[Applause] from 1975 to 1990 thousands of people
from 1975 to 1990 thousands of people
from 1975 to 1990 thousands of people died during the Lebanese civil war 50
died during the Lebanese civil war 50
died during the Lebanese civil war 50 thousands of those were killed in towns
thousands of those were killed in towns
thousands of those were killed in towns cities and villages then we have 17
cities and villages then we have 17
cities and villages then we have 17 thousands others the missing those who
thousands others the missing those who
thousands others the missing those who are still being looked for today their
are still being looked for today their
are still being looked for today their families wants the remains of their
families wants the remains of their
families wants the remains of their loved ones returned to them those they
loved ones returned to them those they
loved ones returned to them those they shared good and bad moments with but is
shared good and bad moments with but is
shared good and bad moments with but is it really possible to identify the
it really possible to identify the
it really possible to identify the remains of their loved ones among 17
remains of their loved ones among 17
remains of their loved ones among 17 thousands of skeletons this is where
thousands of skeletons this is where
thousands of skeletons this is where forensic anthropology comes into play
forensic anthropology comes into play
forensic anthropology comes into play and can attempt to put forward a
and can attempt to put forward a
and can attempt to put forward a comforts inside to a tragic story the
comforts inside to a tragic story the
comforts inside to a tragic story the key aspect of forensic anthropology is
key aspect of forensic anthropology is
key aspect of forensic anthropology is the identification of unknown
the identification of unknown
the identification of unknown individuals and of course the very first
individuals and of course the very first
individuals and of course the very first step in doing so is to estimate their
step in doing so is to estimate their
step in doing so is to estimate their sex I want you now think about the key
sex I want you now think about the key
sex I want you now think about the key physical differences between men and
physical differences between men and
physical differences between men and women I know what you’re thinking now
women I know what you’re thinking now
women I know what you’re thinking now and that is correct but just imagine if
and that is correct but just imagine if
and that is correct but just imagine if there was no skin or soft tissue
there was no skin or soft tissue
there was no skin or soft tissue presence what could we do there are
presence what could we do there are
presence what could we do there are still some methods that can be used for
still some methods that can be used for
still some methods that can be used for sex estimation of the skeletons based on
sex estimation of the skeletons based on
sex estimation of the skeletons based on the morphological features of the skull
the morphological features of the skull
the morphological features of the skull and pelvis but the only problem here is
and pelvis but the only problem here is
and pelvis but the only problem here is that as the organic matter bones do not
that as the organic matter bones do not
that as the organic matter bones do not survive in poor conditions so we need to
survive in poor conditions so we need to
survive in poor conditions so we need to look for a harder element in human body
look for a harder element in human body
look for a harder element in human body but what is harder than bone
but what is harder than bone
but what is harder than bone the enamel that covers our teeth is the
the enamel that covers our teeth is the
the enamel that covers our teeth is the hardest and most highly mineralized
hardest and most highly mineralized
hardest and most highly mineralized elements in human body and teeth are
elements in human body and teeth are
elements in human body and teeth are often preserved even when the bones are
often preserved even when the bones are
often preserved even when the bones are not you brush your teeth every day you
not you brush your teeth every day you
not you brush your teeth every day you look at your teeth in the mirror but
look at your teeth in the mirror but
look at your teeth in the mirror but have you ever thought that these tiny
have you ever thought that these tiny
have you ever thought that these tiny white elements in your mouth can provide
white elements in your mouth can provide
white elements in your mouth can provide us with valuable information about your
us with valuable information about your
us with valuable information about your age of death your health and diets your
age of death your health and diets your
age of death your health and diets your identity your ethnicity your biological
identity your ethnicity your biological
identity your ethnicity your biological relationships your ancestry and they can
relationships your ancestry and they can
relationships your ancestry and they can also provide an estimation of your sex
also provide an estimation of your sex
also provide an estimation of your sex in general males have larger teeth than
in general males have larger teeth than
in general males have larger teeth than females and it could be because of the
females and it could be because of the
females and it could be because of the longer period of tooth formation in
longer period of tooth formation in
longer period of tooth formation in males the other possibility could be the
males the other possibility could be the
males the other possibility could be the sex chromosomes as you know women have
sex chromosomes as you know women have
sex chromosomes as you know women have two X chromosomes and men have one X
two X chromosomes and men have one X
two X chromosomes and men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome it has
chromosome and one Y chromosome it has
chromosome and one Y chromosome it has shown that the effects of the Y
shown that the effects of the Y
shown that the effects of the Y chromosome in two throws is greater than
chromosome in two throws is greater than
chromosome in two throws is greater than that of the X chromosome and this may
that of the X chromosome and this may
that of the X chromosome and this may cause larger – signs in males we can get
cause larger – signs in males we can get
cause larger – signs in males we can get a pretty good idea about the differences
a pretty good idea about the differences
a pretty good idea about the differences between men and women teeth by comparing
between men and women teeth by comparing
between men and women teeth by comparing their cervical measurements that is the
their cervical measurements that is the
their cervical measurements that is the diameter of the tooth where the crown
diameter of the tooth where the crown
diameter of the tooth where the crown which is actually the white part of your
which is actually the white part of your
which is actually the white part of your tooth joins the roots that is the part
tooth joins the roots that is the part
tooth joins the roots that is the part inside your gums this difference could
inside your gums this difference could
inside your gums this difference could be less than one millimeter and can vary
be less than one millimeter and can vary
be less than one millimeter and can vary from between 10 to 100 micrometers now
from between 10 to 100 micrometers now
from between 10 to 100 micrometers now the question is can we really use such a
the question is can we really use such a
the question is can we really use such a tiny difference for
tiny difference for
tiny difference for estimation in human populations in my
estimation in human populations in my
estimation in human populations in my research I’ve investigated this question
research I’ve investigated this question
research I’ve investigated this question while developing a brand new and highly
while developing a brand new and highly
while developing a brand new and highly accurate technique that allows me to
accurate technique that allows me to
accurate technique that allows me to combine 2d 3d and volumetric
combine 2d 3d and volumetric
combine 2d 3d and volumetric measurements of the tooth for sex
measurements of the tooth for sex
measurements of the tooth for sex estimation in my research I used CT
estimation in my research I used CT
estimation in my research I used CT scans of more than 2,000 teeth from
scans of more than 2,000 teeth from
scans of more than 2,000 teeth from around 117 male and female individuals
around 117 male and female individuals
around 117 male and female individuals to create a separate 3d model of every
to create a separate 3d model of every
to create a separate 3d model of every single tooth these models allow me to
single tooth these models allow me to
single tooth these models allow me to take both 2d and 3d measurements of the
take both 2d and 3d measurements of the
take both 2d and 3d measurements of the crown itself and they also allow me to
crown itself and they also allow me to
crown itself and they also allow me to take the measurements of those parts of
take the measurements of those parts of
take the measurements of those parts of the teeth which are hidden in the job
the teeth which are hidden in the job
the teeth which are hidden in the job such as the volume of the tooths root in
such as the volume of the tooths root in
such as the volume of the tooths root in total I recorded more than ten thousands
total I recorded more than ten thousands
total I recorded more than ten thousands measurements and by using the
measurements and by using the
measurements and by using the statistical analysis of this data I came
statistical analysis of this data I came
statistical analysis of this data I came up with a set of equations that
up with a set of equations that
up with a set of equations that distinguish between males and females my
distinguish between males and females my
distinguish between males and females my research showed that male teeth are an
research showed that male teeth are an
research showed that male teeth are an average 0.15 millimeters larger than
average 0.15 millimeters larger than
average 0.15 millimeters larger than female teens and this tiny difference
female teens and this tiny difference
female teens and this tiny difference helped me to sex more than 90% of
helped me to sex more than 90% of
helped me to sex more than 90% of individuals correctly this new technique
individuals correctly this new technique
individuals correctly this new technique is faster more accurate and quite
is faster more accurate and quite
is faster more accurate and quite non-invasive in comparison with
non-invasive in comparison with
non-invasive in comparison with traditional techniques such as dental
traditional techniques such as dental
traditional techniques such as dental caliper and it can also be very helpful
caliper and it can also be very helpful
caliper and it can also be very helpful for the identification of debod badly
for the identification of debod badly
for the identification of debod badly decomposed bodies and disaster victims
decomposed bodies and disaster victims
decomposed bodies and disaster victims because just by having the tooth root we
because just by having the tooth root we
because just by having the tooth root we can still estimate the sex of the
can still estimate the sex of the
can still estimate the sex of the individuals and therefore helping
individuals and therefore helping
individuals and therefore helping identify them and maybe giving some
identify them and maybe giving some
identify them and maybe giving some comforts to their families
comforts to their families
comforts to their families this is also important considering that
this is also important considering that
this is also important considering that a large number of forensic cases remain
a large number of forensic cases remain
a large number of forensic cases remain unsolved simply because we cannot
unsolved simply because we cannot
unsolved simply because we cannot estimate the sex of the individuals this
estimate the sex of the individuals this
estimate the sex of the individuals this is always the first step in developing
is always the first step in developing
is always the first step in developing the biological profile of an identified
the biological profile of an identified
the biological profile of an identified bodies and so we doubt it we cannot
bodies and so we doubt it we cannot
bodies and so we doubt it we cannot proceed further in identifications these
proceed further in identifications these
proceed further in identifications these methods also of course have many
methods also of course have many
methods also of course have many applications in the field of archaeology
forensic studies of sex estimation using
forensic studies of sex estimation using novel and alternative methods like tooth
novel and alternative methods like tooth
novel and alternative methods like tooth measurements make a vital contribution
measurements make a vital contribution
measurements make a vital contribution to a field that will always be necessary
to a field that will always be necessary
to a field that will always be necessary and provide crucial help in the
and provide crucial help in the
and provide crucial help in the aftermath of mass disasters homos or
aftermath of mass disasters homos or
aftermath of mass disasters homos or homicides and accidents what we all as
homicides and accidents what we all as
homicides and accidents what we all as the researchers in the field are trying
the researchers in the field are trying
the researchers in the field are trying to do is to bring just a little bit of
to do is to bring just a little bit of
to do is to bring just a little bit of comfort to the victim’s family so that
comfort to the victim’s family so that
comfort to the victim’s family so that they might be able to cope with such
they might be able to cope with such
they might be able to cope with such disasters a little bit more easily at
disasters a little bit more easily at
disasters a little bit more easily at the ends as barone georges cuvier the
the ends as barone georges cuvier the
the ends as barone georges cuvier the famous french naturalist said show me
famous french naturalist said show me
famous french naturalist said show me your teeth and I will tell you who you
your teeth and I will tell you who you
your teeth and I will tell you who you are thank you
you
you [Applause]
”
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