thank you thank you I’m going to start by talking about three cases in modern
by talking about three cases in modern
by talking about three cases in modern slavery so the first one is about four
slavery so the first one is about four
slavery so the first one is about four men from the Czech Republic who came to
men from the Czech Republic who came to
men from the Czech Republic who came to this country thinking they had work and
this country thinking they had work and
this country thinking they had work and when they got here they were met by
when they got here they were met by
when they got here they were met by someone and their documents passports
someone and their documents passports
someone and their documents passports were taken away
were taken away
were taken away they were taken somewhere to live in
they were taken somewhere to live in
they were taken somewhere to live in very squalid conditions and they were
very squalid conditions and they were
very squalid conditions and they were made to work in a factory and they had
made to work in a factory and they had
made to work in a factory and they had to hand over all their earnings to a
to hand over all their earnings to a
to hand over all their earnings to a gang master and when one of them
gang master and when one of them
gang master and when one of them objected and said well I can’t have my
objected and said well I can’t have my
objected and said well I can’t have my money he was chained to a radiator he
money he was chained to a radiator he
money he was chained to a radiator he was beaten and he was burnt with
was beaten and he was burnt with
was beaten and he was burnt with cigarettes and then there’s another case
cigarettes and then there’s another case
cigarettes and then there’s another case of a young lady called Maya British girl
of a young lady called Maya British girl
of a young lady called Maya British girl who from the ages of 12 to 19 was really
who from the ages of 12 to 19 was really
who from the ages of 12 to 19 was really very terribly exploited so they started
very terribly exploited so they started
very terribly exploited so they started off by grooming her getting her to sell
off by grooming her getting her to sell
off by grooming her getting her to sell drugs and then she worked up what was
drugs and then she worked up what was
drugs and then she worked up what was the supposed debt a large debt and so
the supposed debt a large debt and so
the supposed debt a large debt and so she was forced into prostitution sexual
she was forced into prostitution sexual
she was forced into prostitution sexual exploitation she had to service after 30
exploitation she had to service after 30
exploitation she had to service after 30 clients a day and even when she went
clients a day and even when she went
clients a day and even when she went away on a school trip with her school
away on a school trip with her school
away on a school trip with her school friends her abuses were where she was
friends her abuses were where she was
friends her abuses were where she was under such control that she they even
under such control that she they even
under such control that she they even trafficked her to people in the
trafficked her to people in the
trafficked her to people in the neighborhood the third case a Vietnamese
neighborhood the third case a Vietnamese
neighborhood the third case a Vietnamese boy called Hong whose family put
boy called Hong whose family put
boy called Hong whose family put together $30,000 to pay for him to be
together $30,000 to pay for him to be
together $30,000 to pay for him to be brought into this country illegally I’m
brought into this country illegally I’m
brought into this country illegally I’m sure when he got here he was forced to
sure when he got here he was forced to
sure when he got here he was forced to work in a cannabis farm cameras factory
work in a cannabis farm cameras factory
work in a cannabis farm cameras factory he was he escaped but then he was
he was he escaped but then he was
he was he escaped but then he was recaptured re trafficked and put into
recaptured re trafficked and put into
recaptured re trafficked and put into domestic and sexual abuse those are
domestic and sexual abuse those are
domestic and sexual abuse those are three cases but modern slavery touches
three cases but modern slavery touches
three cases but modern slavery touches all of us it’s all we come across we
all of us it’s all we come across we
all of us it’s all we come across we can’t come across it in our everyday
can’t come across it in our everyday
can’t come across it in our everyday lives in nail bars car washes block
lives in nail bars car washes block
lives in nail bars car washes block paving and of course in supply chains of
paving and of course in supply chains of
paving and of course in supply chains of goods and
goods and
goods and services that we buy so I was how did I
services that we buy so I was how did I
services that we buy so I was how did I get interested in this the home office
get interested in this the home office
get interested in this the home office asked me as part of launching a modern
asked me as part of launching a modern
asked me as part of launching a modern slavery strategy if I would try and
slavery strategy if I would try and
slavery strategy if I would try and figure out how many victims there are of
figure out how many victims there are of
figure out how many victims there are of modern slavery in this country there’s a
modern slavery in this country there’s a
modern slavery in this country there’s a thing called a national referral
thing called a national referral
thing called a national referral mechanism which is run by the National
mechanism which is run by the National
mechanism which is run by the National Crime Agency which collects reports from
Crime Agency which collects reports from
Crime Agency which collects reports from various sources of victims of modern
various sources of victims of modern
various sources of victims of modern slavery and in 2013 they thought there
slavery and in 2013 they thought there
slavery and in 2013 they thought there were two thousand seven hundred and
were two thousand seven hundred and
were two thousand seven hundred and forty four victims but modern slavery is
forty four victims but modern slavery is
forty four victims but modern slavery is a hidden crime people who are taken into
a hidden crime people who are taken into
a hidden crime people who are taken into this condition are afraid to tell anyone
this condition are afraid to tell anyone
this condition are afraid to tell anyone about it even if they escape they may
about it even if they escape they may
about it even if they escape they may not even be identified as victims by
not even be identified as victims by
not even be identified as victims by those who come across them and in some
those who come across them and in some
those who come across them and in some cases they may not even realize
cases they may not even realize
cases they may not even realize themselves that what they were in
themselves that what they were in
themselves that what they were in amounted to slavery people just like
amounted to slavery people just like
amounted to slavery people just like other crimes like domestic abuse are
other crimes like domestic abuse are
other crimes like domestic abuse are often ashamed and in some of the cases I
often ashamed and in some of the cases I
often ashamed and in some of the cases I talked about they may themselves have
talked about they may themselves have
talked about they may themselves have got into it because of doing something
got into it because of doing something
got into it because of doing something that they shouldn’t have done like the
that they shouldn’t have done like the
that they shouldn’t have done like the young man from Vietnam and the other
young man from Vietnam and the other
young man from Vietnam and the other reason of course we don’t have complete
reason of course we don’t have complete
reason of course we don’t have complete data is that if you put out a call to
data is that if you put out a call to
data is that if you put out a call to the police or whoever for data they
the police or whoever for data they
the police or whoever for data they don’t all answer it so the data is
don’t all answer it so the data is
don’t all answer it so the data is necessarily incomplete so there’s a
necessarily incomplete so there’s a
necessarily incomplete so there’s a whole slew of reasons why 2744 was not
whole slew of reasons why 2744 was not
whole slew of reasons why 2744 was not there number at all and why they were
there number at all and why they were
there number at all and why they were considerably more victims and that was
considerably more victims and that was
considerably more victims and that was where statistics came into the equation
where statistics came into the equation
where statistics came into the equation let’s think of an old hidden population
let’s think of an old hidden population
let’s think of an old hidden population problem suppose you want to discover how
problem suppose you want to discover how
problem suppose you want to discover how many fish there are in a pond so one
many fish there are in a pond so one
many fish there are in a pond so one method that was suggested a long time
method that was suggested a long time
method that was suggested a long time ago was this you go fishing and you
ago was this you go fishing and you
ago was this you go fishing and you catch say
catch say
catch say a hundred fish then you mark all those
a hundred fish then you mark all those
a hundred fish then you mark all those fish in some way and you throw them all
fish in some way and you throw them all
fish in some way and you throw them all back and you let them swim around for a
back and you let them swim around for a
back and you let them swim around for a week and then you come fishing again and
week and then you come fishing again and
week and then you come fishing again and you catch another hundred and you
you catch another hundred and you
you catch another hundred and you discover that 20 of the fish that you
discover that 20 of the fish that you
discover that 20 of the fish that you caught the second time we’re in the
caught the second time we’re in the
caught the second time we’re in the original cap so you had a hundred
original cap so you had a hundred
original cap so you had a hundred originally you you let them all go you
originally you you let them all go you
originally you you let them all go you you catch another hundred and twenty is
you catch another hundred and twenty is
you catch another hundred and twenty is the overlap well many of you will have
the overlap well many of you will have
the overlap well many of you will have figured out that means that the total in
figured out that means that the total in
figured out that means that the total in the pond is about five hundred either
the pond is about five hundred either
the pond is about five hundred either you’re mathematicians or you’ve done
you’re mathematicians or you’ve done
you’re mathematicians or you’ve done intuitively so that’s that’s where it
intuitively so that’s that’s where it
intuitively so that’s that’s where it comes to and that’s a method it’s a very
comes to and that’s a method it’s a very
comes to and that’s a method it’s a very old method called mark recapture or
old method called mark recapture or
old method called mark recapture or capture recapture in the case of modern
capture recapture in the case of modern
capture recapture in the case of modern slavery and the National Crime Agency
slavery and the National Crime Agency
slavery and the National Crime Agency the way they get the data is they get
the way they get the data is they get
the way they get the data is they get lists of victims from different sources
lists of victims from different sources
lists of victims from different sources they get victims from say the police
they get victims from say the police
they get victims from say the police they get victims from government
they get victims from government
they get victims from government organizations like the Border Agency
organizations like the Border Agency
organizations like the Border Agency border force they get victims from
border force they get victims from
border force they get victims from charities like the Salvation Army and
charities like the Salvation Army and
charities like the Salvation Army and Barnardo’s they get victims from the
Barnardo’s they get victims from the
Barnardo’s they get victims from the general public and they get big in some
general public and they get big in some
general public and they get big in some local authorities so that’s five
local authorities so that’s five
local authorities so that’s five different lists if you like of victims
different lists if you like of victims
different lists if you like of victims and then what you can do is you can you
and then what you can do is you can you
and then what you can do is you can you could think of those as fishing in the
could think of those as fishing in the
could think of those as fishing in the pond five times and you can look at all
pond five times and you can look at all
pond five times and you can look at all the possible overlaps between those
the possible overlaps between those
the possible overlaps between those different lists and you can then fit a
different lists and you can then fit a
different lists and you can then fit a mathematical model to it and from that
mathematical model to it and from that
mathematical model to it and from that estimate what’s called the dark figure
estimate what’s called the dark figure
estimate what’s called the dark figure which is the number of cases that don’t
which is the number of cases that don’t
which is the number of cases that don’t appear on any lists at all well in order
appear on any lists at all well in order
appear on any lists at all well in order to get the numbers right I have to read
to get the numbers right I have to read
to get the numbers right I have to read them out so it turns out that for
them out so it turns out that for
them out so it turns out that for example on the government organizations
example on the government organizations
example on the government organizations list there are 695 cases that don’t
list there are 695 cases that don’t
list there are 695 cases that don’t appear on any other lists at all if you
appear on any other lists at all if you
appear on any other lists at all if you take the police force and the general
take the police force and the general
take the police force and the general public lists the overlap between those
public lists the overlap between those
public lists the overlap between those contains the eleven cases that aren’t on
contains the eleven cases that aren’t on
contains the eleven cases that aren’t on any of the other lists and there’s
any of the other lists and there’s
any of the other lists and there’s actually one case which is on four of
actually one case which is on four of
actually one case which is on four of the lists local authorities
the lists local authorities
the lists local authorities non-government
non-government
non-government police force and government
police force and government
police force and government organizations but not on the general
organizations but not on the general
organizations but not on the general public lists and so on there are
public lists and so on there are
public lists and so on there are actually lot there are 31 different
actually lot there are 31 different
actually lot there are 31 different combinations of lists that you can
combinations of lists that you can
combinations of lists that you can observe and so you get 31 different
observe and so you get 31 different
observe and so you get 31 different totals in each of the possible
totals in each of the possible
totals in each of the possible combinations and from those you can
combinations and from those you can
combinations and from those you can estimate a 30 second one which is the
estimate a 30 second one which is the
estimate a 30 second one which is the ones that don’t appear on any list at
ones that don’t appear on any list at
ones that don’t appear on any list at all well if you go through all that and
all well if you go through all that and
all well if you go through all that and fit a mathematical model which is
fit a mathematical model which is
fit a mathematical model which is something as I did you find at the
something as I did you find at the
something as I did you find at the estimate of a number of victims is not
estimate of a number of victims is not
estimate of a number of victims is not two thousand seven hundred and
two thousand seven hundred and
two thousand seven hundred and forty-four but it’s between ten and
forty-four but it’s between ten and
forty-four but it’s between ten and thirteen thousand victims that figure is
thirteen thousand victims that figure is
thirteen thousand victims that figure is very important why for two reasons
very important why for two reasons
very important why for two reasons really the first reason is by exposing
really the first reason is by exposing
really the first reason is by exposing the size of the problem it actually
the size of the problem it actually
the size of the problem it actually concentrated the mind of government of
concentrated the mind of government of
concentrated the mind of government of politicians of the public of the police
politicians of the public of the police
politicians of the public of the police of everybody on the fact that modern
of everybody on the fact that modern
of everybody on the fact that modern slavery wasn’t just a little niche thing
slavery wasn’t just a little niche thing
slavery wasn’t just a little niche thing that happened to a few people it’s a big
that happened to a few people it’s a big
that happened to a few people it’s a big and serious issue it’s one that we all
and serious issue it’s one that we all
and serious issue it’s one that we all have to be concerned about and this
have to be concerned about and this
have to be concerned about and this methodology that we’ve developed we’ve
methodology that we’ve developed we’ve
methodology that we’ve developed we’ve we hope to apply internationally other
we hope to apply internationally other
we hope to apply internationally other countries are doing similar things a lot
countries are doing similar things a lot
countries are doing similar things a lot of my work now is about rolling out the
of my work now is about rolling out the
of my work now is about rolling out the methods learning more about them and
methods learning more about them and
methods learning more about them and rolling out the methods so we can use
rolling out the methods so we can use
rolling out the methods so we can use methods like this all over the world and
methods like this all over the world and
methods like this all over the world and get a much better pitch of what’s going
get a much better pitch of what’s going
get a much better pitch of what’s going on so the first thing is raising
on so the first thing is raising
on so the first thing is raising consciousness and the second thing is of
consciousness and the second thing is of
consciousness and the second thing is of course making the case for the
course making the case for the
course making the case for the allocation of resources and that is also
allocation of resources and that is also
allocation of resources and that is also very important it’s is it the number of
very important it’s is it the number of
very important it’s is it the number of victims that the National Crime Agency
victims that the National Crime Agency
victims that the National Crime Agency now knows about has gone up every year
now knows about has gone up every year
now knows about has gone up every year and it’s now quite a lot more than 2744
and it’s now quite a lot more than 2744
and it’s now quite a lot more than 2744 does that mean there are more victims or
does that mean there are more victims or
does that mean there are more victims or does it mean we’re better at finding
does it mean we’re better at finding
does it mean we’re better at finding them I think it means that we’re better
them I think it means that we’re better
them I think it means that we’re better at finding them I was amazed how much
at finding them I was amazed how much
at finding them I was amazed how much attention this work received it was
attention this work received it was
attention this work received it was reported in national newspapers
reported in national newspapers
reported in national newspapers it has had very wide attention indeed
it has had very wide attention indeed
it has had very wide attention indeed and eventually all led up to the passing
and eventually all led up to the passing
and eventually all led up to the passing of the modern slavery at 2015 I think
of the modern slavery at 2015 I think
of the modern slavery at 2015 I think one thing I would leave you it as a
one thing I would leave you it as a
one thing I would leave you it as a thought which is which is this if you
thought which is which is this if you
thought which is which is this if you take a topic like climate change 30
take a topic like climate change 30
take a topic like climate change 30 years ago people knew that there was a
years ago people knew that there was a
years ago people knew that there was a problem with climate change but they
problem with climate change but they
problem with climate change but they didn’t really understand anything much
didn’t really understand anything much
didn’t really understand anything much about the mechanisms and so on so he
about the mechanisms and so on so he
about the mechanisms and so on so he knew as a problem but we had to learn a
knew as a problem but we had to learn a
knew as a problem but we had to learn a lot more about it modern slavery you
lot more about it modern slavery you
lot more about it modern slavery you know we thought – we’d abolish slavery
know we thought – we’d abolish slavery
know we thought – we’d abolish slavery 200 years ago or 150 years ago but of
200 years ago or 150 years ago but of
200 years ago or 150 years ago but of course this is still with us as a
course this is still with us as a
course this is still with us as a problem and if we are to address this
problem and if we are to address this
problem and if we are to address this and we are to achieve a world where
and we are to achieve a world where
and we are to achieve a world where nobody is in a situation of the people I
nobody is in a situation of the people I
nobody is in a situation of the people I spoke about at the beginning then we
spoke about at the beginning then we
spoke about at the beginning then we need to learn much more we need to do
need to learn much more we need to do
need to learn much more we need to do much better research and it’s only the
much better research and it’s only the
much better research and it’s only the step I and others have taken is only the
step I and others have taken is only the
step I and others have taken is only the first step towards getting a much bigger
first step towards getting a much bigger
first step towards getting a much bigger understanding so I hope I’ve given you
understanding so I hope I’ve given you
understanding so I hope I’ve given you an idea of the way that statistics has
an idea of the way that statistics has
an idea of the way that statistics has made a difference to what is a very very
made a difference to what is a very very
made a difference to what is a very very serious depressing problem but one which
serious depressing problem but one which
serious depressing problem but one which I hope we can all do our bit to do
I hope we can all do our bit to do
I hope we can all do our bit to do something about thank you
something about thank you
something about thank you [Applause]
”
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