this isn’t a religious war it’s a war whose roots are based in poverty
whose roots are based in poverty
whose roots are based in poverty corruption Central African Republic for
corruption Central African Republic for
corruption Central African Republic for a time went psychotic you know here we
a time went psychotic you know here we
a time went psychotic you know here we have a country that has 4.5 million
have a country that has 4.5 million
have a country that has 4.5 million people it’s a little bit smaller than
people it’s a little bit smaller than
people it’s a little bit smaller than the state of Texas you know it’s 85%
the state of Texas you know it’s 85%
the state of Texas you know it’s 85% Christian or traditional animist beliefs
Christian or traditional animist beliefs
Christian or traditional animist beliefs and 15% identify as Muslim but here’s
and 15% identify as Muslim but here’s
and 15% identify as Muslim but here’s how the people in the Central African
how the people in the Central African
how the people in the Central African Republic
Republic
Republic identify themselves I’m going to refer
identify themselves I’m going to refer
identify themselves I’m going to refer to Central African Republic by the
to Central African Republic by the
to Central African Republic by the shorthand that we sort of all default to
shorthand that we sort of all default to
shorthand that we sort of all default to car so if you’re confused that’s that’s
car so if you’re confused that’s that’s
car so if you’re confused that’s that’s what I’m talking about
what I’m talking about
what I’m talking about this is a map from a high school
this is a map from a high school
this is a map from a high school geography book and it shows the ethnic
geography book and it shows the ethnic
geography book and it shows the ethnic groups and their more than 50 ethnic
groups and their more than 50 ethnic
groups and their more than 50 ethnic groups and subgroups it’s also a nation
groups and subgroups it’s also a nation
groups and subgroups it’s also a nation filled with treasure literally fairly
filled with treasure literally fairly
filled with treasure literally fairly famous for its diamonds
famous for its diamonds
famous for its diamonds one of the biggest diamonds ever found
one of the biggest diamonds ever found
one of the biggest diamonds ever found almost four hundred carats was found in
almost four hundred carats was found in
almost four hundred carats was found in the ciear it also has gold mines both of
the ciear it also has gold mines both of
the ciear it also has gold mines both of these resources are mind using artisanal
these resources are mind using artisanal
these resources are mind using artisanal methods that means it’s not an
methods that means it’s not an
methods that means it’s not an industrial scale thing it’s all like
industrial scale thing it’s all like
industrial scale thing it’s all like open-pit mine thinking like that in
open-pit mine thinking like that in
open-pit mine thinking like that in recent years
recent years
recent years petroleum has been found up near the
petroleum has been found up near the
petroleum has been found up near the Chad border and there’s also deposits of
Chad border and there’s also deposits of
Chad border and there’s also deposits of uranium Frances first atomic weapon came
uranium Frances first atomic weapon came
uranium Frances first atomic weapon came from uranium that was mined in the CER
from uranium that was mined in the CER
from uranium that was mined in the CER it also has huge reserves of timber game
it also has huge reserves of timber game
it also has huge reserves of timber game animals but also the potential for
animals but also the potential for
animals but also the potential for hydropower so what went wrong what
hydropower so what went wrong what
hydropower so what went wrong what happens usually this is the equation for
happens usually this is the equation for
happens usually this is the equation for for Prosperity right you have a fairly
for Prosperity right you have a fairly
for Prosperity right you have a fairly good-sized country with a relatively
good-sized country with a relatively
good-sized country with a relatively small population and all these resources
small population and all these resources
small population and all these resources so you know why are we where we are
so you know why are we where we are
so you know why are we where we are today and a lot of the answer has to lie
today and a lot of the answer has to lie
today and a lot of the answer has to lie at the feet of these men these are the
at the feet of these men these are the
at the feet of these men these are the six leaders of the Central African
six leaders of the Central African
six leaders of the Central African public since independence this is a
public since independence this is a
public since independence this is a monument in bangy it was erected in 2008
monument in bangy it was erected in 2008
monument in bangy it was erected in 2008 which is the 50th anniversary of
which is the 50th anniversary of
which is the 50th anniversary of Independence and each person on each one
Independence and each person on each one
Independence and each person on each one of these gold busts betray one of the
of these gold busts betray one of the
of these gold busts betray one of the guys up here the guy that takes the cake
guys up here the guy that takes the cake
guys up here the guy that takes the cake of the leaders in terms of driving the
of the leaders in terms of driving the
of the leaders in terms of driving the country and
country and
country and ground is the sky John Bedell vacasa he
ground is the sky John Bedell vacasa he
ground is the sky John Bedell vacasa he was the president for life and then
was the president for life and then
was the president for life and then decided that wasn’t a grand enough title
decided that wasn’t a grand enough title
decided that wasn’t a grand enough title so he decided to become the Emperor of
so he decided to become the Emperor of
so he decided to become the Emperor of the Central African Empire he was going
the Central African Empire he was going
the Central African Empire he was going to rename the whole country he styled
to rename the whole country he styled
to rename the whole country he styled himself sort of the Napoleon of Africa
himself sort of the Napoleon of Africa
himself sort of the Napoleon of Africa and in an era when we saw Muammar
and in an era when we saw Muammar
and in an era when we saw Muammar Qaddafi rise Idi Amin was in his day
Qaddafi rise Idi Amin was in his day
Qaddafi rise Idi Amin was in his day nobuta sister secular was there picasa
nobuta sister secular was there picasa
nobuta sister secular was there picasa gives the mall a run for them for their
gives the mall a run for them for their
gives the mall a run for them for their money he he actually met his nadir when
money he he actually met his nadir when
money he he actually met his nadir when he decreed that all schoolchildren had
he decreed that all schoolchildren had
he decreed that all schoolchildren had to buy their school uniforms from his
to buy their school uniforms from his
to buy their school uniforms from his from company that he owned and when they
from company that he owned and when they
from company that he owned and when they had a rebellion or when there was a
had a rebellion or when there was a
had a rebellion or when there was a protest he had a hundred of them
protest he had a hundred of them
protest he had a hundred of them arrested and many were beaten some
arrested and many were beaten some
arrested and many were beaten some killed and that was sort of the moment
killed and that was sort of the moment
killed and that was sort of the moment that he met his downfall another issue
that he met his downfall another issue
that he met his downfall another issue that’s been happening over the past ten
that’s been happening over the past ten
that’s been happening over the past ten years or so more than that but ten years
years or so more than that but ten years
years or so more than that but ten years is really the area that we focus on is
is really the area that we focus on is
is really the area that we focus on is poaching the game and specifically the
poaching the game and specifically the
poaching the game and specifically the forest elephants poachers have been
forest elephants poachers have been
forest elephants poachers have been coming in to the ca are mostly from
coming in to the ca are mostly from
coming in to the ca are mostly from Sudan in organized fashion many of these
Sudan in organized fashion many of these
Sudan in organized fashion many of these are Janjaweed
are Janjaweed
are Janjaweed in fact one man described it to me as
in fact one man described it to me as
in fact one man described it to me as it’s it’s an ivory bank account we just
it’s it’s an ivory bank account we just
it’s it’s an ivory bank account we just come when we need when we need when we
come when we need when we need when we
come when we need when we need when we need money in the past ten years I think
need money in the past ten years I think
need money in the past ten years I think the estimate fifty five hundred
the estimate fifty five hundred
the estimate fifty five hundred elephants have been killed for their
elephants have been killed for their
elephants have been killed for their ivory and that’s about sixty two percent
ivory and that’s about sixty two percent
ivory and that’s about sixty two percent of the population so only about 30
of the population so only about 30
of the population so only about 30 percent remain the Seleka are a group of
percent remain the Seleka are a group of
percent remain the Seleka are a group of militias predominantly from the north
militias predominantly from the north
militias predominantly from the north muslim based and funded by chad to come
muslim based and funded by chad to come
muslim based and funded by chad to come and fight the bows easy government they
and fight the bows easy government they
and fight the bows easy government they were opposed by the anti-balaka begun as
were opposed by the anti-balaka begun as
were opposed by the anti-balaka begun as a sort of a local neighborhood security
a sort of a local neighborhood security
a sort of a local neighborhood security force when the Seleka rose up these guys
force when the Seleka rose up these guys
force when the Seleka rose up these guys organized they realized they needed some
organized they realized they needed some
organized they realized they needed some protection once the Seleka were gone
protection once the Seleka were gone
protection once the Seleka were gone they took out reprisals on the muslim
they took out reprisals on the muslim
they took out reprisals on the muslim population they committed many of the
population they committed many of the
population they committed many of the same atrocity the Seleka had committed
same atrocity the Seleka had committed
same atrocity the Seleka had committed so that’s not the whole story though
so that’s not the whole story though
so that’s not the whole story though that’s just what’s happening in
that’s just what’s happening in
that’s just what’s happening in predominantly the east in the north of
predominantly the east in the north of
predominantly the east in the north of the country there’s another conflict
the country there’s another conflict
the country there’s another conflict that’s going on far away over here in
that’s going on far away over here in
that’s going on far away over here in the far eastern corner is a little
the far eastern corner is a little
the far eastern corner is a little village called OBO it’s a village of
village called OBO it’s a village of
village called OBO it’s a village of about sixty
about sixty
about sixty some people and in oboe we don’t have
some people and in oboe we don’t have
some people and in oboe we don’t have the Seleka we don’t have concerns about
the Seleka we don’t have concerns about
the Seleka we don’t have concerns about the anti-balaka these are both Muslim
the anti-balaka these are both Muslim
the anti-balaka these are both Muslim and Christian children playing these
and Christian children playing these
and Christian children playing these children are also under threat from
children are also under threat from
children are also under threat from another place and that is remember this
another place and that is remember this
another place and that is remember this guy Joseph Kony rose to fame a couple
guy Joseph Kony rose to fame a couple
guy Joseph Kony rose to fame a couple years ago with the Kony 2012 video that
years ago with the Kony 2012 video that
years ago with the Kony 2012 video that went viral for those of you who note on
went viral for those of you who note on
went viral for those of you who note on the story is a Ugandan warlord for the
the story is a Ugandan warlord for the
the story is a Ugandan warlord for the better part of the last two decades has
better part of the last two decades has
better part of the last two decades has been kidnapping children to fight in his
been kidnapping children to fight in his
been kidnapping children to fight in his guerrilla army and he sort of moved from
guerrilla army and he sort of moved from
guerrilla army and he sort of moved from the DRC from South Sudan to the DRC and
the DRC from South Sudan to the DRC and
the DRC from South Sudan to the DRC and now he’s found his way into the into the
now he’s found his way into the into the
now he’s found his way into the into the Central African Republic and especially
Central African Republic and especially
Central African Republic and especially given the security situation that we’ve
given the security situation that we’ve
given the security situation that we’ve been facing in in car over the past year
been facing in in car over the past year
been facing in in car over the past year or so
or so
or so he’s his forces have moved you know more
he’s his forces have moved you know more
he’s his forces have moved you know more forcefully into this area but what’s
forcefully into this area but what’s
forcefully into this area but what’s keeping the people in OBO say for the
keeping the people in OBO say for the
keeping the people in OBO say for the moment is your tax dollars this is
moment is your tax dollars this is
moment is your tax dollars this is actually a Special Forces US Special
actually a Special Forces US Special
actually a Special Forces US Special Forces Base it sits right on the corner
Forces Base it sits right on the corner
Forces Base it sits right on the corner of the village and the US has been there
of the village and the US has been there
of the village and the US has been there for three years now actually in part
for three years now actually in part
for three years now actually in part providing security but in large part
providing security but in large part
providing security but in large part training Ugandan troops and advising
training Ugandan troops and advising
training Ugandan troops and advising them on tracking Kony is where and is in
them on tracking Kony is where and is in
them on tracking Kony is where and is in his group so these are the Ugandan
his group so these are the Ugandan
his group so these are the Ugandan troops that they trained what’s
troops that they trained what’s
troops that they trained what’s different apparently about this is that
different apparently about this is that
different apparently about this is that they’re actually getting jungle
they’re actually getting jungle
they’re actually getting jungle warfighting training before they’re sent
warfighting training before they’re sent
warfighting training before they’re sent actually the track Kony and his men and
actually the track Kony and his men and
actually the track Kony and his men and when I talked to people in the villager
when I talked to people in the villager
when I talked to people in the villager that happy that these guys are here they
that happy that these guys are here they
that happy that these guys are here they said if the United States and Uganda
said if the United States and Uganda
said if the United States and Uganda wasn’t here Joseph Kony would be
wasn’t here Joseph Kony would be
wasn’t here Joseph Kony would be sleeping in OBO tonight but I understand
sleeping in OBO tonight but I understand
sleeping in OBO tonight but I understand the human nature you want to put some
the human nature you want to put some
the human nature you want to put some faces on specific faces on on these
faces on specific faces on on these
faces on specific faces on on these issues so I wanted reduce you to three
issues so I wanted reduce you to three
issues so I wanted reduce you to three people so the next time you see a random
people so the next time you see a random
people so the next time you see a random car news report a 500-word AP story
car news report a 500-word AP story
car news report a 500-word AP story perhaps you’ll think of these three
perhaps you’ll think of these three
perhaps you’ll think of these three people so this is Aramis
people so this is Aramis
people so this is Aramis he was from OBO and he was kidnapped
he was from OBO and he was kidnapped
he was from OBO and he was kidnapped when he’s 17 years old out of his
when he’s 17 years old out of his
when he’s 17 years old out of his grandfather’s house and taken by the LRA
grandfather’s house and taken by the LRA
grandfather’s house and taken by the LRA into the jungle but spent five years as
into the jungle but spent five years as
into the jungle but spent five years as a guerrilla fighter he had horrible
a guerrilla fighter he had horrible
a guerrilla fighter he had horrible things done to him and he did horrible
things done to him and he did horrible
things done to him and he did horrible things but he escaped about a year ago
things but he escaped about a year ago
things but he escaped about a year ago and now he works with the US and the
and now he works with the US and the
and now he works with the US and the Ugandan to broadcast radio messages into
Ugandan to broadcast radio messages into
Ugandan to broadcast radio messages into the jungle and basically they’re trying
the jungle and basically they’re trying
the jungle and basically they’re trying to encourage the fighters to give give
to encourage the fighters to give give
to encourage the fighters to give give themselves up just just like Aramis did
themselves up just just like Aramis did
themselves up just just like Aramis did and that’s been a pretty successful
and that’s been a pretty successful
and that’s been a pretty successful strategy but so once a week Aramis goes
strategy but so once a week Aramis goes
strategy but so once a week Aramis goes into the radio station and basically
into the radio station and basically
into the radio station and basically talks to his former comrades and I sat
talks to his former comrades and I sat
talks to his former comrades and I sat in on one of his sessions and you know
in on one of his sessions and you know
in on one of his sessions and you know he calls them by name and he tells them
he calls them by name and he tells them
he calls them by name and he tells them you know you you know your family wants
you know you you know your family wants
you know you you know your family wants you home there’s amnesty for anybody the
you home there’s amnesty for anybody the
you home there’s amnesty for anybody the only guys that are really basically
only guys that are really basically
only guys that are really basically going after these days are Kony and and
going after these days are Kony and and
going after these days are Kony and and the other leaders another guy that I’d
the other leaders another guy that I’d
the other leaders another guy that I’d like you to meet is Albert so Albert I
like you to meet is Albert so Albert I
like you to meet is Albert so Albert I met on a trip this summer to bangy in
met on a trip this summer to bangy in
met on a trip this summer to bangy in the I barely had gotten you know into
the I barely had gotten you know into
the I barely had gotten you know into the city and he was knocking on my door
the city and he was knocking on my door
the city and he was knocking on my door wanting to sell me something you know
wanting to sell me something you know
wanting to sell me something you know and kept saying you know I want you to
and kept saying you know I want you to
and kept saying you know I want you to buy these pictures I got these great
buy these pictures I got these great
buy these pictures I got these great pictures you know I was looking the
pictures you know I was looking the
pictures you know I was looking the pictures like picture of a chicken you
pictures like picture of a chicken you
pictures like picture of a chicken you know my man do I really want a chicken
know my man do I really want a chicken
know my man do I really want a chicken picture and you know I’m sitting at this
picture and you know I’m sitting at this
picture and you know I’m sitting at this thing and then I realized it’s made out
thing and then I realized it’s made out
thing and then I realized it’s made out of butterfly wings and I just blown away
of butterfly wings and I just blown away
of butterfly wings and I just blown away so he took me back to his workshop and
so he took me back to his workshop and
so he took me back to his workshop and he showed me I does he collects these
he showed me I does he collects these
he showed me I does he collects these butterflies meticulously and makes these
butterflies meticulously and makes these
butterflies meticulously and makes these stained-glass images of life in the
stained-glass images of life in the
stained-glass images of life in the Central African Republic boy climbing a
Central African Republic boy climbing a
Central African Republic boy climbing a tree and this picture has special
tree and this picture has special
tree and this picture has special significance because it’s his sister and
significance because it’s his sister and
significance because it’s his sister and she was killed by the Seleka earlier
she was killed by the Seleka earlier
she was killed by the Seleka earlier this spring lastly I want to introduce
this spring lastly I want to introduce
this spring lastly I want to introduce you to the National Ballet of the
you to the National Ballet of the
you to the National Ballet of the Central African Republic they perform
Central African Republic they perform
Central African Republic they perform ethnic dances so there’s dancers from
ethnic dances so there’s dancers from
ethnic dances so there’s dancers from all those ethnic communities that show
all those ethnic communities that show
all those ethnic communities that show you showed you they’re missing 14 of
you showed you they’re missing 14 of
you showed you they’re missing 14 of their members since the violence and
their members since the violence and
their members since the violence and their rehearsal space who
their rehearsal space who
their rehearsal space who completely destroyed so they perform
completely destroyed so they perform
completely destroyed so they perform they perform in a vacant lot in downtown
they perform in a vacant lot in downtown
they perform in a vacant lot in downtown bangy and I happen and people just come
bangy and I happen and people just come
bangy and I happen and people just come and watch it’s like free performances
and watch it’s like free performances
and watch it’s like free performances and I happen to come by one day when
and I happen to come by one day when
and I happen to come by one day when they were performing this piece which is
they were performing this piece which is
they were performing this piece which is actually a pygmy dance and it tells the
actually a pygmy dance and it tells the
actually a pygmy dance and it tells the story of two women who were rivals for
story of two women who were rivals for
story of two women who were rivals for the affections of a man and one of the
the affections of a man and one of the
the affections of a man and one of the women poisons her rival and so an old
women poisons her rival and so an old
women poisons her rival and so an old healer is brought in to raise this woman
healer is brought in to raise this woman
healer is brought in to raise this woman from the dead and this is the scene that
from the dead and this is the scene that
from the dead and this is the scene that you’re gonna see so now I’m gonna pass
you’re gonna see so now I’m gonna pass
you’re gonna see so now I’m gonna pass it over to Marcus
thanks Peter for that I think it’s
thanks Peter for that I think it’s really important to highlight very early
really important to highlight very early
really important to highlight very early on in this evening that this isn’t a
on in this evening that this isn’t a
on in this evening that this isn’t a religious war it’s a war whose roots are
religious war it’s a war whose roots are
religious war it’s a war whose roots are our base fundamentally in poverty
our base fundamentally in poverty
our base fundamentally in poverty it’s based in corruption it’s based in
it’s based in corruption it’s based in
it’s based in corruption it’s based in mismanagement bad leadership many of
mismanagement bad leadership many of
mismanagement bad leadership many of which you know the leaders we were
which you know the leaders we were
which you know the leaders we were introduced to through Peter tonight and
introduced to through Peter tonight and
introduced to through Peter tonight and and religion has been used by the
and religion has been used by the
and religion has been used by the perpetrators to to draw lines to draw
perpetrators to to draw lines to draw
perpetrators to to draw lines to draw allegiances and to to to try to create
allegiances and to to to try to create
allegiances and to to to try to create power so I think we should try to rise
power so I think we should try to rise
power so I think we should try to rise above that this evening and try to think
above that this evening and try to think
above that this evening and try to think in a much more complex way about what is
in a much more complex way about what is
in a much more complex way about what is driving this conflict what what I’d like
driving this conflict what what I’d like
driving this conflict what what I’d like to do is is to introduce you to the
to do is is to introduce you to the
to do is is to introduce you to the chronology of the conflict
chronology of the conflict
chronology of the conflict it started as we were introduced earlier
it started as we were introduced earlier
it started as we were introduced earlier on that the celica were funded by Judas
on that the celica were funded by Judas
on that the celica were funded by Judas Debbie Chad to come in and destabilize
Debbie Chad to come in and destabilize
Debbie Chad to come in and destabilize the Central African Republic maybe take
the Central African Republic maybe take
the Central African Republic maybe take resources send those back to Chad but
resources send those back to Chad but
resources send those back to Chad but also destabilize the Central African
also destabilize the Central African
also destabilize the Central African Republic and for that for the benefit of
Republic and for that for the benefit of
Republic and for that for the benefit of its neighbors and so this Celica group
its neighbors and so this Celica group
its neighbors and so this Celica group that was that came into the country and
that was that came into the country and
that was that came into the country and attacked the then government took power
attacked the then government took power
attacked the then government took power from the government and and then started
from the government and and then started
from the government and and then started to run over the population in a very
to run over the population in a very
to run over the population in a very authoritarian way and the people who
authoritarian way and the people who
authoritarian way and the people who suffered most under that very early
suffered most under that very early
suffered most under that very early Celica rule were the Christians they
Celica rule were the Christians they
Celica rule were the Christians they were the ones that were forced out of
were the ones that were forced out of
were the ones that were forced out of their homes because they were persecuted
their homes because they were persecuted
their homes because they were persecuted by the rebels that were working in
by the rebels that were working in
by the rebels that were working in different zones and and many of these
different zones and and many of these
different zones and and many of these Celicas had gone Canha a wall they were
Celicas had gone Canha a wall they were
Celicas had gone Canha a wall they were funded to an extent by external powers
funded to an extent by external powers
funded to an extent by external powers they were funded to an extent by their
they were funded to an extent by their
they were funded to an extent by their leaders but they were also working for
leaders but they were also working for
leaders but they were also working for themselves they were also trying to fund
themselves they were also trying to fund
themselves they were also trying to fund their own lives and their own their own
their own lives and their own their own
their own lives and their own their own personal wealth gathering through
personal wealth gathering through
personal wealth gathering through looting through killing through amassing
looting through killing through amassing
looting through killing through amassing wealth through through stealing property
wealth through through stealing property
wealth through through stealing property and
and
and and that insecurity of these celica
and that insecurity of these celica
and that insecurity of these celica coming into the regions where
coming into the regions where
coming into the regions where predominantly Christian populations were
predominantly Christian populations were
predominantly Christian populations were living led the Christian population to
living led the Christian population to
living led the Christian population to flee into the bush so I’d like you to
flee into the bush so I’d like you to
flee into the bush so I’d like you to try to kind of put yourself into that
try to kind of put yourself into that
try to kind of put yourself into that context so when I show you the next
context so when I show you the next
context so when I show you the next series of images because essentially
series of images because essentially
series of images because essentially these the next series of images I’m
these the next series of images I’m
these the next series of images I’m going to try and put you into that early
going to try and put you into that early
going to try and put you into that early stages as the celica is ruling and the
stages as the celica is ruling and the
stages as the celica is ruling and the Christian population has been persecuted
Christian population has been persecuted
Christian population has been persecuted and are fleeing this is an image in a
and are fleeing this is an image in a
and are fleeing this is an image in a compound in a town called Boston go it’s
compound in a town called Boston go it’s
compound in a town called Boston go it’s taken in December 2013 and this is a
taken in December 2013 and this is a
taken in December 2013 and this is a mother trying to protect her child from
mother trying to protect her child from
mother trying to protect her child from the gunfire and the RPGs that are flying
the gunfire and the RPGs that are flying
the gunfire and the RPGs that are flying all around this compound as the Muslim
all around this compound as the Muslim
all around this compound as the Muslim celica are coming in to attack the town
celica are coming in to attack the town
celica are coming in to attack the town of bossangoa where there are about
of bossangoa where there are about
of bossangoa where there are about 10,000 Muslim refugees staying in the
10,000 Muslim refugees staying in the
10,000 Muslim refugees staying in the local school and about 30,000 Christian
local school and about 30,000 Christian
local school and about 30,000 Christian displaced staying in the church this is
displaced staying in the church this is
displaced staying in the church this is a young girl who was injured in the
a young girl who was injured in the
a young girl who was injured in the fighting as she tried to flee to the for
fighting as she tried to flee to the for
fighting as she tried to flee to the for Mack base which is where now I’m living
Mack base which is where now I’m living
Mack base which is where now I’m living with about 5,000 displaced people the
with about 5,000 displaced people the
with about 5,000 displaced people the fight is ongoing outside the walls of
fight is ongoing outside the walls of
fight is ongoing outside the walls of this compound and we’re where they’re
this compound and we’re where they’re
this compound and we’re where they’re protected by a small group of Congolese
protected by a small group of Congolese
protected by a small group of Congolese soldiers this image was taken very early
soldiers this image was taken very early
soldiers this image was taken very early in the morning about five o’clock just
in the morning about five o’clock just
in the morning about five o’clock just as the Sun is starting to rise and
as the Sun is starting to rise and
as the Sun is starting to rise and normally about the time when if a town
normally about the time when if a town
normally about the time when if a town is going to be attacked it is attacked
is going to be attacked it is attacked
is going to be attacked it is attacked and this was the town the time when the
and this was the town the time when the
and this was the town the time when the celica were coming into bossangoa and
celica were coming into bossangoa and
celica were coming into bossangoa and the local population had amassed around
the local population had amassed around
the local population had amassed around the form act based because they could
the form act based because they could
the form act based because they could feel it they could hear it they could
feel it they could hear it they could
feel it they could hear it they could villages like this small as they are
villages like this small as they are
villages like this small as they are start to feel that Aris there is
start to feel that Aris there is
start to feel that Aris there is something wrong quite early and so this
something wrong quite early and so this
something wrong quite early and so this population is kind of waiting at the
population is kind of waiting at the
population is kind of waiting at the format base to flee in so that they can
format base to flee in so that they can
format base to flee in so that they can get some sanctuary and this is in the
get some sanctuary and this is in the
get some sanctuary and this is in the local hospital that was being run by
local hospital that was being run by
local hospital that was being run by Doctors Without Borders médecins
Doctors Without Borders médecins
Doctors Without Borders médecins LaFonte and ironically here we have on
LaFonte and ironically here we have on
LaFonte and ironically here we have on the right side an anti-balaka fighter
the right side an anti-balaka fighter
the right side an anti-balaka fighter and his wife and child in the middle and
and his wife and child in the middle and
and his wife and child in the middle and on the left side is a Celica fighter
on the left side is a Celica fighter
on the left side is a Celica fighter both sitting lying side by side
both sitting lying side by side
both sitting lying side by side receiving the same medical care from the
receiving the same medical care from the
receiving the same medical care from the same doctor and living in perfect
same doctor and living in perfect
same doctor and living in perfect harmony as they had done
harmony as they had done
harmony as they had done all the battle as their populations had
all the battle as their populations had
all the battle as their populations had done for many generations before and
done for many generations before and
done for many generations before and children have played a large part in
children have played a large part in
children have played a large part in this conflict and this young Celica
this conflict and this young Celica
this conflict and this young Celica fighter was actually brought from Sudan
fighter was actually brought from Sudan
fighter was actually brought from Sudan so he’s Sudanese came through Chad and
so he’s Sudanese came through Chad and
so he’s Sudanese came through Chad and is now fighting in Central African
is now fighting in Central African
is now fighting in Central African Republic for the Celica and he’s about
Republic for the Celica and he’s about
Republic for the Celica and he’s about 14 years old very few people really know
14 years old very few people really know
14 years old very few people really know that their age but very clearly he’s
that their age but very clearly he’s
that their age but very clearly he’s underage
underage
underage and both sides were using children and
and both sides were using children and
and both sides were using children and still are using children in the fight we
still are using children in the fight we
still are using children in the fight we talk about Muslim and we talked about
talk about Muslim and we talked about
talk about Muslim and we talked about anti-balaka and the Christian and the
anti-balaka and the Christian and the
anti-balaka and the Christian and the Animus population but also there are
Animus population but also there are
Animus population but also there are kind of cultural group called the Pearl
kind of cultural group called the Pearl
kind of cultural group called the Pearl who are the nomadic herders the people
who are the nomadic herders the people
who are the nomadic herders the people that look after the cattle and they have
that look after the cattle and they have
that look after the cattle and they have enormous wealth all embedded in cattle
enormous wealth all embedded in cattle
enormous wealth all embedded in cattle and they wander through this whole
and they wander through this whole
and they wander through this whole region they wander through Cameroon Chad
region they wander through Cameroon Chad
region they wander through Cameroon Chad Central African Republic and they follow
Central African Republic and they follow
Central African Republic and they follow the reigns as the rains move they move
the reigns as the rains move they move
the reigns as the rains move they move their cattle and the cattle graze and
their cattle and the cattle graze and
their cattle and the cattle graze and they move through this whole region they
they move through this whole region they
they move through this whole region they don’t consider themselves from Central
don’t consider themselves from Central
don’t consider themselves from Central African Republic or Chad or Cameroon
African Republic or Chad or Cameroon
African Republic or Chad or Cameroon they are from the region and they were
they are from the region and they were
they are from the region and they were hugely persecuted by the anti-balaka
hugely persecuted by the anti-balaka
hugely persecuted by the anti-balaka during this time because they were the
during this time because they were the
during this time because they were the source of beef they were also
source of beef they were also
source of beef they were also predominantly Muslim and so they were
predominantly Muslim and so they were
predominantly Muslim and so they were focused in the anti-balaka focused on
focused in the anti-balaka focused on
focused in the anti-balaka focused on them for that as well and this young
them for that as well and this young
them for that as well and this young woman saw her whole family massacred
woman saw her whole family massacred
woman saw her whole family massacred around her her 12 children and her
around her her 12 children and her
around her her 12 children and her husband were killed and she was shot in
husband were killed and she was shot in
husband were killed and she was shot in the back of the head and was left for
the back of the head and was left for
the back of the head and was left for dead and she was only found by a group
dead and she was only found by a group
dead and she was only found by a group of pearl herders about five or six days
of pearl herders about five or six days
of pearl herders about five or six days later and they brought her near dead to
later and they brought her near dead to
later and they brought her near dead to the hospital where she was cared for and
the hospital where she was cared for and
the hospital where she was cared for and and survived but she still has the
and survived but she still has the
and survived but she still has the bullet in the back of her skull this is
bullet in the back of her skull this is
bullet in the back of her skull this is the church in bossangoa and the
the church in bossangoa and the
the church in bossangoa and the displaced camp for the Christian
displaced camp for the Christian
displaced camp for the Christian population about thirty thousand people
population about thirty thousand people
population about thirty thousand people were there and are still there actually
were there and are still there actually
were there and are still there actually and this is a pearl lady who lost her
and this is a pearl lady who lost her
and this is a pearl lady who lost her husband she lost five of her children
husband she lost five of her children
husband she lost five of her children and the only reason she sat there with
and the only reason she sat there with
and the only reason she sat there with her young boy here it was because she
her young boy here it was because she
her young boy here it was because she dressed him up as a girl and was allowed
dressed him up as a girl and was allowed
dressed him up as a girl and was allowed to leave the village that she was in
to leave the village that she was in
to leave the village that she was in because the group of anti-balaka that
because the group of anti-balaka that
because the group of anti-balaka that she was with were not killing young
she was with were not killing young
she was with were not killing young girls
girls
girls just killing boys this is inside the
just killing boys this is inside the
just killing boys this is inside the church the displaced camp and the young
church the displaced camp and the young
church the displaced camp and the young girl in front you see here sat on the
girl in front you see here sat on the
girl in front you see here sat on the chair she’s 13 years old she sat there
chair she’s 13 years old she sat there
chair she’s 13 years old she sat there with her daughter and this is another
with her daughter and this is another
with her daughter and this is another issue that we have in Central African
issue that we have in Central African
issue that we have in Central African Republic concept of child marriages is
Republic concept of child marriages is
Republic concept of child marriages is is prolific and we came across it in
is prolific and we came across it in
is prolific and we came across it in every town that we went to every display
every town that we went to every display
every town that we went to every display scandal we went to for a lot of the time
scandal we went to for a lot of the time
scandal we went to for a lot of the time the anti-balaka were in these bushes
the anti-balaka were in these bushes
the anti-balaka were in these bushes hiding away like this and then things
hiding away like this and then things
hiding away like this and then things changed
changed
changed December came around and the anti-balaka
December came around and the anti-balaka
December came around and the anti-balaka started organizing themselves and they
started organizing themselves and they
started organizing themselves and they became stronger to try and come and
became stronger to try and come and
became stronger to try and come and fight and engage the Celica in a more
fight and engage the Celica in a more
fight and engage the Celica in a more active way and the Celica were told you
active way and the Celica were told you
active way and the Celica were told you cannot treat to your people with such
cannot treat to your people with such
cannot treat to your people with such disdain you cannot treat your people
disdain you cannot treat your people
disdain you cannot treat your people with such hatred and expect them not to
with such hatred and expect them not to
with such hatred and expect them not to rebel against you and time and time and
rebel against you and time and time and
rebel against you and time and time and time again organizations NGOs human
time again organizations NGOs human
time again organizations NGOs human rights organizations told them this and
rights organizations told them this and
rights organizations told them this and they ignored it and the anti-balaka the
they ignored it and the anti-balaka the
they ignored it and the anti-balaka the Christian population came out of the
Christian population came out of the
Christian population came out of the bush the anti-balaka came out of the
bush the anti-balaka came out of the
bush the anti-balaka came out of the bush strong motivated and very very
bush strong motivated and very very
bush strong motivated and very very angry they started to rise up and attack
angry they started to rise up and attack
angry they started to rise up and attack the local population sometimes the local
the local population sometimes the local
the local population sometimes the local Muslim population sometimes they were
Muslim population sometimes they were
Muslim population sometimes they were just taking things to try to enhance
just taking things to try to enhance
just taking things to try to enhance their strength and have their assets
their strength and have their assets
their strength and have their assets this of course led to the local Muslim
this of course led to the local Muslim
this of course led to the local Muslim population and the Pearl population the
population and the Pearl population the
population and the Pearl population the nomads to flee and to try to find
nomads to flee and to try to find
nomads to flee and to try to find sanctuary in here we have pearl
sanctuary in here we have pearl
sanctuary in here we have pearl population hiding in a Christian Church
population hiding in a Christian Church
population hiding in a Christian Church protected by the priests in that
protected by the priests in that
protected by the priests in that Christian Church in this town is in Bali
Christian Church in this town is in Bali
Christian Church in this town is in Bali and many of the priests in the churches
and many of the priests in the churches
and many of the priests in the churches all around Central African Republic were
all around Central African Republic were
all around Central African Republic were really sanctuaries for the Muslim
really sanctuaries for the Muslim
really sanctuaries for the Muslim population they open their doors in
population they open their doors in
population they open their doors in order to protect a Muslim population
order to protect a Muslim population
order to protect a Muslim population from their own Christian followers this
from their own Christian followers this
from their own Christian followers this rise of the anti-balaka led to the
rise of the anti-balaka led to the
rise of the anti-balaka led to the Muslim population deciding to relocate
Muslim population deciding to relocate
Muslim population deciding to relocate this is a Muslim man what happened when
this is a Muslim man what happened when
this is a Muslim man what happened when these enclaves were created is that the
these enclaves were created is that the
these enclaves were created is that the anti-balaka then started picking off the
anti-balaka then started picking off the
anti-balaka then started picking off the Muslims on the edges firing throwing
Muslims on the edges firing throwing
Muslims on the edges firing throwing grenades throwing RPGs and slowly this
grenades throwing RPGs and slowly this
grenades throwing RPGs and slowly this Muslim popular
Muslim popular
Muslim popular and started to be killed they were
and started to be killed they were
and started to be killed they were waiting there in these enclaves where
waiting there in these enclaves where
waiting there in these enclaves where people were trapped they couldn’t leave
people were trapped they couldn’t leave
people were trapped they couldn’t leave they can go anyway they were completely
they can go anyway they were completely
they can go anyway they were completely surrounded by anti-balaka and there was
surrounded by anti-balaka and there was
surrounded by anti-balaka and there was no way out safely no way out and the
no way out safely no way out and the
no way out safely no way out and the United Nations much as though they were
United Nations much as though they were
United Nations much as though they were there to protect they were also very
there to protect they were also very
there to protect they were also very fearful at the beginning too to
fearful at the beginning too to
fearful at the beginning too to contribute and assist ethnic cleansing
contribute and assist ethnic cleansing
contribute and assist ethnic cleansing and so these people were trapped in
and so these people were trapped in
and so these people were trapped in these zones and were being killed on a
these zones and were being killed on a
these zones and were being killed on a daily basis this young man was
daily basis this young man was
daily basis this young man was demonstrating against the state that the
demonstrating against the state that the
demonstrating against the state that the Muslims were being held in and was shot
Muslims were being held in and was shot
Muslims were being held in and was shot by the French peacekeepers and his wife
by the French peacekeepers and his wife
by the French peacekeepers and his wife a few minutes later and finding out that
a few minutes later and finding out that
a few minutes later and finding out that her husband has been killed as the
her husband has been killed as the
her husband has been killed as the celica started to leave as the rise of
celica started to leave as the rise of
celica started to leave as the rise of the anti-balaka increased the celica
the anti-balaka increased the celica
the anti-balaka increased the celica started decided to go they started to
started decided to go they started to
started decided to go they started to kidnap people and they started to take
kidnap people and they started to take
kidnap people and they started to take them to help them carry the baggage much
them to help them carry the baggage much
them to help them carry the baggage much as though we see with the LRA
as though we see with the LRA
as though we see with the LRA carrying baggage to move it out of the
carrying baggage to move it out of the
carrying baggage to move it out of the country many of the the local population
country many of the the local population
country many of the the local population was kidnapped by the celica and to take
was kidnapped by the celica and to take
was kidnapped by the celica and to take them out of country and this actually is
them out of country and this actually is
them out of country and this actually is a man I met on the street about 50
a man I met on the street about 50
a man I met on the street about 50 kilometres outside of Bunge and he’d
kilometres outside of Bunge and he’d
kilometres outside of Bunge and he’d been kidnapped by the celica spent nine
been kidnapped by the celica spent nine
been kidnapped by the celica spent nine days carrying baggage with the celica
days carrying baggage with the celica
days carrying baggage with the celica being beaten every day to move quicker
being beaten every day to move quicker
being beaten every day to move quicker and move quicker you know don’t stops
and move quicker you know don’t stops
and move quicker you know don’t stops because we need to leave this area very
because we need to leave this area very
because we need to leave this area very quickly because we’re going to be killed
quickly because we’re going to be killed
quickly because we’re going to be killed and he was being beaten to carry all the
and he was being beaten to carry all the
and he was being beaten to carry all the baggage he managed to escape with his
baggage he managed to escape with his
baggage he managed to escape with his father and we found him on the side of
father and we found him on the side of
father and we found him on the side of the road emaciated and hungry and tired
the road emaciated and hungry and tired
the road emaciated and hungry and tired and we put him in our car and brought
and we put him in our car and brought
and we put him in our car and brought him back to bangy and this is the moment
him back to bangy and this is the moment
him back to bangy and this is the moment a very privileged moment that we have of
a very privileged moment that we have of
a very privileged moment that we have of taking him home and introducing him once
taking him home and introducing him once
taking him home and introducing him once more to his mother who thought he’d been
more to his mother who thought he’d been
more to his mother who thought he’d been killed the anti-balaka rise up and
killed the anti-balaka rise up and
killed the anti-balaka rise up and continued to destroy the Muslim
continued to destroy the Muslim
continued to destroy the Muslim properties and here we see one of the
properties and here we see one of the
properties and here we see one of the main Colonels Colonel Durga Doni
main Colonels Colonel Durga Doni
main Colonels Colonel Durga Doni of the anti-balaka with his Grigri and
of the anti-balaka with his Grigri and
of the anti-balaka with his Grigri and his grenades ready for the fight and
his grenades ready for the fight and
his grenades ready for the fight and this is essentially what happened after
this is essentially what happened after
this is essentially what happened after that the celica have now left Bunge
that the celica have now left Bunge
that the celica have now left Bunge there is no one to protect the Muslim
there is no one to protect the Muslim
there is no one to protect the Muslim population and so the for a period of
population and so the for a period of
population and so the for a period of time between
time between
time between the last week in January perhaps and the
the last week in January perhaps and the
the last week in January perhaps and the middle of March I’d the way I describe
middle of March I’d the way I describe
middle of March I’d the way I describe it is that the country for a time went
it is that the country for a time went
it is that the country for a time went psychotic there was killing on a scale
psychotic there was killing on a scale
psychotic there was killing on a scale I’ve never seen in 16 years covering
I’ve never seen in 16 years covering
I’ve never seen in 16 years covering conflict in Africa and imagery that I’d
conflict in Africa and imagery that I’d
conflict in Africa and imagery that I’d prefer really not to have in my mind but
prefer really not to have in my mind but
prefer really not to have in my mind but it’s important that we recognize that
it’s important that we recognize that
it’s important that we recognize that this happened it’s important that we
this happened it’s important that we
this happened it’s important that we understand the severity of this conflict
understand the severity of this conflict
understand the severity of this conflict and also the hatred that was for a
and also the hatred that was for a
and also the hatred that was for a period present in this area this is a
period present in this area this is a
period present in this area this is a young band being lynched on the streets
young band being lynched on the streets
young band being lynched on the streets he’s importer a Christian Porter who was
he’s importer a Christian Porter who was
he’s importer a Christian Porter who was bringing supplies into a Muslim enclaves
bringing supplies into a Muslim enclaves
bringing supplies into a Muslim enclaves so that they could eat they would have
so that they could eat they would have
so that they could eat they would have flour to cook with and and sugar to use
flour to cook with and and sugar to use
flour to cook with and and sugar to use for their tea and as he came in he was
for their tea and as he came in he was
for their tea and as he came in he was caught by the Muslim population he was
caught by the Muslim population he was
caught by the Muslim population he was serving and attacked and then beaten and
serving and attacked and then beaten and
serving and attacked and then beaten and then chased through the streets with
then chased through the streets with
then chased through the streets with machetes and bows and arrows thankfully
machetes and bows and arrows thankfully
machetes and bows and arrows thankfully he escaped many many more didn’t this
he escaped many many more didn’t this
he escaped many many more didn’t this young man actually is Muslim and is
young man actually is Muslim and is
young man actually is Muslim and is disabled and couldn’t communicate that
disabled and couldn’t communicate that
disabled and couldn’t communicate that he was Muslim and so I was beaten up to
he was Muslim and so I was beaten up to
he was Muslim and so I was beaten up to the point of almost death by his fellow
the point of almost death by his fellow
the point of almost death by his fellow Muslims these are the reality of what
Muslims these are the reality of what
Muslims these are the reality of what happened day after day after day for six
happened day after day after day for six
happened day after day after day for six weeks in Bangi
weeks in Bangi
weeks in Bangi I think I witnessed maybe 10 to 15
I think I witnessed maybe 10 to 15
I think I witnessed maybe 10 to 15 people being killed in front of my
people being killed in front of my
people being killed in front of my camera every day the peacekeepers tried
camera every day the peacekeepers tried
camera every day the peacekeepers tried their best to keep the peace but simply
their best to keep the peace but simply
their best to keep the peace but simply they couldn’t control it there weren’t
they couldn’t control it there weren’t
they couldn’t control it there weren’t enough of them and the capital Bunge was
enough of them and the capital Bunge was
enough of them and the capital Bunge was completely out of control
completely out of control
completely out of control the anti-balaka throughout the country
the anti-balaka throughout the country
the anti-balaka throughout the country took control of whatever they could take
took control of whatever they could take
took control of whatever they could take control of and preyed on the remaining
control of and preyed on the remaining
control of and preyed on the remaining Muslims that were trapped in these
Muslims that were trapped in these
Muslims that were trapped in these enclaves and they were picking them off
enclaves and they were picking them off
enclaves and they were picking them off one by one and so what did that lead to
one by one and so what did that lead to
one by one and so what did that lead to some people call it ethnic cleansing
some people call it ethnic cleansing
some people call it ethnic cleansing Amnesty International have called ethnic
Amnesty International have called ethnic
Amnesty International have called ethnic cleansing what is ethnic cleansing
cleansing what is ethnic cleansing
cleansing what is ethnic cleansing ethnic cleansing is where a group a
ethnic cleansing is where a group a
ethnic cleansing is where a group a population a targeted very specific
population a targeted very specific
population a targeted very specific ethnic group are targeted by an
ethnic group are targeted by an
ethnic group are targeted by an organized group and it was very
organized group and it was very
organized group and it was very difficult to say at the beginning
difficult to say at the beginning
difficult to say at the beginning whether the anti-balaka were organized
whether the anti-balaka were organized
whether the anti-balaka were organized whether they were coordinated whether
whether they were coordinated whether
whether they were coordinated whether there was a chain of command it since
there was a chain of command it since
there was a chain of command it since been proved and they have admitted that
been proved and they have admitted that
been proved and they have admitted that there is a chain of command within the
there is a chain of command within the
there is a chain of command within the anti black and so maybe we can call it
anti black and so maybe we can call it
anti black and so maybe we can call it ethnic cleansing but really it’s
ethnic cleansing but really it’s
ethnic cleansing but really it’s irrelevant to what we call it because
irrelevant to what we call it because
irrelevant to what we call it because the effect it was really the same this
the effect it was really the same this
the effect it was really the same this is a Chad Special Forces soldier coming
is a Chad Special Forces soldier coming
is a Chad Special Forces soldier coming into Bunge to escort tens of thousands
into Bunge to escort tens of thousands
into Bunge to escort tens of thousands of people out of the region on these
of people out of the region on these
of people out of the region on these trucks I stood there for maybe 45
trucks I stood there for maybe 45
trucks I stood there for maybe 45 minutes as truck after truck after truck
minutes as truck after truck after truck
minutes as truck after truck after truck loaded up to the extent that this one is
loaded up to the extent that this one is
loaded up to the extent that this one is loaded up left
loaded up left
loaded up left bongi with Muslims on board this is a
bongi with Muslims on board this is a
bongi with Muslims on board this is a young father with a newborn waiting for
young father with a newborn waiting for
young father with a newborn waiting for the trucks to leave the center of Bunge
the trucks to leave the center of Bunge
the trucks to leave the center of Bunge many of these trucks were targeted by
many of these trucks were targeted by
many of these trucks were targeted by anti-balaka on the road and and grenades
anti-balaka on the road and and grenades
anti-balaka on the road and and grenades were thrown into these trucks from the
were thrown into these trucks from the
were thrown into these trucks from the villages that they were passing through
villages that they were passing through
villages that they were passing through so not everybody made it through and the
so not everybody made it through and the
so not everybody made it through and the trip was hours days – you know they were
trip was hours days – you know they were
trip was hours days – you know they were running the gauntlet of these
running the gauntlet of these
running the gauntlet of these anti-balaka groups for days to get to
anti-balaka groups for days to get to
anti-balaka groups for days to get to Cameroon and Chad ivan recently visited
Cameroon and Chad ivan recently visited
Cameroon and Chad ivan recently visited most of the Perl population hundreds of
most of the Perl population hundreds of
most of the Perl population hundreds of thousands of people that are seeking
thousands of people that are seeking
thousands of people that are seeking refuge in Cameroon for the first time in
refuge in Cameroon for the first time in
refuge in Cameroon for the first time in 18 months they feel safe for the first
18 months they feel safe for the first
18 months they feel safe for the first time in 18 months they have enough food
time in 18 months they have enough food
time in 18 months they have enough food for the first time in a very long time
for the first time in a very long time
for the first time in a very long time they have shelter over their heads the
they have shelter over their heads the
they have shelter over their heads the children go to school and so it was a
children go to school and so it was a
children go to school and so it was a very uplifting after such after many
very uplifting after such after many
very uplifting after such after many many months of hatred many many months
many months of hatred many many months
many months of hatred many many months of pain many many months of killing I
of pain many many months of killing I
of pain many many months of killing I was starting to see the population that
was starting to see the population that
was starting to see the population that I’d known ten years ago in Bangi
I’d known ten years ago in Bangi
I’d known ten years ago in Bangi I saw the people that were making the
I saw the people that were making the
I saw the people that were making the butterflies I saw the laughter again I
butterflies I saw the laughter again I
butterflies I saw the laughter again I saw the children playing football again
saw the children playing football again
saw the children playing football again all guarded by now the Cameroon military
all guarded by now the Cameroon military
all guarded by now the Cameroon military so that the anti-balaka don’t come
so that the anti-balaka don’t come
so that the anti-balaka don’t come across and start attacking the local
across and start attacking the local
across and start attacking the local population the children some of them go
population the children some of them go
population the children some of them go to school for the first time and they
to school for the first time and they
to school for the first time and they now live as they lived in Central
now live as they lived in Central
now live as they lived in Central African Republic in these camps
African Republic in these camps
African Republic in these camps Carr and H UNHCR United Nations High
Carr and H UNHCR United Nations High
Carr and H UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is doing
Commissioner for Refugees is doing
Commissioner for Refugees is doing actually a really interesting really
actually a really interesting really
actually a really interesting really good job of integrating the refugee
good job of integrating the refugee
good job of integrating the refugee population with the local Cameroonian
population with the local Cameroonian
population with the local Cameroonian population so that there’s no very
population so that there’s no very
population so that there’s no very little animosity between the two so they
little animosity between the two so they
little animosity between the two so they go into a town and they bore ten or
go into a town and they bore ten or
go into a town and they bore ten or fifteen wells they create ten or 50
fifteen wells they create ten or 50
fifteen wells they create ten or 50 wells for the whole population not just
wells for the whole population not just
wells for the whole population not just for the refugee population but for the
for the refugee population but for the
for the refugee population but for the whole population they build schools for
whole population they build schools for
whole population they build schools for the whole population not just for the
the whole population not just for the
the whole population not just for the refugee population so in a way they are
refugee population so in a way they are
refugee population so in a way they are learning their lessons they’re becoming
learning their lessons they’re becoming
learning their lessons they’re becoming better at what they do and this is a
better at what they do and this is a
better at what they do and this is a great example we were very encouraged by
great example we were very encouraged by
great example we were very encouraged by what we saw there there’s a lot of talk
what we saw there there’s a lot of talk
what we saw there there’s a lot of talk about return like when can these people
about return like when can these people
about return like when can these people return but I asked all of these people
return but I asked all of these people
return but I asked all of these people when did they want to return if they
when did they want to return if they
when did they want to return if they wanted to return and no one wanted to
wanted to return and no one wanted to
wanted to return and no one wanted to return no one needed to return and this
return no one needed to return and this
return no one needed to return and this is a really interesting concept for
is a really interesting concept for
is a really interesting concept for refugees should we force them at some
refugees should we force them at some
refugees should we force them at some point to return should we be really
point to return should we be really
point to return should we be really working for that end and this is a
working for that end and this is a
working for that end and this is a really interesting question that we
really interesting question that we
really interesting question that we still don’t know the answer to thank you
still don’t know the answer to thank you
still don’t know the answer to thank you very much indeed for listening
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