I’m not a marine scientists in fact I started my journey in science as an
started my journey in science as an
started my journey in science as an aerospace engineer and some of you might
aerospace engineer and some of you might
aerospace engineer and some of you might wonder did I get lost along the way
wonder did I get lost along the way
wonder did I get lost along the way you know but in fact the ocean is the
you know but in fact the ocean is the
you know but in fact the ocean is the next frontier let me tell you a story
next frontier let me tell you a story
next frontier let me tell you a story about how my life had changed very
about how my life had changed very
about how my life had changed very quickly one day when my advisor in
quickly one day when my advisor in
quickly one day when my advisor in graduate school and John de Beer II at
graduate school and John de Beer II at
graduate school and John de Beer II at Cal Tech came into my office and he
Cal Tech came into my office and he
Cal Tech came into my office and he actually came to my office looking
actually came to my office looking
actually came to my office looking pretty dejected and concerned and he
pretty dejected and concerned and he
pretty dejected and concerned and he came up to me and was like hey Connie I
came up to me and was like hey Connie I
came up to me and was like hey Connie I have an idea I can’t seem to sell it to
have an idea I can’t seem to sell it to
have an idea I can’t seem to sell it to anyone else in the research group and
anyone else in the research group and
anyone else in the research group and you know I’ve asked everyone else in the
you know I’ve asked everyone else in the
you know I’ve asked everyone else in the group if they would be interested in at
group if they would be interested in at
group if they would be interested in at least working on it and I no one’s
least working on it and I no one’s
least working on it and I no one’s interested and and so I was like okay
interested and and so I was like okay
interested and and so I was like okay John what is it let me know what your
John what is it let me know what your
John what is it let me know what your what you’re thinking and he said that
what you’re thinking and he said that
what you’re thinking and he said that you had this idea to study jellyfish
you had this idea to study jellyfish
you had this idea to study jellyfish swimming with again jellyfish biologist
swimming with again jellyfish biologist
swimming with again jellyfish biologist jack costello and Inchon : and as most
jack costello and Inchon : and as most
jack costello and Inchon : and as most of you are familiar with jellyfish when
of you are familiar with jellyfish when
of you are familiar with jellyfish when you think about them the very first
you think about them the very first
you think about them the very first thing you think about are its tentacles
thing you think about are its tentacles
thing you think about are its tentacles right these lovely beautiful things that
right these lovely beautiful things that
right these lovely beautiful things that extend from the body of a jellyfish or
extend from the body of a jellyfish or
extend from the body of a jellyfish or the Bell when in fact I am more
the Bell when in fact I am more
the Bell when in fact I am more interested in that Bell
interested in that Bell
interested in that Bell it’s the repetitive motion of the
it’s the repetitive motion of the
it’s the repetitive motion of the contraction and the relaxation of these
contraction and the relaxation of these
contraction and the relaxation of these muscles on this animal that actually
muscles on this animal that actually
muscles on this animal that actually generates forward motion and a common
generates forward motion and a common
generates forward motion and a common method that scientists and biologists
method that scientists and biologists
method that scientists and biologists have used to try and understand how
have used to try and understand how
have used to try and understand how animals swim is by using die or die
animals swim is by using die or die
animals swim is by using die or die visualizations and so what you’re seeing
visualizations and so what you’re seeing
visualizations and so what you’re seeing is a pipette actually filled with milk
is a pipette actually filled with milk
is a pipette actually filled with milk and it’s the die is placed inside the
and it’s the die is placed inside the
and it’s the die is placed inside the seven Brailler cavity of the jellyfish
seven Brailler cavity of the jellyfish
seven Brailler cavity of the jellyfish and as the animals can as the muscles
and as the animals can as the muscles
and as the animals can as the muscles contract on these animals fluid is
contract on these animals fluid is
contract on these animals fluid is expelled very quickly into the wake of
expelled very quickly into the wake of
expelled very quickly into the wake of the animal and so I’m a fluid
the animal and so I’m a fluid
the animal and so I’m a fluid mechanician and the thing I get really
mechanician and the thing I get really
mechanician and the thing I get really excited about are these structures that
excited about are these structures that
excited about are these structures that are ejected from the body of the animal
are ejected from the body of the animal
are ejected from the body of the animal these are
these are
these are called vortex rings how many of you have
called vortex rings how many of you have
called vortex rings how many of you have flushed a toilet basically if you just
flushed a toilet basically if you just
flushed a toilet basically if you just take that whirlpool of fluid you take
take that whirlpool of fluid you take
take that whirlpool of fluid you take the the starting end and the finishing
the the starting end and the finishing
the the starting end and the finishing ending you attach it to each other that
ending you attach it to each other that
ending you attach it to each other that is a vortex ring and so we’ve fluid my
is a vortex ring and so we’ve fluid my
is a vortex ring and so we’ve fluid my conditions get really excited about
conditions get really excited about
conditions get really excited about those because all animals when they swim
those because all animals when they swim
those because all animals when they swim they generate these more Tex rings as an
they generate these more Tex rings as an
they generate these more Tex rings as an engineer what I’m interested in is not
engineer what I’m interested in is not
engineer what I’m interested in is not like pretty pictures although they’re
like pretty pictures although they’re
like pretty pictures although they’re very nice I’m interested in quantities
very nice I’m interested in quantities
very nice I’m interested in quantities that I can measure or are used to
that I can measure or are used to
that I can measure or are used to understand energetic inputs swimming
understand energetic inputs swimming
understand energetic inputs swimming efficiencies you know other performance
efficiencies you know other performance
efficiencies you know other performance metrics that are relevant to an
metrics that are relevant to an
metrics that are relevant to an engineered design and so what we had to
engineered design and so what we had to
engineered design and so what we had to do was kind of step up the ante and and
do was kind of step up the ante and and
do was kind of step up the ante and and use a technique that’s normally used in
use a technique that’s normally used in
use a technique that’s normally used in a laboratory to study and measure the
a laboratory to study and measure the
a laboratory to study and measure the velocity of fluid that is due to an
velocity of fluid that is due to an
velocity of fluid that is due to an animal swimming and so this is an
animal swimming and so this is an
animal swimming and so this is an example what a setup would look like in
example what a setup would look like in
example what a setup would look like in the laboratory and in order to study a
the laboratory and in order to study a
the laboratory and in order to study a motion of fluid obviously we need a tank
motion of fluid obviously we need a tank
motion of fluid obviously we need a tank and within this tank you can place
and within this tank you can place
and within this tank you can place anything you want it could be an animal
anything you want it could be an animal
anything you want it could be an animal it could be anything that you’re
it could be anything that you’re
it could be anything that you’re interested in and unfortunately with
interested in and unfortunately with
interested in and unfortunately with water right it’s transparent so you have
water right it’s transparent so you have
water right it’s transparent so you have to add particles that are suspended in
to add particles that are suspended in
to add particles that are suspended in the water column or in the tank and so
the water column or in the tank and so
the water column or in the tank and so by motion of these particles you can
by motion of these particles you can
by motion of these particles you can actually infer motion of fluid all right
actually infer motion of fluid all right
actually infer motion of fluid all right so that you have now particles you have
so that you have now particles you have
so that you have now particles you have fluid but now you need something to
fluid but now you need something to
fluid but now you need something to illuminate it and so I get the awesome
illuminate it and so I get the awesome
illuminate it and so I get the awesome job of getting to work with lasers okay
job of getting to work with lasers okay
job of getting to work with lasers okay I’m an engineer remember I get really
I’m an engineer remember I get really
I’m an engineer remember I get really excited about lasers and and so next to
excited about lasers and and so next to
excited about lasers and and so next to a laser is a high-speed camera some of
a laser is a high-speed camera some of
a laser is a high-speed camera some of these organisms we work with we have to
these organisms we work with we have to
these organisms we work with we have to capture frames at a thousand frames per
capture frames at a thousand frames per
capture frames at a thousand frames per second and what we’re then getting are
second and what we’re then getting are
second and what we’re then getting are generating are these consecutive images
generating are these consecutive images
generating are these consecutive images of particles moving in time and by using
of particles moving in time and by using
of particles moving in time and by using that information we can get to following
that information we can get to following
that information we can get to following so what you’re seeing is a velocity
so what you’re seeing is a velocity
so what you’re seeing is a velocity field that was measured around a
field that was measured around a
field that was measured around a jellyfish known as phyla Raisa in a
jellyfish known as phyla Raisa in a
jellyfish known as phyla Raisa in a laboratory and so what you have it’s a
laboratory and so what you have it’s a
laboratory and so what you have it’s a little difficult to see but in the
little difficult to see but in the
little difficult to see but in the background of this image you have these
background of this image you have these
background of this image you have these white particles right so those are the
white particles right so those are the
white particles right so those are the part
part
part apples that have actually been added to
apples that have actually been added to
apples that have actually been added to this tank and then what the arrows
this tank and then what the arrows
this tank and then what the arrows represent is the direction and speed
represent is the direction and speed
represent is the direction and speed that the fluid is moving due to this
that the fluid is moving due to this
that the fluid is moving due to this animal swimming and so here the arrow
animal swimming and so here the arrow
animal swimming and so here the arrow heads can indicate direction and the
heads can indicate direction and the
heads can indicate direction and the color actually from blue to red
color actually from blue to red
color actually from blue to red indicates low to high speeds and still
indicates low to high speeds and still
indicates low to high speeds and still using this information we can then back
using this information we can then back
using this information we can then back out those quantities that I’m interested
out those quantities that I’m interested
out those quantities that I’m interested in as an engineer you’re faced with this
in as an engineer you’re faced with this
in as an engineer you’re faced with this challenge of trying to work on animals
challenge of trying to work on animals
challenge of trying to work on animals and using these sorts of techniques but
and using these sorts of techniques but
and using these sorts of techniques but in limited environments right and so one
in limited environments right and so one
in limited environments right and so one of the things that I spent my first
of the things that I spent my first
of the things that I spent my first three years in graduate school working
three years in graduate school working
three years in graduate school working on was developing a way to miniaturize
on was developing a way to miniaturize
on was developing a way to miniaturize these very complex laboratory
these very complex laboratory
these very complex laboratory measurements and as something a single
measurements and as something a single
measurements and as something a single scuba diver can use right and here is
scuba diver can use right and here is
scuba diver can use right and here is the solution
the solution
the solution it’s the self-contained underwater
it’s the self-contained underwater
it’s the self-contained underwater velocity matreya paratus or scuba and so
velocity matreya paratus or scuba and so
velocity matreya paratus or scuba and so what it is is essentially is here you
what it is is essentially is here you
what it is is essentially is here you have a video camera housing and this is
have a video camera housing and this is
have a video camera housing and this is actually all consumer based product
actually all consumer based product
actually all consumer based product right attached to the camera housing you
right attached to the camera housing you
right attached to the camera housing you have these HID lights which provide
have these HID lights which provide
have these HID lights which provide white light so when you’re diving you
white light so when you’re diving you
white light so when you’re diving you can actually see what you’re doing and
can actually see what you’re doing and
can actually see what you’re doing and then attach to the camera housing is a
then attach to the camera housing is a
then attach to the camera housing is a laser housing and so in combination with
laser housing and so in combination with
laser housing and so in combination with this a single scuba diver can swim to
this a single scuba diver can swim to
this a single scuba diver can swim to whatever target they’re interested in
whatever target they’re interested in
whatever target they’re interested in and get these kinds of measurements so
and get these kinds of measurements so
and get these kinds of measurements so that could be an animal that could be
that could be an animal that could be
that could be an animal that could be flow over a coral reef that could be
flow over a coral reef that could be
flow over a coral reef that could be measuring filtration rates of sponges to
measuring filtration rates of sponges to
measuring filtration rates of sponges to try and monitor health and so what this
try and monitor health and so what this
try and monitor health and so what this means is then we now open up the world
means is then we now open up the world
means is then we now open up the world of these velocity measurements from the
of these velocity measurements from the
of these velocity measurements from the laboratory into anything we want in the
laboratory into anything we want in the
laboratory into anything we want in the field and so this here is a video just
field and so this here is a video just
field and so this here is a video just kind of put you in this team you know
kind of put you in this team you know
kind of put you in this team you know frame of mind I am when I’m doing these
frame of mind I am when I’m doing these
frame of mind I am when I’m doing these measurements so this obviously these
measurements so this obviously these
measurements so this obviously these measurements had to be done at night
measurements had to be done at night
measurements had to be done at night because you are using a laser and these
because you are using a laser and these
because you are using a laser and these green lights indicate separate divers in
green lights indicate separate divers in
green lights indicate separate divers in the water column I just need to point
the water column I just need to point
the water column I just need to point out that that’s me and we’re right now
out that that’s me and we’re right now
out that that’s me and we’re right now in the Adriatic Sea we’re about 100 feet
in the Adriatic Sea we’re about 100 feet
in the Adriatic Sea we’re about 100 feet in depth and you’re also
in depth and you’re also
in depth and you’re also far away from shore I mean so the first
far away from shore I mean so the first
far away from shore I mean so the first thing we do is turn on these white
thing we do is turn on these white
thing we do is turn on these white lights and we get some very simple data
lights and we get some very simple data
lights and we get some very simple data on trying to understand how fast these
on trying to understand how fast these
on trying to understand how fast these animals swim what is their behavior and
animals swim what is their behavior and
animals swim what is their behavior and this particular jellyfish called cell
this particular jellyfish called cell
this particular jellyfish called cell missus is very different in that when
missus is very different in that when
missus is very different in that when they swim around their tentacles are
they swim around their tentacles are
they swim around their tentacles are located in front of their body instead
located in front of their body instead
located in front of their body instead of behind it and then once we get that
of behind it and then once we get that
of behind it and then once we get that data we then turn off those white lights
data we then turn off those white lights
data we then turn off those white lights and then turn on the laser and when that
and then turn on the laser and when that
and then turn on the laser and when that happens it’s magic because what you can
happens it’s magic because what you can
happens it’s magic because what you can see right are these particle
see right are these particle
see right are these particle displacements and that’s solely due to
displacements and that’s solely due to
displacements and that’s solely due to this animal swimming all right so now we
this animal swimming all right so now we
this animal swimming all right so now we have this really awesome tool and a
have this really awesome tool and a
have this really awesome tool and a question that I became really interested
question that I became really interested
question that I became really interested in very soon after developing this was
in very soon after developing this was
in very soon after developing this was something that was really relevant not
something that was really relevant not
something that was really relevant not only to the biology but also to the
only to the biology but also to the
only to the biology but also to the environment that these organisms live in
environment that these organisms live in
environment that these organisms live in and it’s related to the general
and it’s related to the general
and it’s related to the general circulation of the oceans and so this is
circulation of the oceans and so this is
circulation of the oceans and so this is a simulation conducted by NASA that
a simulation conducted by NASA that
a simulation conducted by NASA that shows the the general circulation or the
shows the the general circulation or the
shows the the general circulation or the general currents that go on on in our
general currents that go on on in our
general currents that go on on in our oceans and you’ll notice very quickly
oceans and you’ll notice very quickly
oceans and you’ll notice very quickly it’s not just a single ocean that has
it’s not just a single ocean that has
it’s not just a single ocean that has currents it it’s global it’s everywhere
currents it it’s global it’s everywhere
currents it it’s global it’s everywhere these oceans are all connected and now
these oceans are all connected and now
these oceans are all connected and now oceanographers have spent a lot of time
oceanographers have spent a lot of time
oceanographers have spent a lot of time trying to understand these currents and
trying to understand these currents and
trying to understand these currents and also understand how do we maintain these
also understand how do we maintain these
also understand how do we maintain these currents right external power or
currents right external power or
currents right external power or external source of energy must be added
external source of energy must be added
external source of energy must be added to our ocean system in order to maintain
to our ocean system in order to maintain
to our ocean system in order to maintain it and then another aspect of the work
it and then another aspect of the work
it and then another aspect of the work is one trying to understand how much of
is one trying to understand how much of
is one trying to understand how much of this energy is required to maintain
this energy is required to maintain
this energy is required to maintain these currents and then – what are these
these currents and then – what are these
these currents and then – what are these sources of energy and so when we think
sources of energy and so when we think
sources of energy and so when we think about this and this is a widely accepted
about this and this is a widely accepted
about this and this is a widely accepted idea in the oceanographic community is
idea in the oceanographic community is
idea in the oceanographic community is that winds and tides make up the
that winds and tides make up the
that winds and tides make up the majority of the energetic inputs to
majority of the energetic inputs to
majority of the energetic inputs to ocean mixing but a recent idea and trust
ocean mixing but a recent idea and trust
ocean mixing but a recent idea and trust me it’s very unpopular with the
me it’s very unpopular with the
me it’s very unpopular with the oceanographic community is whether or
oceanographic community is whether or
oceanographic community is whether or not swimming animals migrating and mass
not swimming animals migrating and mass
not swimming animals migrating and mass will have an
will have an
will have an impact on the fluid environment be able
impact on the fluid environment be able
impact on the fluid environment be able to contribute to mixing in the oceans
to contribute to mixing in the oceans
to contribute to mixing in the oceans and it’s not my idea in fact it was
and it’s not my idea in fact it was
and it’s not my idea in fact it was first proposed by famous oceanographer
first proposed by famous oceanographer
first proposed by famous oceanographer Walter Munk was at least mentioned and
Walter Munk was at least mentioned and
Walter Munk was at least mentioned and in myself and some other scientists that
in myself and some other scientists that
in myself and some other scientists that have become very interested in this idea
have become very interested in this idea
have become very interested in this idea believe that there is a potential for
believe that there is a potential for
believe that there is a potential for this to occur because of the vast number
this to occur because of the vast number
this to occur because of the vast number of organisms in the ocean so the diurnal
of organisms in the ocean so the diurnal
of organisms in the ocean so the diurnal vertical migrations that happen in the
vertical migrations that happen in the
vertical migrations that happen in the ocean every single day are the largest
ocean every single day are the largest
ocean every single day are the largest biomass movement of organisms on our
biomass movement of organisms on our
biomass movement of organisms on our planet and we don’t know that much about
planet and we don’t know that much about
planet and we don’t know that much about them so Mark Baumgartner was very kind
them so Mark Baumgartner was very kind
them so Mark Baumgartner was very kind enough to allow me to use his his image
enough to allow me to use his his image
enough to allow me to use his his image that shows the motion of copepods in the
that shows the motion of copepods in the
that shows the motion of copepods in the fluid column so how many of you know
fluid column so how many of you know
fluid column so how many of you know what a copepod is Wow okay
what a copepod is Wow okay
what a copepod is Wow okay even less so do you know that couple
even less so do you know that couple
even less so do you know that couple pods are known as the ants of the ocean
pods are known as the ants of the ocean
pods are known as the ants of the ocean okay largest biomass and actually on the
okay largest biomass and actually on the
okay largest biomass and actually on the planet so the reason why these animals
planet so the reason why these animals
planet so the reason why these animals migrate is is they do so to avoid being
migrate is is they do so to avoid being
migrate is is they do so to avoid being eaten these organisms because they’re so
eaten these organisms because they’re so
eaten these organisms because they’re so small this includes copepods as well as
small this includes copepods as well as
small this includes copepods as well as other small fish they stay down in the
other small fish they stay down in the
other small fish they stay down in the depths of the ocean and then during the
depths of the ocean and then during the
depths of the ocean and then during the day and then at night go up to the
day and then at night go up to the
day and then at night go up to the surface to feed and then once they’re
surface to feed and then once they’re
surface to feed and then once they’re done feeding they then return to the
done feeding they then return to the
done feeding they then return to the depths of the ocean and repeat the cycle
depths of the ocean and repeat the cycle
depths of the ocean and repeat the cycle okay this is a daily cycle and so if we
okay this is a daily cycle and so if we
okay this is a daily cycle and so if we think about how small copepods are so
think about how small copepods are so
think about how small copepods are so they’re about a millimeter in diameter
they’re about a millimeter in diameter
they’re about a millimeter in diameter this is a pencil tip one of the things i
this is a pencil tip one of the things i
this is a pencil tip one of the things i want to point out is that these
want to point out is that these
want to point out is that these organisms at least in this example are
organisms at least in this example are
organisms at least in this example are migrating 150 meters each way and there
migrating 150 meters each way and there
migrating 150 meters each way and there are reports of these animals migrating
are reports of these animals migrating
are reports of these animals migrating anywhere between 200 meters to 500
anywhere between 200 meters to 500
anywhere between 200 meters to 500 meters in each direction now why is this
meters in each direction now why is this
meters in each direction now why is this important it’s because these animals
important it’s because these animals
important it’s because these animals they’re so small in one day the relative
they’re so small in one day the relative
they’re so small in one day the relative distance that a wildebeest migrates in a
distance that a wildebeest migrates in a
distance that a wildebeest migrates in a year is the same distance these couple
year is the same distance these couple
year is the same distance these couple pods traverse every single day
pods traverse every single day
pods traverse every single day and we don’t know anything about it we
and we don’t know anything about it we
and we don’t know anything about it we don’t know much about it and so it’s not
don’t know much about it and so it’s not
don’t know much about it and so it’s not just copepods that do this it’s also
just copepods that do this it’s also
just copepods that do this it’s also includes krill krill are obviously eaten
includes krill krill are obviously eaten
includes krill krill are obviously eaten by whales but then also jellyfish
by whales but then also jellyfish
by whales but then also jellyfish jellyfish also vertically migrate and in
jellyfish also vertically migrate and in
jellyfish also vertically migrate and in fact so missus that one animal I showed
fact so missus that one animal I showed
fact so missus that one animal I showed you an Adriatic has been known to travel
you an Adriatic has been known to travel
you an Adriatic has been known to travel one kilometer in each direction and so
one kilometer in each direction and so
one kilometer in each direction and so my contribution to this biogenic mixing
my contribution to this biogenic mixing
my contribution to this biogenic mixing work is trying to identify how these
work is trying to identify how these
work is trying to identify how these animals actually mix water and so what
animals actually mix water and so what
animals actually mix water and so what you see here again in this dive
you see here again in this dive
you see here again in this dive visualization this is a Palau and
visualization this is a Palau and
visualization this is a Palau and jellyfish known as Miss studious and
jellyfish known as Miss studious and
jellyfish known as Miss studious and what you can see with the dye
what you can see with the dye
what you can see with the dye visualizations are two different things
visualizations are two different things
visualizations are two different things so one you have with every contraction
so one you have with every contraction
so one you have with every contraction and relaxation cycle you have again
and relaxation cycle you have again
and relaxation cycle you have again these sexy structures called vortex
these sexy structures called vortex
these sexy structures called vortex rings in the wake but then right behind
rings in the wake but then right behind
rings in the wake but then right behind the organism what you also see is this
the organism what you also see is this
the organism what you also see is this large volume of fluid that’s being
large volume of fluid that’s being
large volume of fluid that’s being dragged along behind its body it’s being
dragged along behind its body it’s being
dragged along behind its body it’s being drifted along and it’s this mechanism
drifted along and it’s this mechanism
drifted along and it’s this mechanism that can allow for large-scale mixing by
that can allow for large-scale mixing by
that can allow for large-scale mixing by these migrating organisms what I want to
these migrating organisms what I want to
these migrating organisms what I want to tell you is a little bit about where
tell you is a little bit about where
tell you is a little bit about where these studies are going it’s not just in
these studies are going it’s not just in
these studies are going it’s not just in the topic of biogenic mixing it also
the topic of biogenic mixing it also
the topic of biogenic mixing it also applies to other fields entirely these
applies to other fields entirely these
applies to other fields entirely these fields include obviously oceanography
fields include obviously oceanography
fields include obviously oceanography ecology and biology and engineering in
ecology and biology and engineering in
ecology and biology and engineering in oceanography there’s this idea that you
oceanography there’s this idea that you
oceanography there’s this idea that you know if swimming animals are
know if swimming animals are
know if swimming animals are contributing to our currents isn’t that
contributing to our currents isn’t that
contributing to our currents isn’t that something we should know so there are
something we should know so there are
something we should know so there are scientists looking into that including
scientists looking into that including
scientists looking into that including myself in biology or in ecology there’s
myself in biology or in ecology there’s
myself in biology or in ecology there’s this idea that if these animals are
this idea that if these animals are
this idea that if these animals are migrating from nutrient-rich fluid up to
migrating from nutrient-rich fluid up to
migrating from nutrient-rich fluid up to the surface to feed which can be
the surface to feed which can be
the surface to feed which can be nutrient poor and they’re transporting
nutrient poor and they’re transporting
nutrient poor and they’re transporting all of this fluid upwards they’re
all of this fluid upwards they’re
all of this fluid upwards they’re actually able to fertilize their feeding
actually able to fertilize their feeding
actually able to fertilize their feeding grounds crazy and then in engineering
grounds crazy and then in engineering
grounds crazy and then in engineering this is something that’s really near and
this is something that’s really near and
this is something that’s really near and dear to my heart in fact I’m doing some
dear to my heart in fact I’m doing some
dear to my heart in fact I’m doing some work in this area now is trying to learn
work in this area now is trying to learn
work in this area now is trying to learn from the biology to design something
from the biology to design something
from the biology to design something that we can use under water or in
that we can use under water or in
that we can use under water or in anything and so just to say and
anything and so just to say and
anything and so just to say and summarize all these ideas and that the
summarize all these ideas and that the
summarize all these ideas and that the frontiers of science right now lies in
frontiers of science right now lies in
frontiers of science right now lies in the intersections of these fields and it
the intersections of these fields and it
the intersections of these fields and it requires
requires
requires you know thinkers people from other
you know thinkers people from other
you know thinkers people from other disciplines to work together and figure
disciplines to work together and figure
disciplines to work together and figure out ways to communicate with each other
out ways to communicate with each other
out ways to communicate with each other to really be able to answer these
to really be able to answer these
to really be able to answer these difficult and challenging problems I
difficult and challenging problems I
difficult and challenging problems I want to leave you with an idea a
want to leave you with an idea a
want to leave you with an idea a question and there is no way we’re gonna
question and there is no way we’re gonna
question and there is no way we’re gonna answer this tonight but the question is
answer this tonight but the question is
answer this tonight but the question is can swimming animals affect our world
can swimming animals affect our world
can swimming animals affect our world I’m so imagine you know what if the
I’m so imagine you know what if the
I’m so imagine you know what if the whales decided to stop swimming or what
whales decided to stop swimming or what
whales decided to stop swimming or what if somehow unfortunately they get
if somehow unfortunately they get
if somehow unfortunately they get removed from the ocean you know how do
removed from the ocean you know how do
removed from the ocean you know how do you think that’s going to affect what’s
you think that’s going to affect what’s
you think that’s going to affect what’s going on not only in the biology but
going on not only in the biology but
going on not only in the biology but also it’s happening physically to our
also it’s happening physically to our
also it’s happening physically to our world what happens if we remove apex
world what happens if we remove apex
world what happens if we remove apex predators in our oceans right these
predators in our oceans right these
predators in our oceans right these animals these small animals that are
animals these small animals that are
animals these small animals that are vertically migrating they’re doing it
vertically migrating they’re doing it
vertically migrating they’re doing it because they’re avoiding being eaten so
because they’re avoiding being eaten so
because they’re avoiding being eaten so if you move those predators what if they
if you move those predators what if they
if you move those predators what if they don’t continue vertically migrating and
don’t continue vertically migrating and
don’t continue vertically migrating and then if these animals aren’t migrating
then if these animals aren’t migrating
then if these animals aren’t migrating what happens if you don’t have this
what happens if you don’t have this
what happens if you don’t have this fertilization of you know the food base
fertilization of you know the food base
fertilization of you know the food base in the web in the ocean and and so these
in the web in the ocean and and so these
in the web in the ocean and and so these are concepts that we really need to
are concepts that we really need to
are concepts that we really need to think about you know it’s the big
think about you know it’s the big
think about you know it’s the big picture ideas it’s it’s really
picture ideas it’s it’s really
picture ideas it’s it’s really understanding how things are connected
understanding how things are connected
understanding how things are connected in the ocean on on on the surface on
in the ocean on on on the surface on
in the ocean on on on the surface on land and in in our planet and so I think
land and in in our planet and so I think
land and in in our planet and so I think it’s a very exciting time because I
it’s a very exciting time because I
it’s a very exciting time because I think technology is caught up and we’re
think technology is caught up and we’re
think technology is caught up and we’re finally going to be able to answer these
finally going to be able to answer these
finally going to be able to answer these really big questions thank you
”
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