19:12 a german meteorologist named Alfred Wegener proposed the theory about
Alfred Wegener proposed the theory about
Alfred Wegener proposed the theory about how the Earth’s landmasses formed he
how the Earth’s landmasses formed he
how the Earth’s landmasses formed he suggested that the great continents of
suggested that the great continents of
suggested that the great continents of the earth had once formed a single
the earth had once formed a single
the earth had once formed a single landmass called Pangaea which had broken
landmass called Pangaea which had broken
landmass called Pangaea which had broken up and drifted apart over time he called
up and drifted apart over time he called
up and drifted apart over time he called this process continental drift and it
this process continental drift and it
this process continental drift and it went against all conventional thinking
went against all conventional thinking
went against all conventional thinking at the time may seem very unpopular
at the time may seem very unpopular
at the time may seem very unpopular amongst his peers it’s a shame because
amongst his peers it’s a shame because
amongst his peers it’s a shame because he was absolutely right
he was absolutely right
he was absolutely right but it would take the work of a young
but it would take the work of a young
but it would take the work of a young cartographer called maurice art to help
cartographer called maurice art to help
cartographer called maurice art to help turn the tide of opposition leading to
turn the tide of opposition leading to
turn the tide of opposition leading to one of the greatest paradigm shifts in
one of the greatest paradigm shifts in
one of the greatest paradigm shifts in the earth sciences and it all began at
the earth sciences and it all began at
the earth sciences and it all began at the bottom of the ocean
the bottom of the ocean
the bottom of the ocean mery father worked for the department of
mery father worked for the department of
mery father worked for the department of agriculture and from a young age she’d
agriculture and from a young age she’d
agriculture and from a young age she’d join him on his work trips and he
join him on his work trips and he
join him on his work trips and he traveled around the country collecting
traveled around the country collecting
traveled around the country collecting samples for soil survey like these early
samples for soil survey like these early
samples for soil survey like these early experiences were formative in developing
experiences were formative in developing
experiences were formative in developing Mary’s interest in geology and after
Mary’s interest in geology and after
Mary’s interest in geology and after gaining a master’s degree in the subject
gaining a master’s degree in the subject
gaining a master’s degree in the subject she landed a position at Columbia
she landed a position at Columbia
she landed a position at Columbia University in 1947 here she worked as an
University in 1947 here she worked as an
University in 1947 here she worked as an assistant to Bruce heezen a geology
assistant to Bruce heezen a geology
assistant to Bruce heezen a geology graduate who’s collecting thousands of
graduate who’s collecting thousands of
graduate who’s collecting thousands of depth measurements across the Atlantic
depth measurements across the Atlantic
depth measurements across the Atlantic Ocean during expedition he’s and his
Ocean during expedition he’s and his
Ocean during expedition he’s and his team used echo soundings collect depth
team used echo soundings collect depth
team used echo soundings collect depth data which involves sending out
data which involves sending out
data which involves sending out high-frequency sounds or pings and
high-frequency sounds or pings and
high-frequency sounds or pings and recording the time delay of the
recording the time delay of the
recording the time delay of the returning echoes the data could then be
returning echoes the data could then be
returning echoes the data could then be plotted to build a profile of the
plotted to build a profile of the
plotted to build a profile of the terrain below
terrain below
terrain below unfortunately for thought women were
unfortunately for thought women were
unfortunately for thought women were prohibited from joining these early
prohibited from joining these early
prohibited from joining these early expeditions because of a fear that
expeditions because of a fear that
expeditions because of a fear that they’d bring bad looked at sea instead
they’d bring bad looked at sea instead
they’d bring bad looked at sea instead she remained behind at the University to
she remained behind at the University to
she remained behind at the University to process the data converting endless rows
process the data converting endless rows
process the data converting endless rows of X measurement into detailed profiles
of X measurement into detailed profiles
of X measurement into detailed profiles of the ocean floor
of the ocean floor
of the ocean floor conventional thinking is once believed
conventional thinking is once believed
conventional thinking is once believed that the ocean floors were slapped
that the ocean floors were slapped
that the ocean floors were slapped featureless plain but start nuts were
featureless plain but start nuts were
featureless plain but start nuts were beginning to tell an entirely different
beginning to tell an entirely different
beginning to tell an entirely different story
story
story her profiles reveal the existence of
her profiles reveal the existence of
her profiles reveal the existence of complex geography of crevices metallic
complex geography of crevices metallic
complex geography of crevices metallic but perhaps most startling was the
but perhaps most startling was the
but perhaps most startling was the emergence of a long v-shaped cleft that
emergence of a long v-shaped cleft that
emergence of a long v-shaped cleft that ran through each of her profiles these
ran through each of her profiles these
ran through each of her profiles these so-called risk valleys offered support
so-called risk valleys offered support
so-called risk valleys offered support to vengan ‘as continental drift theory
to vengan ‘as continental drift theory
to vengan ‘as continental drift theory if two land masses were moving apart
if two land masses were moving apart
if two land masses were moving apart they’d split the ocean floor in two
they’d split the ocean floor in two
they’d split the ocean floor in two carrying the scar in the landscape and
carrying the scar in the landscape and
carrying the scar in the landscape and forming a valley below with this
forming a valley below with this
forming a valley below with this evidence for the controversial theory
evidence for the controversial theory
evidence for the controversial theory start believe so but seasons was
start believe so but seasons was
start believe so but seasons was skeptical dismissing many of her
skeptical dismissing many of her
skeptical dismissing many of her suggestions as Girl Talk nevertheless
suggestions as Girl Talk nevertheless
suggestions as Girl Talk nevertheless Sark was convinced by our findings and
Sark was convinced by our findings and
Sark was convinced by our findings and later produced a more detailed
later produced a more detailed
later produced a more detailed physiographic map to further support her
physiographic map to further support her
physiographic map to further support her case at the same time another graduate
case at the same time another graduate
case at the same time another graduate student
student
student Howard Foster was plotting the excess
Howard Foster was plotting the excess
Howard Foster was plotting the excess sentence of earthquakes in the same
sentence of earthquakes in the same
sentence of earthquakes in the same region of the Atlantic fart notice that
region of the Atlantic fart notice that
region of the Atlantic fart notice that they occurred at the same location as
they occurred at the same location as
they occurred at the same location as her proposed ballet and as he expanded
her proposed ballet and as he expanded
her proposed ballet and as he expanded to other areas they found something
to other areas they found something
to other areas they found something interesting where there were mid-ocean
interesting where there were mid-ocean
interesting where there were mid-ocean ridges there were also earthquakes so it
ridges there were also earthquakes so it
ridges there were also earthquakes so it seemed as though these two were related
seemed as though these two were related
seemed as though these two were related at this point even the skeptical heathen
at this point even the skeptical heathen
at this point even the skeptical heathen could no longer deny what they were
could no longer deny what they were
could no longer deny what they were looking at a pattern of scars that
looking at a pattern of scars that
looking at a pattern of scars that spanned the Earth’s oceans permanent
spanned the Earth’s oceans permanent
spanned the Earth’s oceans permanent wounds torn into existence through the
wounds torn into existence through the
wounds torn into existence through the process of continental drift
process of continental drift
process of continental drift the findings were finally reported in
the findings were finally reported in
the findings were finally reported in 1957 but opposition from the scientific
1957 but opposition from the scientific
1957 but opposition from the scientific community was still fierce renowned
community was still fierce renowned
community was still fierce renowned explorer Jacques Cousteau was so sure
explorer Jacques Cousteau was so sure
explorer Jacques Cousteau was so sure they were wrong he charted an expedition
they were wrong he charted an expedition
they were wrong he charted an expedition to film the ocean floor to settle the
to film the ocean floor to settle the
to film the ocean floor to settle the score once and for all but the footage
score once and for all but the footage
score once and for all but the footage he brought back did the opposite it
he brought back did the opposite it
he brought back did the opposite it showed the deep valley it showed how it
showed the deep valley it showed how it
showed the deep valley it showed how it splits the mid-atlantic ridge in half
splits the mid-atlantic ridge in half
splits the mid-atlantic ridge in half and it showed that darks maps were right
and it showed that darks maps were right
and it showed that darks maps were right all along it was exactly where she
all along it was exactly where she
all along it was exactly where she potted it and the evidence mounted the
potted it and the evidence mounted the
potted it and the evidence mounted the paradigm shift and the earth sciences
paradigm shift and the earth sciences
paradigm shift and the earth sciences was inevitable
was inevitable
was inevitable such steadfast determination has paved
such steadfast determination has paved
such steadfast determination has paved the way for begginers continental drift
the way for begginers continental drift
the way for begginers continental drift theory to gain traction and as the tide
theory to gain traction and as the tide
theory to gain traction and as the tide of opposition waned
of opposition waned
of opposition waned it gave birth to our modern
it gave birth to our modern
it gave birth to our modern understanding of plate tectonics and can
understanding of plate tectonics and can
understanding of plate tectonics and can cure tarps position as one of the most
cure tarps position as one of the most
cure tarps position as one of the most outstanding cartographers of the 20th
outstanding cartographers of the 20th
outstanding cartographers of the 20th century
century
century [Music]
[Music]
[Music] you
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