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American Politics & its Tradition of Liberal Democracy | James Kloppenberg | TEDxHarvardCollegeSalon


for introducing me and for inviting me

for introducing me and for inviting me to speak thank you all for taking the

to speak thank you all for taking the

to speak thank you all for taking the time out of this virtual Sunday to talk

time out of this virtual Sunday to talk

time out of this virtual Sunday to talk about such a grim topic as the new

about such a grim topic as the new

about such a grim topic as the new reality that we find ourselves facing

reality that we find ourselves facing

reality that we find ourselves facing I’ve been doing a fair amount of poetry

I’ve been doing a fair amount of poetry

I’ve been doing a fair amount of poetry in recent years because they were a

in recent years because they were a

in recent years because they were a little book on Barack Obama that led to

little book on Barack Obama that led to

little book on Barack Obama that led to a fair number of op-eds and Ira not be

a fair number of op-eds and Ira not be

a fair number of op-eds and Ira not be headed for the Washington Post after the

headed for the Washington Post after the

headed for the Washington Post after the trunk inauguration I was astonished at

trunk inauguration I was astonished at

trunk inauguration I was astonished at how many hundreds of responses there

how many hundreds of responses there

how many hundreds of responses there were two that bull Abed and now i know

were two that bull Abed and now i know

were two that bull Abed and now i know from buyer that most of them were

from buyer that most of them were

from buyer that most of them were probably not persons not responding i

probably not persons not responding i

probably not persons not responding i wouldn’t comfortable level of

wouldn’t comfortable level of

wouldn’t comfortable level of intelligence that was to show what i

intelligence that was to show what i

intelligence that was to show what i would like to do today actually those

would like to do today actually those

would like to do today actually those not to talk so much about our current

not to talk so much about our current

not to talk so much about our current going to go a little bit to talk about

going to go a little bit to talk about

going to go a little bit to talk about the president but to try to place it in

the president but to try to place it in

the president but to try to place it in a longer historical context i should say

a longer historical context i should say

a longer historical context i should say first place I didn’t know this

first place I didn’t know this

first place I didn’t know this photograph was in the public domain when

photograph was in the public domain when

photograph was in the public domain when the Obama book gave out the photographer

the Obama book gave out the photographer

the Obama book gave out the photographer took a whole bunch of photos of me this

took a whole bunch of photos of me this

took a whole bunch of photos of me this was one of my least favorites but I

was one of my least favorites but I

was one of my least favorites but I guess maybe I’m looking toward democracy

guess maybe I’m looking toward democracy

guess maybe I’m looking toward democracy they’re not a moment when they look

they’re not a moment when they look

they’re not a moment when they look right now this book our democracy is a

right now this book our democracy is a

right now this book our democracy is a 900-page monster obviously I’m not gonna

900-page monster obviously I’m not gonna

900-page monster obviously I’m not gonna be able to go through much of it but I

be able to go through much of it but I

be able to go through much of it but I want to give you the bare bones of the

want to give you the bare bones of the

want to give you the bare bones of the argument about what I think a democracy

argument about what I think a democracy

argument about what I think a democracy requires it’s a book that starts in the

requires it’s a book that starts in the

requires it’s a book that starts in the ancient world and carries forward into

ancient world and carries forward into

ancient world and carries forward into the 20th century and drawing from that

the 20th century and drawing from that

the 20th century and drawing from that the principles that a fully realized

the principles that a fully realized

the principles that a fully realized democracy would show you get an outline

democracy would show you get an outline

democracy would show you get an outline of where I think the United States has

of where I think the United States has

of where I think the United States has been heading ever since the 1760s and I

been heading ever since the 1760s and I

been heading ever since the 1760s and I then you get a sense of the reasons why

then you get a sense of the reasons why

then you get a sense of the reasons why we have reason to worry that we’re now

we have reason to worry that we’re now

we have reason to worry that we’re now moving away from democracy rather than

moving away from democracy rather than

moving away from democracy rather than toward democracy so those

toward democracy so those

toward democracy so those characteristics of a democracy are of

characteristics of a democracy are of

characteristics of a democracy are of three kinds institutions principles and

three kinds institutions principles and

three kinds institutions principles and what I think requires a little bit of

what I think requires a little bit of

what I think requires a little bit of attention because it is too seldom

attention because it is too seldom

attention because it is too seldom recognized as part of democracy the

recognized as part of democracy the

recognized as part of democracy the underlying cultural predispositions are

underlying cultural predispositions are

underlying cultural predispositions are the pillars on which democracy rests the

the pillars on which democracy rests the

the pillars on which democracy rests the institutions are familiar to all

institutions are familiar to all

institutions are familiar to all constitutional government with rule of

constitutional government with rule of

constitutional government with rule of law elected officials free and fair

law elected officials free and fair

law elected officials free and fair elections and just mentioning those few

elections and just mentioning those few

elections and just mentioning those few characteristics those institutions

characteristics those institutions

characteristics those institutions suggest to us good thrust of don’t Trump

suggest to us good thrust of don’t Trump

suggest to us good thrust of don’t Trump of this candidate and as president it

of this candidate and as president it

of this candidate and as president it was clear during the debates that he was

was clear during the debates that he was

was clear during the debates that he was a man who did not understand the

a man who did not understand the

a man who did not understand the Constitution perhaps had never read the

Constitution perhaps had never read the

Constitution perhaps had never read the Constitution what I like to say in

Constitution what I like to say in

Constitution what I like to say in advance of his election was he may not

advance of his election was he may not

advance of his election was he may not understand the Constitution but the

understand the Constitution but the

understand the Constitution but the Constitution understands him and the

Constitution understands him and the

Constitution understands him and the independent judiciary the guarantees

independent judiciary the guarantees

independent judiciary the guarantees that are provided by the separation of

that are provided by the separation of

that are provided by the separation of powers in government all suggest that

powers in government all suggest that

powers in government all suggest that even though he said he would only

even though he said he would only

even though he said he would only respect the results of the election if

respect the results of the election if

respect the results of the election if he won the Constitution actually ensures

he won the Constitution actually ensures

he won the Constitution actually ensures that government official

that government official

that government official are required to obey the law whether

are required to obey the law whether

are required to obey the law whether they would like to or not the principles

they would like to or not the principles

they would like to or not the principles are ideals toward which democracy points

are ideals toward which democracy points

are ideals toward which democracy points I think are fairly familiar to us

I think are fairly familiar to us

I think are fairly familiar to us popular sovereignty the idea that all

popular sovereignty the idea that all

popular sovereignty the idea that all authority is vested in the people and

authority is vested in the people and

authority is vested in the people and derives from the people the idea of

derives from the people the idea of

derives from the people the idea of autonomy which I prefer to the idea of

autonomy which I prefer to the idea of

autonomy which I prefer to the idea of Liberty because it’s not free to do

Liberty because it’s not free to do

Liberty because it’s not free to do whatever the hell you feel like doing

whatever the hell you feel like doing

whatever the hell you feel like doing it’s the freedom to obey the law freedom

it’s the freedom to obey the law freedom

it’s the freedom to obey the law freedom to internalize the restraints that are

to internalize the restraints that are

to internalize the restraints that are necessary in any government of laws and

necessary in any government of laws and

necessary in any government of laws and finally equality of the United States

finally equality of the United States

finally equality of the United States has grown very long road from the world

has grown very long road from the world

has grown very long road from the world of white male supremacy to more

of white male supremacy to more

of white male supremacy to more inclusive ideal and what we’ve seen

inclusive ideal and what we’ve seen

inclusive ideal and what we’ve seen already in the first two weeks of the

already in the first two weeks of the

already in the first two weeks of the trump presidency is that he would like

trump presidency is that he would like

trump presidency is that he would like to see us move back in the direction of

to see us move back in the direction of

to see us move back in the direction of a different kind of understanding of

a different kind of understanding of

a different kind of understanding of equality that some people are more

equality that some people are more

equality that some people are more people than others the underlying

people than others the underlying

people than others the underlying predispositions that I think that

predispositions that I think that

predispositions that I think that democracy requires are deliberating that

democracy requires are deliberating that

democracy requires are deliberating that you reach conclusions as a result of

you reach conclusions as a result of

you reach conclusions as a result of consider in different points of view

consider in different points of view

consider in different points of view rather than simply declaring what the

rather than simply declaring what the

rather than simply declaring what the truth is in an authoritarian manner

truth is in an authoritarian manner

truth is in an authoritarian manner pluralism the understanding that

pluralism the understanding that

pluralism the understanding that difference is not something to be

difference is not something to be

difference is not something to be shunned but as Jason just said something

shunned but as Jason just said something

shunned but as Jason just said something to be welcomed and finally what I call

to be welcomed and finally what I call

to be welcomed and finally what I call the ethic of reciprocity which is not

the ethic of reciprocity which is not

the ethic of reciprocity which is not only the willingness to accept the

only the willingness to accept the

only the willingness to accept the consequences of an election even if your

consequences of an election even if your

consequences of an election even if your worst enemy is elected but it’s a

worst enemy is elected but it’s a

worst enemy is elected but it’s a willingness to see things from the other

willingness to see things from the other

willingness to see things from the other person’s point of view and understand

person’s point of view and understand

person’s point of view and understand that a democracy only functions is

that a democracy only functions is

that a democracy only functions is people who disagree with each other are

people who disagree with each other are

people who disagree with each other are able to come together and find a shared

able to come together and find a shared

able to come together and find a shared resolution of their problems part what

resolution of their problems part what

resolution of their problems part what is fascinating and troubling about the

is fascinating and troubling about the

is fascinating and troubling about the election velcro to the presidency is the

election velcro to the presidency is the

election velcro to the presidency is the extent to which he is mentally the

extent to which he is mentally the

extent to which he is mentally the polar opposite of Barack Obama and park

polar opposite of Barack Obama and park

polar opposite of Barack Obama and park was fascinating to me and the reason I

was fascinating to me and the reason I

was fascinating to me and the reason I wrote the little book called reading

wrote the little book called reading

wrote the little book called reading Obama was that he struck me as the first

Obama was that he struck me as the first

Obama was that he struck me as the first president elected to the United States

president elected to the United States

president elected to the United States who was actually a product of a

who was actually a product of a

who was actually a product of a revolution in American history from

revolution in American history from

revolution in American history from World War two until his election not

World War two until his election not

World War two until his election not only was he the product of an African

only was he the product of an African

only was he the product of an African father and white us-born mother who grew

father and white us-born mother who grew

father and white us-born mother who grew up in Indonesia and Hawaii who went to

up in Indonesia and Hawaii who went to

up in Indonesia and Hawaii who went to college in California and in New York

college in California and in New York

college in California and in New York then law school here and became a

then law school here and became a

then law school here and became a senator from Illinois not only did he

senator from Illinois not only did he

senator from Illinois not only did he embodied all those different cultures he

embodied all those different cultures he

embodied all those different cultures he was also educated at a time and in a

was also educated at a time and in a

was also educated at a time and in a place where he was exposed to

place where he was exposed to

place where he was exposed to revolutionary new ideas about how we

revolutionary new ideas about how we

revolutionary new ideas about how we know this was a period when the American

know this was a period when the American

know this was a period when the American Academy as all of you know was moving

Academy as all of you know was moving

Academy as all of you know was moving away from a confidence that there is a

away from a confidence that there is a

away from a confidence that there is a foundational unchanging universal truth

foundational unchanging universal truth

foundational unchanging universal truth that lies beneath human knowledge and

that lies beneath human knowledge and

that lies beneath human knowledge and moving instead to the realization that

moving instead to the realization that

moving instead to the realization that all truths are partial they’re all

all truths are partial they’re all

all truths are partial they’re all respectable they’re all historical and

respectable they’re all historical and

respectable they’re all historical and they’re all particular two cultures he’s

they’re all particular two cultures he’s

they’re all particular two cultures he’s the son of a social anthropologist so

the son of a social anthropologist so

the son of a social anthropologist so the ideas of a cultural anthropologist

the ideas of a cultural anthropologist

the ideas of a cultural anthropologist like Clifford Gertz are second nature to

like Clifford Gertz are second nature to

like Clifford Gertz are second nature to Barack Obama he’s from two very

Barack Obama he’s from two very

Barack Obama he’s from two very different families he’s lived in very

different families he’s lived in very

different families he’s lived in very different parts of the world so the

different parts of the world so the

different parts of the world so the notion of human difference differences

notion of human difference differences

notion of human difference differences of religion

of religion

of religion differences of culture our differences

differences of culture our differences

differences of culture our differences he simply took for granted growing up he

he simply took for granted growing up he

he simply took for granted growing up he also is educated here at the harvard law

also is educated here at the harvard law

also is educated here at the harvard law school at a time when the law school is

school at a time when the law school is

school at a time when the law school is written by confluence of all sorts

written by confluence of all sorts

written by confluence of all sorts critical race theory feminist the

critical race theory feminist the

critical race theory feminist the jurisprudence law economics critical

jurisprudence law economics critical

jurisprudence law economics critical legal status the notion that there is an

legal status the notion that there is an

legal status the notion that there is an unchanged meaning to the united states

unchanged meaning to the united states

unchanged meaning to the united states constitution is an idea that is foreign

constitution is an idea that is foreign

constitution is an idea that is foreign to everyone why like it encounters at

to everyone why like it encounters at

to everyone why like it encounters at the harvard law school that’s foreign to

the harvard law school that’s foreign to

the harvard law school that’s foreign to his way of thinking about the law he

his way of thinking about the law he

his way of thinking about the law he describes the law as a nation arguing

describes the law as a nation arguing

describes the law as a nation arguing with its conscience to think is a

with its conscience to think is a

with its conscience to think is a wonderful phrase and it suggests his

wonderful phrase and it suggests his

wonderful phrase and it suggests his understanding that our interpretations

understanding that our interpretations

understanding that our interpretations of the united states constitution have

of the united states constitution have

of the united states constitution have changed over time as our nation has

changed over time as our nation has

changed over time as our nation has changed over time but for all those

changed over time but for all those

changed over time but for all those reasons obama was a terrible threat to

reasons obama was a terrible threat to

reasons obama was a terrible threat to Americans who believe that there are

Americans who believe that there are

Americans who believe that there are unchanging principles that America is a

unchanging principles that America is a

unchanging principles that America is a nation of white Christian Protestants

nation of white Christian Protestants

nation of white Christian Protestants who do what the males in the family say

who do what the males in the family say

who do what the males in the family say they should do so he embodied precisely

they should do so he embodied precisely

they should do so he embodied precisely the challenges that so many Americans

the challenges that so many Americans

the challenges that so many Americans found threatening and the fact that our

found threatening and the fact that our

found threatening and the fact that our current president entered political life

current president entered political life

current president entered political life with the birther controversy conjuring

with the birther controversy conjuring

with the birther controversy conjuring up a controversy where none existed by

up a controversy where none existed by

up a controversy where none existed by challenging legitimacy of this very

challenging legitimacy of this very

challenging legitimacy of this very strange and foreign figure to be not

strange and foreign figure to be not

strange and foreign figure to be not just

just

just the United States Presidents but given

the United States Presidents but given

the United States Presidents but given the United States citizen part what

the United States citizen part what

the United States citizen part what fascinated me about Obama is not only

fascinated me about Obama is not only

fascinated me about Obama is not only his first book which is a wonderful man

his first book which is a wonderful man

his first book which is a wonderful man Warren if you’ve not read read and I

Warren if you’ve not read read and I

Warren if you’ve not read read and I reckon recommended to you with

reckon recommended to you with

reckon recommended to you with enthusiasm but his second book The

enthusiasm but his second book The

enthusiasm but his second book The Audacity of Hope which includes a kind

Audacity of Hope which includes a kind

Audacity of Hope which includes a kind of history of the United States as Obama

of history of the United States as Obama

of history of the United States as Obama understands although he realized that

understands although he realized that

understands although he realized that there were certain moments when

there were certain moments when

there were certain moments when compromise was not possible the end of

compromise was not possible the end of

compromise was not possible the end of slavery is perhaps the classic example

slavery is perhaps the classic example

slavery is perhaps the classic example of that most of the time America has

of that most of the time America has

of that most of the time America has made progress by finding ways to bring

made progress by finding ways to bring

made progress by finding ways to bring together people who thought they had

together people who thought they had

together people who thought they had nothing in common so he first enters the

nothing in common so he first enters the

nothing in common so he first enters the national stage at the democratic

national stage at the democratic

national stage at the democratic national convention in 2004 with that

national convention in 2004 with that

national convention in 2004 with that memorable speech in which he says there

memorable speech in which he says there

memorable speech in which he says there is no red America and blue America

is no red America and blue America

is no red America and blue America there’s a United States of America and

there’s a United States of America and

there’s a United States of America and his entire presidency was premise on the

his entire presidency was premise on the

his entire presidency was premise on the possibility that these very Greek

possibility that these very Greek

possibility that these very Greek Divine’s couldn’t bridge and that

Divine’s couldn’t bridge and that

Divine’s couldn’t bridge and that Americans could be brought together

Americans could be brought together

Americans could be brought together little did he know that he would be

little did he know that he would be

little did he know that he would be elected at a time when the Republican

elected at a time when the Republican

elected at a time when the Republican Congress declared that they would do no

Congress declared that they would do no

Congress declared that they would do no business with him and that they would

business with him and that they would

business with him and that they would find no compromises by if they were

find no compromises by if they were

find no compromises by if they were proposed by him and his party what I’d

proposed by him and his party what I’d

proposed by him and his party what I’d like to do for the rest of the time

like to do for the rest of the time

like to do for the rest of the time today is trying to set this moment

today is trying to set this moment

today is trying to set this moment Obama’s moments and Trump’s moments in a

Obama’s moments and Trump’s moments in a

Obama’s moments and Trump’s moments in a loaner historical framework by talking

loaner historical framework by talking

loaner historical framework by talking about four moments in American history

about four moments in American history

about four moments in American history from the 1760s up to our own day I think

from the 1760s up to our own day I think

from the 1760s up to our own day I think they suggest that there has been a kind

they suggest that there has been a kind

they suggest that there has been a kind of dynamic movement back and forth

of dynamic movement back and forth

of dynamic movement back and forth between moments when compromises

between moments when compromises

between moments when compromises impossible and moments when it vanished

impossible and moments when it vanished

impossible and moments when it vanished so the first of these moments would be

so the first of these moments would be

so the first of these moments would be from the 1760s roughly to the 1830s the

from the 1760s roughly to the 1830s the

from the 1760s roughly to the 1830s the superior founding when ideas from

superior founding when ideas from

superior founding when ideas from religion from ethics from political

religion from ethics from political

religion from ethics from political theory come together when you have civic

theory come together when you have civic

theory come together when you have civic Republican ideas of the common good you

Republican ideas of the common good you

Republican ideas of the common good you have notions of personal responsibility

have notions of personal responsibility

have notions of personal responsibility and you have notions of ruts that Jason

and you have notions of ruts that Jason

and you have notions of ruts that Jason mentioned all coming together in these

mentioned all coming together in these

mentioned all coming together in these founding documents this is a moment that

founding documents this is a moment that

founding documents this is a moment that endures to the 1830s and its caption

endures to the 1830s and its caption

endures to the 1830s and its caption correction it’s classic form in Alexis

correction it’s classic form in Alexis

correction it’s classic form in Alexis Couture feels democracy in america and

Couture feels democracy in america and

Couture feels democracy in america and the argues that was distinctive about

the argues that was distinctive about

the argues that was distinctive about american democracy is that individuals

american democracy is that individuals

american democracy is that individuals learned what he calls dead tonight p.m.

learned what he calls dead tonight p.m.

learned what he calls dead tonight p.m. on told you self-interest properly

on told you self-interest properly

on told you self-interest properly understood by which he meant that your

understood by which he meant that your

understood by which he meant that your own interest is not necessarily just

own interest is not necessarily just

own interest is not necessarily just your personal interest Yuri under your

your personal interest Yuri under your

your personal interest Yuri under your interest is caught up with the interest

interest is caught up with the interest

interest is caught up with the interest of your culture and so people learn that

of your culture and so people learn that

of your culture and so people learn that he argued by for spitting in barn

he argued by for spitting in barn

he argued by for spitting in barn raisings but for spinning in town

raisings but for spinning in town

raisings but for spinning in town meetings by being insurance we’re in a

meetings by being insurance we’re in a

meetings by being insurance we’re in a jury you have to figure out what

jury you have to figure out what

jury you have to figure out what everybody else thinks and come to a

everybody else thinks and come to a

everybody else thinks and come to a shared understanding that sensibility

shared understanding that sensibility

shared understanding that sensibility Tocqueville argued was what was

Tocqueville argued was what was

Tocqueville argued was what was distinctive about American democracy and

distinctive about American democracy and

distinctive about American democracy and what made it work able to hear her

what made it work able to hear her

what made it work able to hear her Hamilton or seen Hamilton okay there are

Hamilton or seen Hamilton okay there are

Hamilton or seen Hamilton okay there are lots of things that I don’t like about

lots of things that I don’t like about

lots of things that I don’t like about that what music is slime but the

that what music is slime but the

that what music is slime but the portrait of Washington at the moment

portrait of Washington at the moment

portrait of Washington at the moment when he’s instructing Hamilton

when he’s instructing Hamilton

when he’s instructing Hamilton right the address he’s going to say

right the address he’s going to say

right the address he’s going to say farewell to the nation is actually very

farewell to the nation is actually very

farewell to the nation is actually very good because it captures Washington’s

good because it captures Washington’s

good because it captures Washington’s selflessness and it captures his

selflessness and it captures his

selflessness and it captures his non-partisanship that was part of what

non-partisanship that was part of what

non-partisanship that was part of what all the people in that generation prized

all the people in that generation prized

all the people in that generation prized the thought partisanship was poison for

the thought partisanship was poison for

the thought partisanship was poison for a democracy people had to see themselves

a democracy people had to see themselves

a democracy people had to see themselves as part of a shared project it also

as part of a shared project it also

as part of a shared project it also captures Washington’s sense that the

captures Washington’s sense that the

captures Washington’s sense that the important thing to the United States do

important thing to the United States do

important thing to the United States do globally was to maintain its neutrality

globally was to maintain its neutrality

globally was to maintain its neutrality to remain open to other forces in the

to remain open to other forces in the

to remain open to other forces in the world and that’s not a position that

world and that’s not a position that

world and that’s not a position that endured through the 19th century the

endured through the 19th century the

endured through the 19th century the second moment I want to talk about toes

second moment I want to talk about toes

second moment I want to talk about toes into prominence with the election of

into prominence with the election of

into prominence with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency Jackson

Andrew Jackson to the presidency Jackson

Andrew Jackson to the presidency Jackson is a Indian fighting slave-owning

is a Indian fighting slave-owning

is a Indian fighting slave-owning misogynist who not surprisingly has been

misogynist who not surprisingly has been

misogynist who not surprisingly has been taken as a model by our current

taken as a model by our current

taken as a model by our current president who has placed a statute of

president who has placed a statute of

president who has placed a statute of Andruw Jones the Jackson and murder of

Andruw Jones the Jackson and murder of

Andruw Jones the Jackson and murder of Andrew Jackson in the Oval Office to

Andrew Jackson in the Oval Office to

Andrew Jackson in the Oval Office to remind himself how being a man of the

remind himself how being a man of the

remind himself how being a man of the people can elevate him to a kind of

people can elevate him to a kind of

people can elevate him to a kind of heroism this is the moment when

heroism this is the moment when

heroism this is the moment when laissez-faire economics comes into

laissez-faire economics comes into

laissez-faire economics comes into prominence in the United States when the

prominence in the United States when the

prominence in the United States when the main chance the scramble for wealth

main chance the scramble for wealth

main chance the scramble for wealth replaces that notion of selfless

replaces that notion of selfless

replaces that notion of selfless devotion to the common good and

devotion to the common good and

devotion to the common good and inaugurates a kind of dog eat dog

inaugurates a kind of dog eat dog

inaugurates a kind of dog eat dog struggle in which my success is promised

struggle in which my success is promised

struggle in which my success is promised on your failure rather than her share

on your failure rather than her share

on your failure rather than her share success this is a woman who immigrants

success this is a woman who immigrants

success this is a woman who immigrants pour into the United States but it’s

pour into the United States but it’s

pour into the United States but it’s also a moment when enormous opposition

also a moment when enormous opposition

also a moment when enormous opposition to immigration emergence and when the

to immigration emergence and when the

to immigration emergence and when the first restrictions on immigration are

first restrictions on immigration are

first restrictions on immigration are put in place this moment is in some ways

put in place this moment is in some ways

put in place this moment is in some ways encapsulated best in a little book by

encapsulated best in a little book by

encapsulated best in a little book by first sociologists in America man named

first sociologists in America man named

first sociologists in America man named William grand sight of the title

William grand sight of the title

William grand sight of the title was what do the classic what social

was what do the classic what social

was what do the classic what social classes go to each other and they answer

classes go to each other and they answer

classes go to each other and they answer Sumner offers is none this is a

Sumner offers is none this is a

Sumner offers is none this is a Darwinian notion of struggle only the

Darwinian notion of struggle only the

Darwinian notion of struggle only the fittest will survive and that

fittest will survive and that

fittest will survive and that underwrites the scientific racism that

underwrites the scientific racism that

underwrites the scientific racism that becomes so crucial in the decades

becomes so crucial in the decades

becomes so crucial in the decades following the Civil War so this is a

following the Civil War so this is a

following the Civil War so this is a period in which there is basically very

period in which there is basically very

period in which there is basically very little government regulation of the sort

little government regulation of the sort

little government regulation of the sort that Byron mentioned as a possibility in

that Byron mentioned as a possibility in

that Byron mentioned as a possibility in our own day all overseeing and roll back

our own day all overseeing and roll back

our own day all overseeing and roll back this comes under attack and is in a

this comes under attack and is in a

this comes under attack and is in a certain sense repudiated by a new form

certain sense repudiated by a new form

certain sense repudiated by a new form of liberalism or social democracy that

of liberalism or social democracy that

of liberalism or social democracy that emerges in 1890s in the first decade of

emerges in 1890s in the first decade of

emerges in 1890s in the first decade of the 20th century and transforms America

the 20th century and transforms America

the 20th century and transforms America until the 1970s this is the democracy of

until the 1970s this is the democracy of

until the 1970s this is the democracy of the Progressive Era and the New Deal in

the Progressive Era and the New Deal in

the Progressive Era and the New Deal in free government regulation of the

free government regulation of the

free government regulation of the economy it expands the inclusive

economy it expands the inclusive

economy it expands the inclusive principle of America to include women

principle of America to include women

principle of America to include women and through the civil rights movement to

and through the civil rights movement to

and through the civil rights movement to include african-americans as well it’s

include african-americans as well it’s

include african-americans as well it’s encapsulated best in franklin roosevelt

encapsulated best in franklin roosevelt

encapsulated best in franklin roosevelt state of the union address in 1944 in

state of the union address in 1944 in

state of the union address in 1944 in which he promised americans after world

which he promised americans after world

which he promised americans after world war two a rain of social welfare

war two a rain of social welfare

war two a rain of social welfare programs as generous as anything that

programs as generous as anything that

programs as generous as anything that has been put in place in Europe after

has been put in place in Europe after

has been put in place in Europe after World War two but in the United States

World War two but in the United States

World War two but in the United States those benefits go only to geoff’s and

those benefits go only to geoff’s and

those benefits go only to geoff’s and they are repudiated by the Congress

they are repudiated by the Congress

they are repudiated by the Congress precisely because they would also have

precisely because they would also have

precisely because they would also have been extended to people of color if they

been extended to people of color if they

been extended to people of color if they were universe

were universe

were universe and no southern congressmen were willing

and no southern congressmen were willing

and no southern congressmen were willing to accept that possibility this

to accept that possibility this

to accept that possibility this progressive or social democratic

progressive or social democratic

progressive or social democratic dispensation leads to a shrinking of the

dispensation leads to a shrinking of the

dispensation leads to a shrinking of the gap between the poorest of the

gap between the poorest of the

gap between the poorest of the wealthiest Americans which continues

wealthiest Americans which continues

wealthiest Americans which continues from the depression all the way through

from the depression all the way through

from the depression all the way through to the middle of the 1970s but sometime

to the middle of the 1970s but sometime

to the middle of the 1970s but sometime in the late 1970s over the 1980s we have

in the late 1970s over the 1980s we have

in the late 1970s over the 1980s we have a repudiation of that era of American

a repudiation of that era of American

a repudiation of that era of American politics and its replacement by the

politics and its replacement by the

politics and its replacement by the arrow Ronald Reagan in which we live now

arrow Ronald Reagan in which we live now

arrow Ronald Reagan in which we live now return to less a fair politics return to

return to less a fair politics return to

return to less a fair politics return to notions of unchanging truths

notions of unchanging truths

notions of unchanging truths foundational truths and original

foundational truths and original

foundational truths and original understanding of the Constitution and

understanding of the Constitution and

understanding of the Constitution and since the emergence of this sensibility

since the emergence of this sensibility

since the emergence of this sensibility there’s been a bifurcation in American

there’s been a bifurcation in American

there’s been a bifurcation in American politics on the one hand we had a return

politics on the one hand we had a return

politics on the one hand we had a return to less a fair and a celebration of

to less a fair and a celebration of

to less a fair and a celebration of free-market capitalism Reagan famously

free-market capitalism Reagan famously

free-market capitalism Reagan famously said that government is not the solution

said that government is not the solution

said that government is not the solution government is the problem the solution

government is the problem the solution

government is the problem the solution as far as he was concerned and the

as far as he was concerned and the

as far as he was concerned and the people who followed him was the free

people who followed him was the free

people who followed him was the free market and so the celebration of

market and so the celebration of

market and so the celebration of individual initiative and the

individual initiative and the

individual initiative and the denigration of the possibility that

denigration of the possibility that

denigration of the possibility that government can be a force for good the

government can be a force for good the

government can be a force for good the end of Soviet Union and the end of the

end of Soviet Union and the end of the

end of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War brought an orgy of

Cold War brought an orgy of

Cold War brought an orgy of self-congratulation in the United States

self-congratulation in the United States

self-congratulation in the United States over the glories of untraveled

over the glories of untraveled

over the glories of untraveled capitalism and a celebration of what we

capitalism and a celebration of what we

capitalism and a celebration of what we now know as globalism now some people

now know as globalism now some people

now know as globalism now some people have done very well as a result of that

have done very well as a result of that

have done very well as a result of that globalism but most Americans for the

globalism but most Americans for the

globalism but most Americans for the first time in united states history have

first time in united states history have

first time in united states history have seen their income statement has been

seen their income statement has been

seen their income statement has been almost no change in the

almost no change in the

almost no change in the most Americans since the mid-1970s

most Americans since the mid-1970s

most Americans since the mid-1970s exception are those ten percent at the

exception are those ten percent at the

exception are those ten percent at the top salaries and have skyrocket so

top salaries and have skyrocket so

top salaries and have skyrocket so on one hand the celebration of less a

on one hand the celebration of less a

on one hand the celebration of less a fair the celebration of free-market

fair the celebration of free-market

fair the celebration of free-market capitalism on the other hand we have the

capitalism on the other hand we have the

capitalism on the other hand we have the rights revolution coming out of the

rights revolution coming out of the

rights revolution coming out of the 1960s affirmative action 400 represented

1960s affirmative action 400 represented

1960s affirmative action 400 represented minorities reproductive rights for women

minorities reproductive rights for women

minorities reproductive rights for women the notion that America should be in the

the notion that America should be in the

the notion that America should be in the inclusive welcoming community with a

inclusive welcoming community with a

inclusive welcoming community with a multitude of cultures represented in it

multitude of cultures represented in it

multitude of cultures represented in it the LP g TQ resolution is a revolution

the LP g TQ resolution is a revolution

the LP g TQ resolution is a revolution that along with formative action a

that along with formative action a

that along with formative action a reproductive rights is a kind of symbol

reproductive rights is a kind of symbol

reproductive rights is a kind of symbol to American conservatives of what has

to American conservatives of what has

to American conservatives of what has gone wrong in the United States since

gone wrong in the United States since

gone wrong in the United States since the 1960s and so what the election of

the 1960s and so what the election of

the 1960s and so what the election of Donald Trump represents I think is a

Donald Trump represents I think is a

Donald Trump represents I think is a kind of recognition of this bifurcation

kind of recognition of this bifurcation

kind of recognition of this bifurcation in the policy politics between one hand

in the policy politics between one hand

in the policy politics between one hand what’s called neoliberalism the return

what’s called neoliberalism the return

what’s called neoliberalism the return to less a fair on the other hand the

to less a fair on the other hand the

to less a fair on the other hand the rights revolution of the left and what

rights revolution of the left and what

rights revolution of the left and what both of those accomplish is to feed the

both of those accomplish is to feed the

both of those accomplish is to feed the resentment of white middle and lower

resentment of white middle and lower

resentment of white middle and lower middle class Americans who feel that

middle class Americans who feel that

middle class Americans who feel that both the return to globalist

both the return to globalist

both the return to globalist neoliberalism on the one hand and the

neoliberalism on the one hand and the

neoliberalism on the one hand and the rights revolution on the other have

rights revolution on the other have

rights revolution on the other have robbed them of their nation now this is

robbed them of their nation now this is

robbed them of their nation now this is a long-standing cultural

a long-standing cultural

a long-standing cultural the roots of which go all the way back

the roots of which go all the way back

the roots of which go all the way back to the 19th century and the first mass

to the 19th century and the first mass

to the 19th century and the first mass emigration of people unlike these white

emigration of people unlike these white

emigration of people unlike these white Protestant Christian Americans but

Protestant Christian Americans but

Protestant Christian Americans but what’s added to is the economic

what’s added to is the economic

what’s added to is the economic grievances that have come from the

grievances that have come from the

grievances that have come from the genuine transformation of the economy

genuine transformation of the economy

genuine transformation of the economy such that some people have been doing

such that some people have been doing

such that some people have been doing tremendously well whereas they have been

tremendously well whereas they have been

tremendously well whereas they have been doing not much better at all so that

doing not much better at all so that

doing not much better at all so that combination of economic grievances and

combination of economic grievances and

combination of economic grievances and cultural resentments has made a kind of

cultural resentments has made a kind of

cultural resentments has made a kind of souring or poisoning of the American

souring or poisoning of the American

souring or poisoning of the American political system and has ended us in the

political system and has ended us in the

political system and has ended us in the position where we find ourselves am were

position where we find ourselves am were

position where we find ourselves am were abandoned many of us considered as

abandoned many of us considered as

abandoned many of us considered as utterly unqualified as practically

utterly unqualified as practically

utterly unqualified as practically anyone in the United States could be

anyone in the United States could be

anyone in the United States could be chosen as president of the nation

chosen as president of the nation

chosen as president of the nation they’ll leave it at that point and open

they’ll leave it at that point and open

they’ll leave it at that point and open the floor for questions

the floor for questions

the floor for questions [Applause]

”

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