so what’s the science we use to study the ancient migratory paths of your
the ancient migratory paths of your
the ancient migratory paths of your ancestors it’s something called
ancestors it’s something called
ancestors it’s something called population genetics and it helps us to
population genetics and it helps us to
population genetics and it helps us to piece together how humans populated the
piece together how humans populated the
piece together how humans populated the earth here’s how it works
earth here’s how it works
earth here’s how it works historically people close to each other
historically people close to each other
historically people close to each other tended to share more of those genetic
tended to share more of those genetic
tended to share more of those genetic markers the little DNA typos passed on
markers the little DNA typos passed on
markers the little DNA typos passed on from parents to their kids
from parents to their kids
from parents to their kids than they did with people on the other
than they did with people on the other
than they did with people on the other side of the world it makes sense after
side of the world it makes sense after
side of the world it makes sense after all who are they more likely to meet
all who are they more likely to meet
all who are they more likely to meet fall in love with and have babies with
fall in love with and have babies with
fall in love with and have babies with the people living nearby over time this
the people living nearby over time this
the people living nearby over time this created regional patterns of genetic
created regional patterns of genetic
created regional patterns of genetic variation so the people living in say
variation so the people living in say
variation so the people living in say northern Spain had more markers in
northern Spain had more markers in
northern Spain had more markers in common with each other than they did
common with each other than they did
common with each other than they did with people in Indonesia these regional
with people in Indonesia these regional
with people in Indonesia these regional patterns of variation allow us to track
patterns of variation allow us to track
patterns of variation allow us to track the migratory paths of your ancestors by
the migratory paths of your ancestors by
the migratory paths of your ancestors by looking at where in the world your
looking at where in the world your
looking at where in the world your markers are found we can figure out
markers are found we can figure out
markers are found we can figure out where you came from and by looking at
where you came from and by looking at
where you came from and by looking at the order in which these markers have
the order in which these markers have
the order in which these markers have occurred over time and where in the
occurred over time and where in the
occurred over time and where in the world they originated we can actually
world they originated we can actually
world they originated we can actually track the journey your ancestors
track the journey your ancestors
track the journey your ancestors followed from an African homeland to
followed from an African homeland to
followed from an African homeland to where you came from more recently how do
where you came from more recently how do
where you came from more recently how do we find these markers in the billions of
we find these markers in the billions of
we find these markers in the billions of A’s C’s GS and T’s it’s not easy little
A’s C’s GS and T’s it’s not easy little
A’s C’s GS and T’s it’s not easy little like finding needles in a haystack
like finding needles in a haystack
like finding needles in a haystack that’s because when a mom and a dad have
that’s because when a mom and a dad have
that’s because when a mom and a dad have a baby their chromosomes are copied and
a baby their chromosomes are copied and
a baby their chromosomes are copied and passed on to their child but not in a
passed on to their child but not in a
passed on to their child but not in a straightforward way instead mom and
straightforward way instead mom and
straightforward way instead mom and dad’s chromosomes are shuffled when
dad’s chromosomes are shuffled when
dad’s chromosomes are shuffled when they’re passed on to their kids
they’re passed on to their kids
they’re passed on to their kids imagine a deck of cards containing only
imagine a deck of cards containing only
imagine a deck of cards containing only hearts and another containing only
hearts and another containing only
hearts and another containing only spades now shuffle em up and look at
spades now shuffle em up and look at
spades now shuffle em up and look at your hand it’s going to be a mix of
your hand it’s going to be a mix of
your hand it’s going to be a mix of hearts and spades the cards your parents
hearts and spades the cards your parents
hearts and spades the cards your parents have that in a different combination
have that in a different combination
have that in a different combination this makes tracking our markers really
this makes tracking our markers really
this makes tracking our markers really hard for most of our chromosomes but we
hard for most of our chromosomes but we
hard for most of our chromosomes but we found a shortcut there’s one of your 23
found a shortcut there’s one of your 23
found a shortcut there’s one of your 23 pairs of chromosomes that gets passed on
pairs of chromosomes that gets passed on
pairs of chromosomes that gets passed on virtually unfelt it’s called the Y
virtually unfelt it’s called the Y
virtually unfelt it’s called the Y chromosome if we look at your Y
chromosome if we look at your Y
chromosome if we look at your Y chromosome the markers that your
chromosome the markers that your
chromosome the markers that your ancestors left you from thousands of
ancestors left you from thousands of
ancestors left you from thousands of years ago should still be in the same
years ago should still be in the same
years ago should still be in the same order but there’s a catch to the Y
order but there’s a catch to the Y
order but there’s a catch to the Y chromosome it exists only in males
chromosome it exists only in males
chromosome it exists only in males passed on directly from five
passed on directly from five
passed on directly from five – son in fact it’s the y-chromosome that
– son in fact it’s the y-chromosome that
– son in fact it’s the y-chromosome that makes a male a male there’s another kind
makes a male a male there’s another kind
makes a male a male there’s another kind of DNA though located in different part
of DNA though located in different part
of DNA though located in different part of the cell it’s only passed on from
of the cell it’s only passed on from
of the cell it’s only passed on from mothers to their children it’s called
mothers to their children it’s called
mothers to their children it’s called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA for short
mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA for short
mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA for short it’s much smaller than the DNA that
it’s much smaller than the DNA that
it’s much smaller than the DNA that makes up our 23 pairs of chromosomes but
makes up our 23 pairs of chromosomes but
makes up our 23 pairs of chromosomes but it contains the same kind of markers the
it contains the same kind of markers the
it contains the same kind of markers the little genetic typos that pass
little genetic typos that pass
little genetic typos that pass untroubled from generation to generation
untroubled from generation to generation
untroubled from generation to generation on the maternal line so by looking at
on the maternal line so by looking at
on the maternal line so by looking at markers on the y chromosome and
markers on the y chromosome and
markers on the y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA we can connect people
mitochondrial DNA we can connect people
mitochondrial DNA we can connect people alive today to ancestors that live tens
alive today to ancestors that live tens
alive today to ancestors that live tens of thousands of years ago over the last
of thousands of years ago over the last
of thousands of years ago over the last several years the Genographic project
several years the Genographic project
several years the Genographic project has studied the Y chromosomes in
has studied the Y chromosomes in
has studied the Y chromosomes in mitochondrial DNA of more than half a
mitochondrial DNA of more than half a
mitochondrial DNA of more than half a million people we now know that everyone
million people we now know that everyone
million people we now know that everyone on earth belongs to one of hundreds of
on earth belongs to one of hundreds of
on earth belongs to one of hundreds of distinct groups of related people based
distinct groups of related people based
distinct groups of related people based on which markers they have on their Y
on which markers they have on their Y
on which markers they have on their Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA we call
chromosome or mitochondrial DNA we call
chromosome or mitochondrial DNA we call these groups haplogroups each person in
these groups haplogroups each person in
these groups haplogroups each person in these groups traces their descent from a
these groups traces their descent from a
these groups traces their descent from a common ancestor haplogroups your branch
common ancestor haplogroups your branch
common ancestor haplogroups your branch on the human family tree
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