say things like rocky was mad because he had
things like rocky was mad because he had
things like rocky was mad because he had been arrested but if you give this story
been arrested but if you give this story
been arrested but if you give this story to a different group of people that are
to a different group of people that are
to a different group of people that are wrestling fans they actually activate a
wrestling fans they actually activate a
wrestling fans they actually activate a different script and they’ll tell you
different script and they’ll tell you
different script and they’ll tell you this story was about someone trying to
this story was about someone trying to
this story was about someone trying to escape a headlock right and the story
escape a headlock right and the story
escape a headlock right and the story was specifically constructed so that
was specifically constructed so that
was specifically constructed so that either of these interpretations could
either of these interpretations could
either of these interpretations could make sense right and so maybe these two
make sense right and so maybe these two
make sense right and so maybe these two people had the same exact experience and
people had the same exact experience and
people had the same exact experience and walked away with totally different
walked away with totally different
walked away with totally different memories of what they had just read and
memories of what they had just read and
memories of what they had just read and so this tells us a few things first of
so this tells us a few things first of
so this tells us a few things first of all it tells us that our memories are
all it tells us that our memories are
all it tells us that our memories are not quite as infallible as we often
not quite as infallible as we often
not quite as infallible as we often think right that our memories are built
think right that our memories are built
think right that our memories are built not only from what’s happening in the
not only from what’s happening in the
not only from what’s happening in the world but also from our personal scripts
world but also from our personal scripts
world but also from our personal scripts on our beliefs about the way that the
on our beliefs about the way that the
on our beliefs about the way that the world works and it also tells us that
world works and it also tells us that
world works and it also tells us that these scripts can reinforce themselves
these scripts can reinforce themselves
these scripts can reinforce themselves over time remember there’s this loop
over time remember there’s this loop
over time remember there’s this loop where we use our scripts to build our
where we use our scripts to build our
where we use our scripts to build our memories and our memories to enforce our
memories and our memories to enforce our
memories and our memories to enforce our scripts and so when the world is vague
scripts and so when the world is vague
scripts and so when the world is vague or uncertain two different people can
or uncertain two different people can
or uncertain two different people can come with their own personal scripts and
come with their own personal scripts and
come with their own personal scripts and both walk away convinced that their
both walk away convinced that their
both walk away convinced that their beliefs about the world have been
beliefs about the world have been
beliefs about the world have been confirmed right and they’ll be even more
confirmed right and they’ll be even more
confirmed right and they’ll be even more likely to apply those scripts next time
likely to apply those scripts next time
likely to apply those scripts next time so this is a hard problem to get around
so this is a hard problem to get around
so this is a hard problem to get around like I said
like I said
like I said we need this kind of scripts we need to
we need this kind of scripts we need to
we need this kind of scripts we need to use our prior knowledge about the world
use our prior knowledge about the world
use our prior knowledge about the world to understand what’s going on but
to understand what’s going on but
to understand what’s going on but thinking about our memory system in this
thinking about our memory system in this
thinking about our memory system in this way I think does give us a few ideas so
way I think does give us a few ideas so
way I think does give us a few ideas so first of all it tells us to be
first of all it tells us to be
first of all it tells us to be open-minded about our own memories right
open-minded about our own memories right
open-minded about our own memories right to realize that our memories do reflect
to realize that our memories do reflect
to realize that our memories do reflect what really happened but are also
what really happened but are also
what really happened but are also heavily colored by our own intuitions
heavily colored by our own intuitions
heavily colored by our own intuitions about the way that we expect the world
about the way that we expect the world
about the way that we expect the world should work and finally it tells us that
should work and finally it tells us that
should work and finally it tells us that we should critically reflect on the
we should critically reflect on the
we should critically reflect on the scripts that we have and challenge
scripts that we have and challenge
scripts that we have and challenge others to reflect about the scripts that
others to reflect about the scripts that
others to reflect about the scripts that they’re using and this is especially
they’re using and this is especially
they’re using and this is especially important for young people that the
important for young people that the
important for young people that the scripts that you choose to activate now
scripts that you choose to activate now
scripts that you choose to activate now are going to change the way that you
are going to change the way that you
are going to change the way that you remember the rest of your life thank you
remember the rest of your life thank you
remember the rest of your life thank you [Applause]
”
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