The Dark Matter – from space to biology and back | Slava Epstein | TEDxBratislava

as a boy I never had the doubt as to who

as a boy I never had the doubt as to who I wanted to be well look at this I

I wanted to be well look at this I

I wanted to be well look at this I wanted to be an astronomer of course I

wanted to be an astronomer of course I

wanted to be an astronomer of course I wanted to study Stars and the space in

wanted to study Stars and the space in

wanted to study Stars and the space in between them except it was not going to

between them except it was not going to

between them except it was not going to be my destiny because you see I happen

be my destiny because you see I happen

be my destiny because you see I happen to have been born in Russia and I

to have been born in Russia and I

to have been born in Russia and I happened to have been born Jewish and

happened to have been born Jewish and

happened to have been born Jewish and that at the time was not a good

that at the time was not a good

that at the time was not a good combination

combination

combination in the infinite wisdom the Soviets

in the infinite wisdom the Soviets

in the infinite wisdom the Soviets established strict quarters on

established strict quarters on

established strict quarters on everything a Jewish in just about every

everything a Jewish in just about every

everything a Jewish in just about every field and my relatives and my friends

field and my relatives and my friends

field and my relatives and my friends whose opinion I highly respected they

whose opinion I highly respected they

whose opinion I highly respected they kept telling me that I shouldn’t even

kept telling me that I shouldn’t even

kept telling me that I shouldn’t even think about going to a physics

think about going to a physics

think about going to a physics department of Moscow State University

department of Moscow State University

department of Moscow State University for a very simple reason I would never

for a very simple reason I would never

for a very simple reason I would never make it my brain was telling me they

make it my brain was telling me they

make it my brain was telling me they were right but the teenager inside me

were right but the teenager inside me

were right but the teenager inside me was fighting that so it was a dilemma

was fighting that so it was a dilemma

was fighting that so it was a dilemma and I said to myself God give me the

and I said to myself God give me the

and I said to myself God give me the serenity to be wise and God granted me

serenity to be wise and God granted me

serenity to be wise and God granted me wisdom and I switched the fields to

wisdom and I switched the fields to

wisdom and I switched the fields to biology where the quarters was much the

biology where the quarters was much the

biology where the quarters was much the course was much more relaxed in due time

course was much more relaxed in due time

course was much more relaxed in due time my young family my wife and my kids

my young family my wife and my kids

my young family my wife and my kids toddlers really at the time admit

toddlers really at the time admit

toddlers really at the time admit raynella’s we left Russia for good we

raynella’s we left Russia for good we

raynella’s we left Russia for good we went to the US and settled down in

went to the US and settled down in

went to the US and settled down in Boston for good and for the following

Boston for good and for the following

Boston for good and for the following several decades I was studying this and

several decades I was studying this and

several decades I was studying this and these are not enlarged images of stars

these are not enlarged images of stars

these are not enlarged images of stars as you can see them through a telescope

as you can see them through a telescope

as you can see them through a telescope instead these are enlarged images of

instead these are enlarged images of

instead these are enlarged images of bacteria as you can see them through a

bacteria as you can see them through a

bacteria as you can see them through a microscope so I switched from the

microscope so I switched from the

microscope so I switched from the largest to the smallest and two things

largest to the smallest and two things

largest to the smallest and two things happened first I never regretted the

happened first I never regretted the

happened first I never regretted the switch and second I never forgot my

switch and second I never forgot my

switch and second I never forgot my dreams in the realization came that it

dreams in the realization came that it

dreams in the realization came that it really doesn’t matter what you study

really doesn’t matter what you study

really doesn’t matter what you study what matters is to have a big challenge

what matters is to have a big challenge

what matters is to have a big challenge in front of you an intellectual one to

in front of you an intellectual one to

in front of you an intellectual one to resolve and enough passion to do so in

resolve and enough passion to do so in

resolve and enough passion to do so in your lifetime there are many challenges

your lifetime there are many challenges

your lifetime there are many challenges in physics and astronomy there are many

in physics and astronomy there are many

in physics and astronomy there are many challenges in biology and microbiology

challenges in biology and microbiology

challenges in biology and microbiology but there is one at least one the

but there is one at least one the

but there is one at least one the curiously enough has a very same name

curiously enough has a very same name

curiously enough has a very same name and the name is dark matter that young

and the name is dark matter that young

and the name is dark matter that young boy from 1960s went from stars to

boy from 1960s went from stars to

boy from 1960s went from stars to microbes but in hope that one day maybe

microbes but in hope that one day maybe

microbes but in hope that one day maybe it just may be that one day he will be

it just may be that one day he will be

it just may be that one day he will be back so now let me switch switch gears

back so now let me switch switch gears

back so now let me switch switch gears and go to microbiology here is a petri

and go to microbiology here is a petri

and go to microbiology here is a petri dish with a mutant medium and we put

dish with a mutant medium and we put

dish with a mutant medium and we put microbes from soul on it and some were

microbes from soul on it and some were

microbes from soul on it and some were happy what you see is small disks these

happy what you see is small disks these

happy what you see is small disks these are colonists those heavy cells forms

are colonists those heavy cells forms

are colonists those heavy cells forms what you do not see is that there are

what you do not see is that there are

what you do not see is that there are many many many many cells that for some

many many many many cells that for some

many many many many cells that for some reason never grew there so what is the

reason never grew there so what is the

reason never grew there so what is the number what is a difference between the

number what is a difference between the

number what is a difference between the number of organisms that form colonies

number of organisms that form colonies

number of organisms that form colonies and the number of organisms that do not

and the number of organisms that do not

and the number of organisms that do not the difference is very large indeed here

the difference is very large indeed here

the difference is very large indeed here is a box if the blue box is the number

is a box if the blue box is the number

is a box if the blue box is the number of microbial species on the planet then

of microbial species on the planet then

of microbial species on the planet then a red speck in the middle this one is

a red speck in the middle this one is

a red speck in the middle this one is the number of species microbial others

the number of species microbial others

the number of species microbial others have been able to isolate and study and

have been able to isolate and study and

have been able to isolate and study and utilize over the past hundred hundred

utilize over the past hundred hundred

utilize over the past hundred hundred fifty years so how much have we learned

fifty years so how much have we learned

fifty years so how much have we learned from that Transpac well they actually

from that Transpac well they actually

from that Transpac well they actually learned a great deal so all the original

learned a great deal so all the original

learned a great deal so all the original ideas of how microorganisms are related

ideas of how microorganisms are related

ideas of how microorganisms are related to each other into ourselves

to each other into ourselves

to each other into ourselves it came from that small dot here our

it came from that small dot here our

it came from that small dot here our books on microbiology it’s a general

books on microbiology it’s a general

books on microbiology it’s a general microbiology Medical Microbiology

microbiology Medical Microbiology

microbiology Medical Microbiology microbial ecology you name it and most

microbial ecology you name it and most

microbial ecology you name it and most of this knowledge came from the red

of this knowledge came from the red

of this knowledge came from the red speck more importantly the drugs or more

speck more importantly the drugs or more

speck more importantly the drugs or more specifically antibiotics overwhelming

specifically antibiotics overwhelming

specifically antibiotics overwhelming majority of them came from that red

majority of them came from that red

majority of them came from that red speck so what is it that the rest of

speck so what is it that the rest of

speck so what is it that the rest of microbial world contain

microbial world contain

microbial world contain how we can access it how we can grow it

how we can access it how we can grow it

how we can access it how we can grow it and how we can utilize that that is the

and how we can utilize that that is the

and how we can utilize that that is the question so let me go back to the pizza

question so let me go back to the pizza

question so let me go back to the pizza dish the basic idea in microbiology 400

dish the basic idea in microbiology 400

dish the basic idea in microbiology 400 years was that we can guess what

years was that we can guess what

years was that we can guess what microorganisms need we can figure it out

microorganisms need we can figure it out

microorganisms need we can figure it out what an unknown species needs and

what an unknown species needs and

what an unknown species needs and provided with in the form of right

provided with in the form of right

provided with in the form of right temperature right nutrients in petri

temperature right nutrients in petri

temperature right nutrients in petri dish and the idea works up to a point

dish and the idea works up to a point

dish and the idea works up to a point and that point it was red red red dot

and that point it was red red red dot

and that point it was red red red dot so guesswork brings incremental success

so guesswork brings incremental success

so guesswork brings incremental success but only in in small steps

but only in in small steps

but only in in small steps is it possible to eliminate guesswork

is it possible to eliminate guesswork

is it possible to eliminate guesswork from the work of microbiologist is it

from the work of microbiologist is it

from the work of microbiologist is it possible to cultivate microorganisms by

possible to cultivate microorganisms by

possible to cultivate microorganisms by design well let’s go to nature how do we

design well let’s go to nature how do we

design well let’s go to nature how do we grow plants why well we grow them in

grow plants why well we grow them in

grow plants why well we grow them in soil

soil

soil why because soil of course contains

why because soil of course contains

why because soil of course contains everything that the plants need but

everything that the plants need but

everything that the plants need but doesn’t the same logic applies to

doesn’t the same logic applies to

doesn’t the same logic applies to microbes isn’t it doesn’t soil here it’s

microbes isn’t it doesn’t soil here it’s

microbes isn’t it doesn’t soil here it’s filled with microorganisms there all the

filled with microorganisms there all the

filled with microorganisms there all the nutrients they need all the growth

nutrients they need all the growth

nutrients they need all the growth factors pheromones

factors pheromones

factors pheromones whatever they need is there that mix may

whatever they need is there that mix may

whatever they need is there that mix may be very complex how can we guess its

be very complex how can we guess its

be very complex how can we guess its composition why do we have to guess

composition why do we have to guess

composition why do we have to guess because because we already know where

because because we already know where

because because we already know where that makes exist that’s in the natural

that makes exist that’s in the natural

that makes exist that’s in the natural environment of the microorganisms we

environment of the microorganisms we

environment of the microorganisms we we’re going to grow so thinking this way

we’re going to grow so thinking this way

we’re going to grow so thinking this way we create the device it’s very simple

we create the device it’s very simple

we create the device it’s very simple really and I will take you over the

really and I will take you over the

really and I will take you over the diagram in steps this works is very

diagram in steps this works is very

diagram in steps this works is very simple take sample of soul and take

simple take sample of soul and take

simple take sample of soul and take cells out of it and then we suspend them

cells out of it and then we suspend them

cells out of it and then we suspend them in a beaker then we put them say plastic

in a beaker then we put them say plastic

in a beaker then we put them say plastic plate with small holes into that cell

plate with small holes into that cell

plate with small holes into that cell suspension and of course each hole will

suspension and of course each hole will

suspension and of course each hole will capture a small volume of that

capture a small volume of that

capture a small volume of that you will always the lose at suspense and

you will always the lose at suspense and

you will always the lose at suspense and such that each hole will capture on

such that each hole will capture on

such that each hole will capture on average one self-assemble contain two

average one self-assemble contain two

average one self-assemble contain two others will contain nothing but most

others will contain nothing but most

others will contain nothing but most will contain one the next step now the

will contain one the next step now the

will contain one the next step now the the plate which we loaded with cells in

the plate which we loaded with cells in

the plate which we loaded with cells in is in the middle the next step is to put

is in the middle the next step is to put

is in the middle the next step is to put membranes next to them to the plate that

membranes next to them to the plate that

membranes next to them to the plate that membrane will help holes they’re small

membrane will help holes they’re small

membrane will help holes they’re small enough to contain bacteria inside they

enough to contain bacteria inside they

enough to contain bacteria inside they cannot cross it but they are large

cannot cross it but they are large

cannot cross it but they are large enough to allow chemical diffusion to

enough to allow chemical diffusion to

enough to allow chemical diffusion to occur in the future

occur in the future

occur in the future then we press that device tightly

then we press that device tightly

then we press that device tightly together and we put it back into the

together and we put it back into the

together and we put it back into the soil as expectation is that now chemical

soil as expectation is that now chemical

soil as expectation is that now chemical diffusion will bring from soil

diffusion will bring from soil

diffusion will bring from soil everything my crops need all the

everything my crops need all the

everything my crops need all the nutrients growth factors pheromones and

nutrients growth factors pheromones and

nutrients growth factors pheromones and hormones the cells inside will never

hormones the cells inside will never

hormones the cells inside will never know when manipulated them they will be

know when manipulated them they will be

know when manipulated them they will be easily able to grow in nature they

easily able to grow in nature they

easily able to grow in nature they should be able to grow inside that

should be able to grow inside that

should be able to grow inside that device and if they grow they will form a

device and if they grow they will form a

device and if they grow they will form a colony so that in due time will remove

colony so that in due time will remove

colony so that in due time will remove remove the device disassemble it and

remove the device disassemble it and

remove the device disassemble it and here it is with those colonies of

here it is with those colonies of

here it is with those colonies of unknown microorganisms we grow we grew

unknown microorganisms we grow we grew

unknown microorganisms we grow we grew not knowing why but we drew them we call

not knowing why but we drew them we call

not knowing why but we drew them we call that device and isolation chip or ID

that device and isolation chip or ID

that device and isolation chip or ID chip for short and here it is a simple

chip for short and here it is a simple

chip for short and here it is a simple piece of plastic it’s a very low deck as

piece of plastic it’s a very low deck as

piece of plastic it’s a very low deck as someone said a tall dreamer I think it’s

someone said a tall dreamer I think it’s

someone said a tall dreamer I think it’s not just low-tech it’s a drastic way

not just low-tech it’s a drastic way

not just low-tech it’s a drastic way low-tech but that was in serious that

low-tech but that was in serious that

low-tech but that was in serious that was just an idea but in theory as we all

was just an idea but in theory as we all

was just an idea but in theory as we all know there is no difference between

know there is no difference between

know there is no difference between practice and theory but in practice

practice and theory but in practice

practice and theory but in practice there is so we of course needed to

there is so we of course needed to

there is so we of course needed to conduct some experiments and actually

conduct some experiments and actually

conduct some experiments and actually show that we can grow microorganisms on

show that we can grow microorganisms on

show that we can grow microorganisms on a device and they’re different from but

a device and they’re different from but

a device and they’re different from but we you can cultivate in the lab so here

we you can cultivate in the lab so here

we you can cultivate in the lab so here we’re putting that a chip into soil to

we’re putting that a chip into soil to

we’re putting that a chip into soil to incubate and see what we can grow in it

incubate and see what we can grow in it

incubate and see what we can grow in it and what we discovered was that the

and what we discovered was that the

and what we discovered was that the device was teeming with life

device was teeming with life

device was teeming with life when please microbe is recovering the

when please microbe is recovering the

when please microbe is recovering the number of cells that

number of cells that

number of cells that for ponies not by 5% relative to

for ponies not by 5% relative to

for ponies not by 5% relative to conventional technologies not by 5% not

conventional technologies not by 5% not

conventional technologies not by 5% not by 10 not by a hundred percent by thirty

by 10 not by a hundred percent by thirty

by 10 not by a hundred percent by thirty thousand percent we knew we were getting

thousand percent we knew we were getting

thousand percent we knew we were getting access to the micro bill dark matter and

access to the micro bill dark matter and

access to the micro bill dark matter and we use that technology and its

we use that technology and its

we use that technology and its modifications suggest about everywhere

modifications suggest about everywhere

modifications suggest about everywhere from standard soils to Arctic Lakes to

from standard soils to Arctic Lakes to

from standard soils to Arctic Lakes to human bullying and that was very

human bullying and that was very

human bullying and that was very interesting by the way that a number of

interesting by the way that a number of

interesting by the way that a number of interesting bugs but a realization came

interesting bugs but a realization came

interesting bugs but a realization came that the device may have a very

that the device may have a very

that the device may have a very interesting practical application and

interesting practical application and

interesting practical application and then the colleague of mine Jim Lewis

then the colleague of mine Jim Lewis

then the colleague of mine Jim Lewis also from Northeastern University like

also from Northeastern University like

also from Northeastern University like myself we formed the company a startup

myself we formed the company a startup

myself we formed the company a startup that had a mission to utilize those

that had a mission to utilize those

that had a mission to utilize those technologies to grow novel

technologies to grow novel

technologies to grow novel microorganisms in the search for novel

microorganisms in the search for novel

microorganisms in the search for novel antibiotics I’m switching gears again

antibiotics I’m switching gears again

antibiotics I’m switching gears again I’m going to tell you something

I’m going to tell you something

I’m going to tell you something interesting I think so this is a

interesting I think so this is a

interesting I think so this is a timeline of the discovery of antibiotics

timeline of the discovery of antibiotics

timeline of the discovery of antibiotics over the years you probably see the

over the years you probably see the

over the years you probably see the spike 1940s 1950s 1960s we discovered

spike 1940s 1950s 1960s we discovered

spike 1940s 1950s 1960s we discovered most of the known classes of antibiotics

most of the known classes of antibiotics

most of the known classes of antibiotics the discoveries were coming every day

the discoveries were coming every day

the discoveries were coming every day and then stopped and lately it stopped

and then stopped and lately it stopped

and then stopped and lately it stopped completely for the past 30 years we have

completely for the past 30 years we have

completely for the past 30 years we have not discovered a single normal class of

not discovered a single normal class of

not discovered a single normal class of antibiotics but microbes don’t know this

antibiotics but microbes don’t know this

antibiotics but microbes don’t know this they still really still develop

they still really still develop

they still really still develop resistances so the resistances are on

resistances so the resistances are on

resistances so the resistances are on the rise and the pipeline of new

the rise and the pipeline of new

the rise and the pipeline of new antibiotics is dry that’s a problem and

antibiotics is dry that’s a problem and

antibiotics is dry that’s a problem and the problem is today in North America

the problem is today in North America

the problem is today in North America over 20,000 people die every year from

over 20,000 people die every year from

over 20,000 people die every year from infectious diseases that cannot be

infectious diseases that cannot be

infectious diseases that cannot be treated with any antibiotic alone and

treated with any antibiotic alone and

treated with any antibiotic alone and the number is about the same in European

the number is about the same in European

the number is about the same in European Union and the global estimate is 700,000

Union and the global estimate is 700,000

Union and the global estimate is 700,000 people per year and if the situation

people per year and if the situation

people per year and if the situation does not change than the estimate is

does not change than the estimate is

does not change than the estimate is that by 2050 we will have 10 million

that by 2050 we will have 10 million

that by 2050 we will have 10 million people dying every year because of lack

people dying every year because of lack

people dying every year because of lack of antibiotics

so why we are not discovering inch bags

so why we are not discovering inch bags why would the was it so easy in 40s and

why would the was it so easy in 40s and

why would the was it so easy in 40s and 50s and so difficult to impossible today

50s and so difficult to impossible today

50s and so difficult to impossible today that’s what it’s actually really simple

that’s what it’s actually really simple

that’s what it’s actually really simple you remember that red dot that is what

you remember that red dot that is what

you remember that red dot that is what was in these available today to discover

was in these available today to discover

was in these available today to discover a novel antibiotics and we probably just

a novel antibiotics and we probably just

a novel antibiotics and we probably just discover it everything that red ball

discover it everything that red ball

discover it everything that red ball contains that’s it but there is another

contains that’s it but there is another

contains that’s it but there is another 99% one 99.9% that’s the microbial

99% one 99.9% that’s the microbial

99% one 99.9% that’s the microbial matter careful look there well when you

matter careful look there well when you

matter careful look there well when you do cultivate them but now we know how so

do cultivate them but now we know how so

do cultivate them but now we know how so the company I mentioned was working with

the company I mentioned was working with

the company I mentioned was working with these technologies trying to discover

these technologies trying to discover

these technologies trying to discover novel antibiotics and indeed 30 new ones

novel antibiotics and indeed 30 new ones

novel antibiotics and indeed 30 new ones in short 10-12 years the rate of

in short 10-12 years the rate of

in short 10-12 years the rate of discovery of novel chemical compounds

discovery of novel chemical compounds

discovery of novel chemical compounds whose essential microbial properties

whose essential microbial properties

whose essential microbial properties while utilizing the technology I was

while utilizing the technology I was

while utilizing the technology I was talking about is hundreds to thousands

talking about is hundreds to thousands

talking about is hundreds to thousands them higher than the industry standard

them higher than the industry standard

them higher than the industry standard now among these antibiotics there is one

now among these antibiotics there is one

now among these antibiotics there is one that is particularly interesting that we

that is particularly interesting that we

that is particularly interesting that we named takes a button we reported the

named takes a button we reported the

named takes a button we reported the molecule in the paper we published a

molecule in the paper we published a

molecule in the paper we published a couple of years ago

couple of years ago

couple of years ago and here’s the you know structural

and here’s the you know structural

and here’s the you know structural formula of this compound and the photos

formula of this compound and the photos

formula of this compound and the photos a microorganism from that dark matter

a microorganism from that dark matter

a microorganism from that dark matter that produces it it’s a very interesting

that produces it it’s a very interesting

that produces it it’s a very interesting molecule not because it kills pathogens

molecule not because it kills pathogens

molecule not because it kills pathogens though it does it’s interesting in how

though it does it’s interesting in how

though it does it’s interesting in how does so he antibiotics I kill typically

does so he antibiotics I kill typically

does so he antibiotics I kill typically by targeting a target in the cell the

by targeting a target in the cell the

by targeting a target in the cell the cell can respond the result can mutate

cell can respond the result can mutate

cell can respond the result can mutate the central cell can change the target

the central cell can change the target

the central cell can change the target and then 90 but it no longer works

and then 90 but it no longer works

and then 90 but it no longer works it happens with low nonzero but low

it happens with low nonzero but low

it happens with low nonzero but low probability

probability

probability that’s not how takes a button works fix

that’s not how takes a button works fix

that’s not how takes a button works fix the button works in several ways in two

the button works in several ways in two

the button works in several ways in two ways so it kills the cell using two

ways so it kills the cell using two

ways so it kills the cell using two targets independently so if the cell

targets independently so if the cell

targets independently so if the cell changes changes one target it’s not

changes changes one target it’s not

changes changes one target it’s not going to help the cell it’s still being

going to help the cell it’s still being

going to help the cell it’s still being called been killed in the second way

called been killed in the second way

called been killed in the second way right likewise changing the second

right likewise changing the second

right likewise changing the second target is not going to

target is not going to

target is not going to to help because the first target Hugh

to help because the first target Hugh

to help because the first target Hugh makes the cell phone durable so what

makes the cell phone durable so what

makes the cell phone durable so what that’s cells ooh well it still has to

that’s cells ooh well it still has to

that’s cells ooh well it still has to mutate but now you have to multiply one

mutate but now you have to multiply one

mutate but now you have to multiply one low probability by not a low probability

low probability by not a low probability

low probability by not a low probability and you get infinitely small probability

and you get infinitely small probability

and you get infinitely small probability of the cell being able to develop

of the cell being able to develop

of the cell being able to develop resistance so if I take the button ever

resistance so if I take the button ever

resistance so if I take the button ever becomes a drug the resistance to it will

becomes a drug the resistance to it will

becomes a drug the resistance to it will not come indicates gene has room to

not come indicates gene has room to

not come indicates gene has room to breathe to develop whether means to

breathe to develop whether means to

breathe to develop whether means to combat infectious diseases takes a

combat infectious diseases takes a

combat infectious diseases takes a botanist a monkey on preclinical

botanist a monkey on preclinical

botanist a monkey on preclinical development it’s who can fail any day in

development it’s who can fail any day in

development it’s who can fail any day in phase 1 and phase 2 it doesn’t really

phase 1 and phase 2 it doesn’t really

phase 1 and phase 2 it doesn’t really matter too much because we did not

matter too much because we did not

matter too much because we did not discover takes a baktun by chance we

discover takes a baktun by chance we

discover takes a baktun by chance we discovered it by design as the National

discovered it by design as the National

discovered it by design as the National Geographic put it takes a bottom is not

Geographic put it takes a bottom is not

Geographic put it takes a bottom is not the best part of its own story that

the best part of its own story that

the best part of its own story that owner falls on a chip the tool used to

owner falls on a chip the tool used to

owner falls on a chip the tool used to discover it they said that takes a

discover it they said that takes a

discover it they said that takes a baktun is a fish the eye chip is the rod

baktun is a fish the eye chip is the rod

baktun is a fish the eye chip is the rod and having the rod guarantees that we

and having the rod guarantees that we

and having the rod guarantees that we will get more fish and buy desperately

will get more fish and buy desperately

will get more fish and buy desperately need more so that is the source of

need more so that is the source of

need more so that is the source of optimism so today is good the work is

optimism so today is good the work is

optimism so today is good the work is good the future let me talk about the

good the future let me talk about the

good the future let me talk about the future a little bit for the future it’s

future a little bit for the future it’s

future a little bit for the future it’s that’s precisely where we’re going to

that’s precisely where we’re going to

that’s precisely where we’re going to spend the rest of our lives we made all

spend the rest of our lives we made all

spend the rest of our lives we made all kinds of devices we adapted them to

kinds of devices we adapted them to

kinds of devices we adapted them to different environments fine-tuned them

different environments fine-tuned them

different environments fine-tuned them and they work well however all of them

and they work well however all of them

and they work well however all of them share one at least one aspect and this

share one at least one aspect and this

share one at least one aspect and this aspect is actually a liability

aspect is actually a liability

aspect is actually a liability same as all the conventional cultivation

same as all the conventional cultivation

same as all the conventional cultivation technologies as well and that is all of

technologies as well and that is all of

technologies as well and that is all of them require microbiologist so there’s

them require microbiologist so there’s

them require microbiologist so there’s got to be a microbiologist who takes a

got to be a microbiologist who takes a

got to be a microbiologist who takes a sample extract cells

sample extract cells

sample extract cells loads them into a chip or Budiman petri

loads them into a chip or Budiman petri

loads them into a chip or Budiman petri dish microbiologist is inseparable for

dish microbiologist is inseparable for

dish microbiologist is inseparable for the method microbiologist is using they

the method microbiologist is using they

the method microbiologist is using they have to be together therefore we cannot

have to be together therefore we cannot

have to be together therefore we cannot do microbiology on mars because there is

do microbiology on mars because there is

do microbiology on mars because there is no microbiologist there

no microbiologist there

no microbiologist there and there is not going to be to be one

and there is not going to be to be one

and there is not going to be to be one anytime soon

anytime soon

anytime soon so for several years have been thinking

so for several years have been thinking

so for several years have been thinking how to separate microbiologist from the

how to separate microbiologist from the

how to separate microbiologist from the to microbiologist using so we can use it

to microbiologist using so we can use it

to microbiologist using so we can use it to anywhere and when I say anywhere I

to anywhere and when I say anywhere I

to anywhere and when I say anywhere I mean anywhere let me introduce Gulliver

mean anywhere let me introduce Gulliver

mean anywhere let me introduce Gulliver the new device that does not exist is

the new device that does not exist is

the new device that does not exist is just a concept but it will in a few

just a concept but it will in a few

just a concept but it will in a few short years it will be device that will

short years it will be device that will

short years it will be device that will be able autonomously sample the

be able autonomously sample the

be able autonomously sample the environment sample single cells allow

environment sample single cells allow

environment sample single cells allow them to grow inside it will have

them to grow inside it will have

them to grow inside it will have non-essential built into it that will

non-essential built into it that will

non-essential built into it that will measure aspects of growth of this

measure aspects of growth of this

measure aspects of growth of this microorganism how this parts how it

microorganism how this parts how it

microorganism how this parts how it releases co2 all kinds of physiology can

releases co2 all kinds of physiology can

releases co2 all kinds of physiology can be measured and remotely transmitted to

be measured and remotely transmitted to

be measured and remotely transmitted to your iPhone so where is a microbiologist

your iPhone so where is a microbiologist

your iPhone so where is a microbiologist well microbiology sees with an iPhone

well microbiology sees with an iPhone

well microbiology sees with an iPhone and that can be anywhere and Gulliver

and that can be anywhere and Gulliver

and that can be anywhere and Gulliver and we wherever you want therefore it

and we wherever you want therefore it

and we wherever you want therefore it can do a Mars or it can be on Europa or

can do a Mars or it can be on Europa or

can do a Mars or it can be on Europa or on the best thing that they took Harbor

on the best thing that they took Harbor

on the best thing that they took Harbor microbial life today and sawdust and if

microbial life today and sawdust and if

microbial life today and sawdust and if we do that and I strongly believe we can

we do that and I strongly believe we can

we do that and I strongly believe we can build a logger and send it there then

build a logger and send it there then

build a logger and send it there then perhaps one day that way from the

perhaps one day that way from the

perhaps one day that way from the sixties will go back to stars thank you