good morning everyone I know it’s been just a couple of hours
I know it’s been just a couple of hours
I know it’s been just a couple of hours since you just open your eyes this
since you just open your eyes this
since you just open your eyes this morning but I will ask you to close your
morning but I will ask you to close your
morning but I will ask you to close your eyes again and we will together take a
eyes again and we will together take a
eyes again and we will together take a walk down visual memory lane okay really
walk down visual memory lane okay really
walk down visual memory lane okay really please close your eyes and we will
please close your eyes and we will
please close your eyes and we will imagine we’re at Central Park at the
imagine we’re at Central Park at the
imagine we’re at Central Park at the southeast end of the park and by the big
southeast end of the park and by the big
southeast end of the park and by the big gate leading to the zoo we will walk up
gate leading to the zoo we will walk up
gate leading to the zoo we will walk up north on Park Road pass the tickets
north on Park Road pass the tickets
north on Park Road pass the tickets office on our right the main entrance of
office on our right the main entrance of
office on our right the main entrance of the zoo on our left and we will be able
the zoo on our left and we will be able
the zoo on our left and we will be able to see some parts of the zoo as we walk
to see some parts of the zoo as we walk
to see some parts of the zoo as we walk and we will reach the Delacorte a
and we will reach the Delacorte a
and we will reach the Delacorte a musical clock and if we are there on the
musical clock and if we are there on the
musical clock and if we are there on the hour we will see the beautiful bronze
hour we will see the beautiful bronze
hour we will see the beautiful bronze animal figures dancing around the clock
animal figures dancing around the clock
animal figures dancing around the clock we will continue past the Children’s Zoo
we will continue past the Children’s Zoo
we will continue past the Children’s Zoo and we’ll walk under the overpass take a
and we’ll walk under the overpass take a
and we’ll walk under the overpass take a right at the fork and we’ll end up at
right at the fork and we’ll end up at
right at the fork and we’ll end up at the playground hidden behind the trees
the playground hidden behind the trees
the playground hidden behind the trees next to the playground the big rock
next to the playground the big rock
next to the playground the big rock one of the famous big rocks of Central
one of the famous big rocks of Central
one of the famous big rocks of Central Park and on a beautiful day there will
Park and on a beautiful day there will
Park and on a beautiful day there will be children playing at the playground
be children playing at the playground
be children playing at the playground and climbing up and down the big rock
and climbing up and down the big rock
and climbing up and down the big rock maybe taking a short break at the tree
maybe taking a short break at the tree
maybe taking a short break at the tree house on top and this time of the year
house on top and this time of the year
house on top and this time of the year the trees are all green that their
the trees are all green that their
the trees are all green that their leaves the grass is green dotted with
leaves the grass is green dotted with
leaves the grass is green dotted with busy square holes here and there and
busy square holes here and there and
busy square holes here and there and we’ll continue walking up north past
we’ll continue walking up north past
we’ll continue walking up north past 72nd Street and on the path down the
72nd Street and on the path down the
72nd Street and on the path down the hill we’ll arrive at the conservatory
hill we’ll arrive at the conservatory
hill we’ll arrive at the conservatory water where we will see the model boats
water where we will see the model boats
water where we will see the model boats sailing ok you may open your eyes now so
sailing ok you may open your eyes now so
sailing ok you may open your eyes now so I gave you the contents to follow of
I gave you the contents to follow of
I gave you the contents to follow of this walk just using sound and language
this walk just using sound and language
this walk just using sound and language which is another great skill of the
which is another great skill of the
which is another great skill of the human brain but what may
human brain but what may
human brain but what may it possible for us to take this walk
it possible for us to take this walk
it possible for us to take this walk together even those of you who are not
together even those of you who are not
together even those of you who are not familiar with Central Park or those
familiar with Central Park or those
familiar with Central Park or those parts of the park that I talked about
parts of the park that I talked about
parts of the park that I talked about and even for those of you who did not
and even for those of you who did not
and even for those of you who did not close your eyes the whole time you were
close your eyes the whole time you were
close your eyes the whole time you were able to follow and we were able to walk
able to follow and we were able to walk
able to follow and we were able to walk together thanks to our visual system the
together thanks to our visual system the
together thanks to our visual system the visual system makes a complete halt a
visual system makes a complete halt a
visual system makes a complete halt a snapshot of the whole world around us
snapshot of the whole world around us
snapshot of the whole world around us and it continuously updates the snapshot
and it continuously updates the snapshot
and it continuously updates the snapshot to check for any changes happening
to check for any changes happening
to check for any changes happening around the environment and it relays
around the environment and it relays
around the environment and it relays this information to the learning and
this information to the learning and
this information to the learning and memory networks of our brain integrated
memory networks of our brain integrated
memory networks of our brain integrated with our visual system and it does it
with our visual system and it does it
with our visual system and it does it just starting with light light reflected
just starting with light light reflected
just starting with light light reflected off the surface of objects falling to
off the surface of objects falling to
off the surface of objects falling to the back of our eyes to our retina and
the back of our eyes to our retina and
the back of our eyes to our retina and then getting converted to electrical
then getting converted to electrical
then getting converted to electrical signals which are transmitted all the
signals which are transmitted all the
signals which are transmitted all the way to the back of our heads to the
way to the back of our heads to the
way to the back of our heads to the primary visual cortex light reaches the
primary visual cortex light reaches the
primary visual cortex light reaches the neurons at the back of our brains and
neurons at the back of our brains and
neurons at the back of our brains and ooh my brain is not showing up but
ooh my brain is not showing up but
ooh my brain is not showing up but imagine that there is actually this is
imagine that there is actually this is
imagine that there is actually this is the back of our head and the neurons at
the back of our head and the neurons at
the back of our head and the neurons at the back of our heads are putting things
the back of our heads are putting things
the back of our heads are putting things together just lines bars and
together just lines bars and
together just lines bars and orientations of these bars from edges to
orientations of these bars from edges to
orientations of these bars from edges to color texture and segments of objects
color texture and segments of objects
color texture and segments of objects and finally an object a lamp and not
and finally an object a lamp and not
and finally an object a lamp and not just a lamp but a lamp spatially located
just a lamp but a lamp spatially located
just a lamp but a lamp spatially located on a table in a room and the part that
on a table in a room and the part that
on a table in a room and the part that is at the bottom of our heads our
is at the bottom of our heads our
is at the bottom of our heads our ventral temporal cortex is specialized
ventral temporal cortex is specialized
ventral temporal cortex is specialized in object recognition and out of all the
in object recognition and out of all the
in object recognition and out of all the objects that our visual system has to
objects that our visual system has to
objects that our visual system has to process day in and out there is one
process day in and out there is one
process day in and out there is one specific class of visual stimulus that
specific class of visual stimulus that
specific class of visual stimulus that is very important for our daily
is very important for our daily
is very important for our daily interactions and that is a human face
we recognize people by their faces we
we recognize people by their faces we can identify who they are from their
can identify who they are from their
can identify who they are from their faces we can tell how they’re feeling
faces we can tell how they’re feeling
faces we can tell how they’re feeling from their faces whether they’re having
from their faces whether they’re having
from their faces whether they’re having a good day or not feeling that great and
a good day or not feeling that great and
a good day or not feeling that great and we can also infer their intentions from
we can also infer their intentions from
we can also infer their intentions from where they’re looking at from where
where they’re looking at from where
where they’re looking at from where their gaze it and reflecting the
their gaze it and reflecting the
their gaze it and reflecting the importance of faces in our daily lives
importance of faces in our daily lives
importance of faces in our daily lives our brains have multiple locations that
our brains have multiple locations that
our brains have multiple locations that show higher activation in response to
show higher activation in response to
show higher activation in response to faces so these regions that you see as
faces so these regions that you see as
faces so these regions that you see as the orange dots and for me for example
the orange dots and for me for example
the orange dots and for me for example these two particular faces will be
these two particular faces will be
these two particular faces will be activating much more specialized and
activating much more specialized and
activating much more specialized and more spread integrated areas of my brain
more spread integrated areas of my brain
more spread integrated areas of my brain they will also cause activations in my
they will also cause activations in my
they will also cause activations in my memory centers and also emotion centers
memory centers and also emotion centers
memory centers and also emotion centers who do you think these faces could
who do you think these faces could
who do you think these faces could belong to anyone exactly these are my
belong to anyone exactly these are my
belong to anyone exactly these are my parents these are faces that I am very
parents these are faces that I am very
parents these are faces that I am very familiar with I have many memories about
familiar with I have many memories about
familiar with I have many memories about these faces and I also have strong
these faces and I also have strong
these faces and I also have strong emotions for these faces and it’s the
emotions for these faces and it’s the
emotions for these faces and it’s the same thing for each of you for your
same thing for each of you for your
same thing for each of you for your parents for your siblings for your
parents for your siblings for your
parents for your siblings for your friends for people that you’re familiar
friends for people that you’re familiar
friends for people that you’re familiar with that people that you recognize you
with that people that you recognize you
with that people that you recognize you also will have higher activations in
also will have higher activations in
also will have higher activations in your visual cortex where you see those
your visual cortex where you see those
your visual cortex where you see those faces and in some rare cases when people
faces and in some rare cases when people
faces and in some rare cases when people have damage to their brain in that pink
have damage to their brain in that pink
have damage to their brain in that pink shaded area which is overlapping a few
shaded area which is overlapping a few
shaded area which is overlapping a few areas of the face responsive Network
areas of the face responsive Network
areas of the face responsive Network people will become face blind meaning
people will become face blind meaning
people will become face blind meaning they will not be able to recognize
they will not be able to recognize
they will not be able to recognize familiar faces anymore and they will not
familiar faces anymore and they will not
familiar faces anymore and they will not be able to learn and remember your faces
be able to learn and remember your faces
be able to learn and remember your faces imagine how devastating it would be for
imagine how devastating it would be for
imagine how devastating it would be for me to look at these faces just see that
me to look at these faces just see that
me to look at these faces just see that these are faces of people but not know
these are faces of people but not know
these are faces of people but not know that mayor my parents
that mayor my parents
that mayor my parents and this condition is called
and this condition is called
and this condition is called prosopagnosia prosopagnosia from greek
prosopagnosia prosopagnosia from greek
prosopagnosia prosopagnosia from greek meaning not knowing faces and indeed
meaning not knowing faces and indeed
meaning not knowing faces and indeed this is a problem of not knowing it’s
this is a problem of not knowing it’s
this is a problem of not knowing it’s not a problem of not seeing because the
not a problem of not seeing because the
not a problem of not seeing because the eyes and the early visual areas of these
eyes and the early visual areas of these
eyes and the early visual areas of these patients are intact they can see that
patients are intact they can see that
patients are intact they can see that these are faces in fact patients would
these are faces in fact patients would
these are faces in fact patients would report that they can see the eyes they
report that they can see the eyes they
report that they can see the eyes they can see the nose and the mouth clearly
can see the nose and the mouth clearly
can see the nose and the mouth clearly but these features somehow do not add up
but these features somehow do not add up
but these features somehow do not add up for the patient to know whose face that
for the patient to know whose face that
for the patient to know whose face that is now what in a face is helpful and
is now what in a face is helpful and
is now what in a face is helpful and informative for us to know who that
informative for us to know who that
informative for us to know who that person is we’ll do a quick test together
person is we’ll do a quick test together
person is we’ll do a quick test together what part of a face is giving us
what part of a face is giving us
what part of a face is giving us information so if we cover up the
information so if we cover up the
information so if we cover up the features of a face we can still make up
features of a face we can still make up
features of a face we can still make up that this is actually a human face from
that this is actually a human face from
that this is actually a human face from the contours but we can’t really tell
the contours but we can’t really tell
the contours but we can’t really tell whose face that is but trust me this is
whose face that is but trust me this is
whose face that is but trust me this is a face although you may not have seen in
a face although you may not have seen in
a face although you may not have seen in real life this is a face that you’re
real life this is a face that you’re
real life this is a face that you’re familiar with if we expose the mouth is
familiar with if we expose the mouth is
familiar with if we expose the mouth is it very helpful for anyone to tell well
it very helpful for anyone to tell well
it very helpful for anyone to tell well that could be oh yeah yes it’s Kim
that could be oh yeah yes it’s Kim
that could be oh yeah yes it’s Kim Kardashian
Kardashian
Kardashian not bad okay how about the nose
not bad okay how about the nose
not bad okay how about the nose anyone all right wow that is a super
anyone all right wow that is a super
anyone all right wow that is a super face recognizer over there okay how
face recognizer over there okay how
face recognizer over there okay how about this
about this
about this now it should be quite obvious to all of
now it should be quite obvious to all of
now it should be quite obvious to all of you that this face is rihanna’s face so
you that this face is rihanna’s face so
you that this face is rihanna’s face so except for a few super recognizers
except for a few super recognizers
except for a few super recognizers actually it is the eyes that give us the
actually it is the eyes that give us the
actually it is the eyes that give us the most information to know whose face that
most information to know whose face that
most information to know whose face that is and indeed actually a half a century
is and indeed actually a half a century
is and indeed actually a half a century ago yard was the studies show that when
ago yard was the studies show that when
ago yard was the studies show that when people are observing faces they look
people are observing faces they look
people are observing faces they look mostly at the eyes of the faces here on
mostly at the eyes of the faces here on
mostly at the eyes of the faces here on the right you can see the black track or
the right you can see the black track or
the right you can see the black track or it’s the their gaze overlaid on the
it’s the their gaze overlaid on the
it’s the their gaze overlaid on the image and the darkest parts on that
image and the darkest parts on that
image and the darkest parts on that image are the eyes in the lab
image are the eyes in the lab
image are the eyes in the lab we can start with two faces and take the
we can start with two faces and take the
we can start with two faces and take the most informative eye region part of one
most informative eye region part of one
most informative eye region part of one face that’s in that rectangle and merge
face that’s in that rectangle and merge
face that’s in that rectangle and merge it with the face on the left and we’ll
it with the face on the left and we’ll
it with the face on the left and we’ll end up with two new faces so it’s not as
end up with two new faces so it’s not as
end up with two new faces so it’s not as easy as it would be in real life but I
easy as it would be in real life but I
easy as it would be in real life but I guess we can all make out that these two
guess we can all make out that these two
guess we can all make out that these two are different faces and the difference
are different faces and the difference
are different faces and the difference between the two faces are the eyes
between the two faces are the eyes
between the two faces are the eyes do you agree okay but when you ask face
do you agree okay but when you ask face
do you agree okay but when you ask face blind people with damage to the face
blind people with damage to the face
blind people with damage to the face responsive areas in their brain shown in
responsive areas in their brain shown in
responsive areas in their brain shown in the pink shaded area they will not be
the pink shaded area they will not be
the pink shaded area they will not be able to tell you that these faces are
able to tell you that these faces are
able to tell you that these faces are different and even the ones that can
different and even the ones that can
different and even the ones that can tell that the faces are different they
tell that the faces are different they
tell that the faces are different they won’t know that it’s the eyes that are
won’t know that it’s the eyes that are
won’t know that it’s the eyes that are different between these two faces so is
different between these two faces so is
different between these two faces so is it the eyes is it the eye region the
it the eyes is it the eye region the
it the eyes is it the eye region the distance between the two eyes the whole
distance between the two eyes the whole
distance between the two eyes the whole eye brows coming together is this the
eye brows coming together is this the
eye brows coming together is this the part this image that our visual system
part this image that our visual system
part this image that our visual system stamps is okay the relationship of this
stamps is okay the relationship of this
stamps is okay the relationship of this part the eye region this looks like
part the eye region this looks like
part the eye region this looks like phase X I’m going to stamp it as space X
phase X I’m going to stamp it as space X
phase X I’m going to stamp it as space X and I’m going to relay it to the
and I’m going to relay it to the
and I’m going to relay it to the learning and memory centers to put it on
learning and memory centers to put it on
learning and memory centers to put it on the folder of other information with
the folder of other information with
the folder of other information with person X is that how it’s happening and
person X is that how it’s happening and
person X is that how it’s happening and where exactly in the visual system where
where exactly in the visual system where
where exactly in the visual system where exactly in those integrated areas from
exactly in those integrated areas from
exactly in those integrated areas from seeing to knowing is translated is it
seeing to knowing is translated is it
seeing to knowing is translated is it the areas that are under that pink shade
the areas that are under that pink shade
the areas that are under that pink shade the areas that are not activated in face
the areas that are not activated in face
the areas that are not activated in face blind people anymore or is it the
blind people anymore or is it the
blind people anymore or is it the connections of these areas to further
connections of these areas to further
connections of these areas to further network areas downstream and not just
network areas downstream and not just
network areas downstream and not just faces for all the other things all the
faces for all the other things all the
faces for all the other things all the other visual information that we see all
other visual information that we see all
other visual information that we see all the time how is it that our brain our
the time how is it that our brain our
the time how is it that our brain our visual system binding together all this
visual system binding together all this
visual system binding together all this information that it starts just from
information that it starts just from
information that it starts just from bits from just light
bits from just light
bits from just light and just gives us a whole flawless
and just gives us a whole flawless
and just gives us a whole flawless picture of the world not only that we’re
picture of the world not only that we’re
picture of the world not only that we’re also able to take a trip together even
also able to take a trip together even
also able to take a trip together even when we don’t have the visual image in
when we don’t have the visual image in
when we don’t have the visual image in front of our eyes we have lots of data
front of our eyes we have lots of data
front of our eyes we have lots of data we have many theories and we have bits
we have many theories and we have bits
we have many theories and we have bits and pieces of it but we don’t exactly
and pieces of it but we don’t exactly
and pieces of it but we don’t exactly know how the brain is doing it we’ve
know how the brain is doing it we’ve
know how the brain is doing it we’ve come a long way for non-invasive human
come a long way for non-invasive human
come a long way for non-invasive human studies so the picture on the left
studies so the picture on the left
studies so the picture on the left it’s an earlier example of computer
it’s an earlier example of computer
it’s an earlier example of computer tomography and you can actually barely
tomography and you can actually barely
tomography and you can actually barely make out where the brain is over there
make out where the brain is over there
make out where the brain is over there and on the right you see a recent
and on the right you see a recent
and on the right you see a recent 7-tesla intensity magnetic resonance
7-tesla intensity magnetic resonance
7-tesla intensity magnetic resonance image non-invasive taken of a human but
image non-invasive taken of a human but
image non-invasive taken of a human but we still need further breakthroughs in
we still need further breakthroughs in
we still need further breakthroughs in physics to increase this resolution and
physics to increase this resolution and
physics to increase this resolution and we also need comprehensive computational
we also need comprehensive computational
we also need comprehensive computational models to put together the information
models to put together the information
models to put together the information from non-invasive human studies and from
from non-invasive human studies and from
from non-invasive human studies and from animal studies to have a better picture
animal studies to have a better picture
animal studies to have a better picture of how our brain is doing it and maybe
of how our brain is doing it and maybe
of how our brain is doing it and maybe one of the scientists future scientists
one of the scientists future scientists
one of the scientists future scientists among you will be able to come with this
among you will be able to come with this
among you will be able to come with this breakthrough and will help answer these
breakthrough and will help answer these
breakthrough and will help answer these questions thank you
questions thank you
questions thank you [Applause]
”
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