good evening my name is andreas Mogensen and I’m an astronaut with the European
and I’m an astronaut with the European
and I’m an astronaut with the European Space Agency it’s now yeah oh just over
Space Agency it’s now yeah oh just over
Space Agency it’s now yeah oh just over five months since I returned from my
five months since I returned from my
five months since I returned from my first mission in space on board the
first mission in space on board the
first mission in space on board the International Space Station and this is
International Space Station and this is
International Space Station and this is one of the pictures that I took from the
one of the pictures that I took from the
one of the pictures that I took from the space station it was taken from cupola
space station it was taken from cupola
space station it was taken from cupola which is our window module it’s actually
which is our window module it’s actually
which is our window module it’s actually seven windows put together which forms
seven windows put together which forms
seven windows put together which forms this giant window that we can sit by and
this giant window that we can sit by and
this giant window that we can sit by and look down at the earth and it’s where
look down at the earth and it’s where
look down at the earth and it’s where most of the astronauts love to spend
most of the astronauts love to spend
most of the astronauts love to spend their free time taking pictures and just
their free time taking pictures and just
their free time taking pictures and just looking at our beautiful planet and most
looking at our beautiful planet and most
looking at our beautiful planet and most vast knots when they return to Earth
vast knots when they return to Earth
vast knots when they return to Earth they spend a lot of time talking about
they spend a lot of time talking about
they spend a lot of time talking about what a beautiful sight it is to see the
what a beautiful sight it is to see the
what a beautiful sight it is to see the earth from space and it really is but
earth from space and it really is but
earth from space and it really is but something that struck me was the site of
something that struck me was the site of
something that struck me was the site of the night sky or the cosmos which I
the night sky or the cosmos which I
the night sky or the cosmos which I found just as beautiful because looking
found just as beautiful because looking
found just as beautiful because looking out into the cosmos from the space
out into the cosmos from the space
out into the cosmos from the space station you can see millions and
station you can see millions and
station you can see millions and millions of stars and that I found was a
millions of stars and that I found was a
millions of stars and that I found was a very inspiring sight because it gives
very inspiring sight because it gives
very inspiring sight because it gives you a sense of just how big our galaxy
you a sense of just how big our galaxy
you a sense of just how big our galaxy is and how big the universe is and that
is and how big the universe is and that
is and how big the universe is and that really sets things into perspective I
really sets things into perspective I
really sets things into perspective I mean you cannot help but feel that the
mean you cannot help but feel that the
mean you cannot help but feel that the earth and all of us on earth are just a
earth and all of us on earth are just a
earth and all of us on earth are just a small part of something much much larger
small part of something much much larger
small part of something much much larger and that thought I find very optimistic
and that thought I find very optimistic
and that thought I find very optimistic because when something is as large
because when something is as large
because when something is as large almost infinitely large as our universe
almost infinitely large as our universe
almost infinitely large as our universe it must mean that there are many
it must mean that there are many
it must mean that there are many opportunities and many exciting
opportunities and many exciting
opportunities and many exciting discoveries waiting for us in the future
discoveries waiting for us in the future
discoveries waiting for us in the future so even though Neil Armstrong said that
so even though Neil Armstrong said that
so even though Neil Armstrong said that it was a giant leap for mankind that he
it was a giant leap for mankind that he
it was a giant leap for mankind that he took in nineteen-sixty-nine when he
took in nineteen-sixty-nine when he
took in nineteen-sixty-nine when he first set foot on the moon what we did
first set foot on the moon what we did
first set foot on the moon what we did back then
back then
back then was actually just taking a very very
was actually just taking a very very
was actually just taking a very very small first step and we’ve only just
small first step and we’ve only just
small first step and we’ve only just begun the exploration of space and I’m
begun the exploration of space and I’m
begun the exploration of space and I’m certain that in the future when we set
certain that in the future when we set
certain that in the future when we set sail from the earth into space just like
sail from the earth into space just like
sail from the earth into space just like the Portuguese explorers 500 years ago
the Portuguese explorers 500 years ago
the Portuguese explorers 500 years ago set sail from Portugal to sail around
set sail from Portugal to sail around
set sail from Portugal to sail around the world that there will be many
the world that there will be many
the world that there will be many exciting discoveries waiting for us that
exciting discoveries waiting for us that
exciting discoveries waiting for us that future that i’m talking about begins
future that i’m talking about begins
future that i’m talking about begins onboard the International Space Station
onboard the International Space Station
onboard the International Space Station which is our laboratory in space
which is our laboratory in space
which is our laboratory in space circling the Earth 16 times every single
circling the Earth 16 times every single
circling the Earth 16 times every single day the space station today has grown
day the space station today has grown
day the space station today has grown enormously big since the first module
enormously big since the first module
enormously big since the first module was launched in 1998 it’s difficult to
was launched in 1998 it’s difficult to
was launched in 1998 it’s difficult to convey just how big the space station is
convey just how big the space station is
convey just how big the space station is today I can tell you it’s the size of a
today I can tell you it’s the size of a
today I can tell you it’s the size of a football field it’s about 80 meters long
football field it’s about 80 meters long
football field it’s about 80 meters long about 100 meters wide but it’s not until
about 100 meters wide but it’s not until
about 100 meters wide but it’s not until you actually see it in space that that
you actually see it in space that that
you actually see it in space that that you understand how big it is and I
you understand how big it is and I
you understand how big it is and I remember as we were approaching the
remember as we were approaching the
remember as we were approaching the space station about to dock in our small
space station about to dock in our small
space station about to dock in our small three persons Soyuz spacecraft that we
three persons Soyuz spacecraft that we
three persons Soyuz spacecraft that we had flown up there with and I looked out
had flown up there with and I looked out
had flown up there with and I looked out the window as we were approaching and I
the window as we were approaching and I
the window as we were approaching and I saw the solar panels out of the window
saw the solar panels out of the window
saw the solar panels out of the window for the first time and that’s when I
for the first time and that’s when I
for the first time and that’s when I really realized just how big an
really realized just how big an
really realized just how big an impressive the space station is and it
impressive the space station is and it
impressive the space station is and it is a very not only impressive but a
is a very not only impressive but a
is a very not only impressive but a unique laboratory that we have in space
unique laboratory that we have in space
unique laboratory that we have in space where we can do scientific research in
where we can do scientific research in
where we can do scientific research in almost all fields from physics the
almost all fields from physics the
almost all fields from physics the chemistry biology and physiology and we
chemistry biology and physiology and we
chemistry biology and physiology and we can also develop and test new
can also develop and test new
can also develop and test new technologies and this knowledge that we
technologies and this knowledge that we
technologies and this knowledge that we gain from the research and the
gain from the research and the
gain from the research and the technologies that we develop these are
technologies that we develop these are
technologies that we develop these are things that we can use to travel further
things that we can use to travel further
things that we can use to travel further into space in the future for example to
into space in the future for example to
into space in the future for example to return humans to the moon where we might
return humans to the moon where we might
return humans to the moon where we might in the future build villages or maybe a
in the future build villages or maybe a
in the future build villages or maybe a research station that we can send
research station that we can send
research station that we can send scientists to for six months or a year
scientists to for six months or a year
scientists to for six months or a year at a time just like we do here on earth
at a time just like we do here on earth
at a time just like we do here on earth in dark arctica by the South Pole it’ll
in dark arctica by the South Pole it’ll
in dark arctica by the South Pole it’ll also allow us to send humans to Mars a
also allow us to send humans to Mars a
also allow us to send humans to Mars a mission that will take between two and
mission that will take between two and
mission that will take between two and three years but what’s so interesting
three years but what’s so interesting
three years but what’s so interesting about this research is also the fact
about this research is also the fact
about this research is also the fact that it’s dual use its research that not
that it’s dual use its research that not
that it’s dual use its research that not only benefits us in space but also
only benefits us in space but also
only benefits us in space but also benefits mankind here on earth to take
benefits mankind here on earth to take
benefits mankind here on earth to take just one example human physiology is an
just one example human physiology is an
just one example human physiology is an area of research that we spend a lot of
area of research that we spend a lot of
area of research that we spend a lot of time working with in space onboard the
time working with in space onboard the
time working with in space onboard the space station because a lot of things
space station because a lot of things
space station because a lot of things happen to ask knots in space we tend to
happen to ask knots in space we tend to
happen to ask knots in space we tend to lose muscle we tend to lose bone density
lose muscle we tend to lose bone density
lose muscle we tend to lose bone density our immune systems are compromised and
our immune systems are compromised and
our immune systems are compromised and it’s important that we understand not
it’s important that we understand not
it’s important that we understand not just how and why that happens but also
just how and why that happens but also
just how and why that happens but also how we counteract that because if we
how we counteract that because if we
how we counteract that because if we want to send humans further out into
want to send humans further out into
want to send humans further out into space to the moon for a year or two mars
space to the moon for a year or two mars
space to the moon for a year or two mars a mission that will take two or three
a mission that will take two or three
a mission that will take two or three years it’s important that the astronauts
years it’s important that the astronauts
years it’s important that the astronauts arrive healthy and safe and return to
arrive healthy and safe and return to
arrive healthy and safe and return to Earth healthy and safe what’s
Earth healthy and safe what’s
Earth healthy and safe what’s interesting is that we can also use that
interesting is that we can also use that
interesting is that we can also use that knowledge here on earth because
knowledge here on earth because
knowledge here on earth because weightlessness is very similar to being
weightlessness is very similar to being
weightlessness is very similar to being bedridden if you’re a patient
bedridden if you’re a patient
bedridden if you’re a patient hospitalized and confined to your bed
hospitalized and confined to your bed
hospitalized and confined to your bed for days or weeks at a time you’ll
for days or weeks at a time you’ll
for days or weeks at a time you’ll experience a loss of muscle and a loss
experience a loss of muscle and a loss
experience a loss of muscle and a loss of bone density that’s similar to what
of bone density that’s similar to what
of bone density that’s similar to what astronauts experience in weightlessness
astronauts experience in weightlessness
astronauts experience in weightlessness weightlessness is also similar to the
weightlessness is also similar to the
weightlessness is also similar to the natural aging process that a lot of
natural aging process that a lot of
natural aging process that a lot of elderly people here on earth experience
elderly people here on earth experience
elderly people here on earth experience for example osteoporosis which is a loss
for example osteoporosis which is a loss
for example osteoporosis which is a loss of bone density is similar to what
of bone density is similar to what
of bone density is similar to what astronauts experience in space so by
astronauts experience in space so by
astronauts experience in space so by studying astronauts we can help patients
studying astronauts we can help patients
studying astronauts we can help patients and people here on earth as well
another curious thing that happens in
another curious thing that happens in space is that you tend to grow and some
space is that you tend to grow and some
space is that you tend to grow and some astronauts grow all the way up to six or
astronauts grow all the way up to six or
astronauts grow all the way up to six or seven centimeters in height and that’s
seven centimeters in height and that’s
seven centimeters in height and that’s because in some ways our spines resemble
because in some ways our spines resemble
because in some ways our spines resemble a spring and here on the ground gravity
a spring and here on the ground gravity
a spring and here on the ground gravity compresses our spines but once you’re in
compresses our spines but once you’re in
compresses our spines but once you’re in space and weightless our spines are no
space and weightless our spines are no
space and weightless our spines are no longer compressed and they tend to
longer compressed and they tend to
longer compressed and they tend to elongate just like a spring does and I
elongate just like a spring does and I
elongate just like a spring does and I can lead to a wide variety of problems
can lead to a wide variety of problems
can lead to a wide variety of problems it can lead to back pain it can increase
it can lead to back pain it can increase
it can lead to back pain it can increase your risk of discos perhaps later in
your risk of discos perhaps later in
your risk of discos perhaps later in life but it also can lead to some
life but it also can lead to some
life but it also can lead to some practical problems because of the
practical problems because of the
practical problems because of the spacesuits that we wear are obviously
spacesuits that we wear are obviously
spacesuits that we wear are obviously tailored to us and the seats that we sit
tailored to us and the seats that we sit
tailored to us and the seats that we sit in on board so is when we have to land
in on board so is when we have to land
in on board so is when we have to land again are molded to us and if you’re
again are molded to us and if you’re
again are molded to us and if you’re suddenly six or seven centimeters taller
suddenly six or seven centimeters taller
suddenly six or seven centimeters taller well you can no longer fit in your own
well you can no longer fit in your own
well you can no longer fit in your own space suit or sit in your own seat and
space suit or sit in your own seat and
space suit or sit in your own seat and so one of the things I had to test
so one of the things I had to test
so one of the things I had to test during my mission is this suit we call
during my mission is this suit we call
during my mission is this suit we call it a skin suit most of all it resembles
it a skin suit most of all it resembles
it a skin suit most of all it resembles a wetsuit that you might use for diving
a wetsuit that you might use for diving
a wetsuit that you might use for diving except that it has special fibers woven
except that it has special fibers woven
except that it has special fibers woven into it which seeks to mimic gravity and
into it which seeks to mimic gravity and
into it which seeks to mimic gravity and compress the spine and thereby prevent
compress the spine and thereby prevent
compress the spine and thereby prevent this this growth that a lot of
this this growth that a lot of
this this growth that a lot of astronauts experience what you also see
astronauts experience what you also see
astronauts experience what you also see on the picture is that I’m exercising on
on the picture is that I’m exercising on
on the picture is that I’m exercising on our bicycle onboard the space station
our bicycle onboard the space station
our bicycle onboard the space station it’s one of three ways that we can
it’s one of three ways that we can
it’s one of three ways that we can exercise we also have a treadmill for
exercise we also have a treadmill for
exercise we also have a treadmill for running and we have a strength training
running and we have a strength training
running and we have a strength training device exercise is the only way that we
device exercise is the only way that we
device exercise is the only way that we know of today how to counteract this
know of today how to counteract this
know of today how to counteract this loss of muscle and bone density that we
loss of muscle and bone density that we
loss of muscle and bone density that we experience and so for astronauts who are
experience and so for astronauts who are
experience and so for astronauts who are in space for more than a few weeks at a
in space for more than a few weeks at a
in space for more than a few weeks at a time it’s a requirement that they spend
time it’s a requirement that they spend
time it’s a requirement that they spend two hours every single day exercising
two hours every single day exercising
two hours every single day exercising and that’s not a very efficient use of
and that’s not a very efficient use of
and that’s not a very efficient use of your time if you’re up there to do
your time if you’re up there to do
your time if you’re up there to do research so this is still something that
research so this is still something that
research so this is still something that we’re looking at trying to find other
we’re looking at trying to find other
we’re looking at trying to find other ways to stay healthy in space without
ways to stay healthy in space without
ways to stay healthy in space without having to use two hours every single day
having to use two hours every single day
having to use two hours every single day to exercise
robotic technology is so also something
robotic technology is so also something that we work with a lot in space and
that we work with a lot in space and
that we work with a lot in space and what we’re very interested in developing
what we’re very interested in developing
what we’re very interested in developing is the technology that allow astronauts
is the technology that allow astronauts
is the technology that allow astronauts and robots to cooperate more closely
and robots to cooperate more closely
and robots to cooperate more closely together in the future we imagine that
together in the future we imagine that
together in the future we imagine that in the future if we arrived at the Moon
in the future if we arrived at the Moon
in the future if we arrived at the Moon or Mars that we might have robots on the
or Mars that we might have robots on the
or Mars that we might have robots on the surface helping to build a base before
surface helping to build a base before
surface helping to build a base before the astronauts land themselves and one
the astronauts land themselves and one
the astronauts land themselves and one of the key technologies that we’d like
of the key technologies that we’d like
of the key technologies that we’d like to develop is what we call force
to develop is what we call force
to develop is what we call force feedback which essentially means that
feedback which essentially means that
feedback which essentially means that the astronaut has a way of feeling the
the astronaut has a way of feeling the
the astronaut has a way of feeling the force or controlling the force that the
force or controlling the force that the
force or controlling the force that the robot is is using and solving a certain
robot is is using and solving a certain
robot is is using and solving a certain task today when you play a video game or
task today when you play a video game or
task today when you play a video game or sorry today when you control a robot
sorry today when you control a robot
sorry today when you control a robot it’s a very similar to playing a video
it’s a very similar to playing a video
it’s a very similar to playing a video game you have a hand controller or
game you have a hand controller or
game you have a hand controller or joystick and you control the robot but
joystick and you control the robot but
joystick and you control the robot but what it means is that certain very
what it means is that certain very
what it means is that certain very simple tasks like picking up a glass of
simple tasks like picking up a glass of
simple tasks like picking up a glass of water can be very difficult for a robot
water can be very difficult for a robot
water can be very difficult for a robot because a robot has no intuitive
because a robot has no intuitive
because a robot has no intuitive understanding of the forces necessary to
understanding of the forces necessary to
understanding of the forces necessary to that it needs to apply in its fingers
that it needs to apply in its fingers
that it needs to apply in its fingers when picking up the glass and chances
when picking up the glass and chances
when picking up the glass and chances are the robot will simply crush the
are the robot will simply crush the
are the robot will simply crush the class but by giving the astronauts a way
class but by giving the astronauts a way
class but by giving the astronauts a way to control or sense this force well we
to control or sense this force well we
to control or sense this force well we can solve tasks that require greater
can solve tasks that require greater
can solve tasks that require greater precision and greater dexterity in the
precision and greater dexterity in the
precision and greater dexterity in the future and so I had a chance to not only
future and so I had a chance to not only
future and so I had a chance to not only drive a robot here on the earth from the
drive a robot here on the earth from the
drive a robot here on the earth from the space station but also to solve simple
space station but also to solve simple
space station but also to solve simple tasks like inserting a peg into a hole
tasks like inserting a peg into a hole
tasks like inserting a peg into a hole and to do that I had a very simple
and to do that I had a very simple
and to do that I had a very simple joystick like this but through that
joystick like this but through that
joystick like this but through that joystick I could feel for example the
joystick I could feel for example the
joystick I could feel for example the friction force that I needed to overcome
friction force that I needed to overcome
friction force that I needed to overcome when inserting a pig into a hole and I
when inserting a pig into a hole and I
when inserting a pig into a hole and I know what you’re thinking now you’re
know what you’re thinking now you’re
know what you’re thinking now you’re thinking this doesn’t look very
thinking this doesn’t look very
thinking this doesn’t look very impressive and you’re probably right
impressive and you’re probably right
impressive and you’re probably right it’s just a joystick after all but what
it’s just a joystick after all but what
it’s just a joystick after all but what we’re working towards what we’re working
we’re working towards what we’re working
we’re working towards what we’re working towards is a full exoskeleton robot arm
towards is a full exoskeleton robot arm
towards is a full exoskeleton robot arm that you see here this is a robotic arm
that you see here this is a robotic arm
that you see here this is a robotic arm that you can wear yourself
that you can wear yourself
that you can wear yourself I mean you put your arm into it you move
I mean you put your arm into it you move
I mean you put your arm into it you move your arm and the robot follows your
your arm and the robot follows your
your arm and the robot follows your movements at the same time the robotic
movements at the same time the robotic
movements at the same time the robotic arm sends back the forces to this
arm sends back the forces to this
arm sends back the forces to this exoskeleton arm that you’re wearing and
exoskeleton arm that you’re wearing and
exoskeleton arm that you’re wearing and through that arm you can feel the forces
through that arm you can feel the forces
through that arm you can feel the forces and control the forces and this is a
and control the forces and this is a
and control the forces and this is a very exciting technology not just when
very exciting technology not just when
very exciting technology not just when we talk about space exploration but also
we talk about space exploration but also
we talk about space exploration but also here on earth because you can imagine
here on earth because you can imagine
here on earth because you can imagine doctors in hospitals in Europe
doctors in hospitals in Europe
doctors in hospitals in Europe performing surgery on patients in other
performing surgery on patients in other
performing surgery on patients in other countries using technology like this I
countries using technology like this I
countries using technology like this I also think it’s very exciting to know
also think it’s very exciting to know
also think it’s very exciting to know that we here in Europe have companies
that we here in Europe have companies
that we here in Europe have companies currently developing and building
currently developing and building
currently developing and building technology like this that will send up
technology like this that will send up
technology like this that will send up to the space station within the next
to the space station within the next
to the space station within the next year or two smart wearable technology is
year or two smart wearable technology is
year or two smart wearable technology is also another area that we’re interested
also another area that we’re interested
also another area that we’re interested in and before any conspiracy theorists
in and before any conspiracy theorists
in and before any conspiracy theorists here in the audience get too excited I
here in the audience get too excited I
here in the audience get too excited I have to point out that this picture
have to point out that this picture
have to point out that this picture wasn’t taking in space it was taken
wasn’t taking in space it was taken
wasn’t taking in space it was taken under water in the during one of NASA’s
under water in the during one of NASA’s
under water in the during one of NASA’s NEEMO missions which takes place in an
NEEMO missions which takes place in an
NEEMO missions which takes place in an underwater laboratory and where I had a
underwater laboratory and where I had a
underwater laboratory and where I had a chance to live for a week together with
chance to live for a week together with
chance to live for a week together with several other astronauts and I could
several other astronauts and I could
several other astronauts and I could work with and test some of the
work with and test some of the
work with and test some of the technology before bringing it in to
technology before bringing it in to
technology before bringing it in to space on board the space station the
space on board the space station the
space on board the space station the space station today is so big and so
space station today is so big and so
space station today is so big and so complex that it’s impossible for the
complex that it’s impossible for the
complex that it’s impossible for the astronauts to have a deep knowledge of
astronauts to have a deep knowledge of
astronauts to have a deep knowledge of all the different systems that we have
all the different systems that we have
all the different systems that we have to work with so we tend to work with the
to work with so we tend to work with the
to work with so we tend to work with the help of procedures and checklists most
help of procedures and checklists most
help of procedures and checklists most of all it’s like going to a Kia buying a
of all it’s like going to a Kia buying a
of all it’s like going to a Kia buying a piece of furniture and then assembling
piece of furniture and then assembling
piece of furniture and then assembling it at home with the help of your little
it at home with the help of your little
it at home with the help of your little instruction booklet you go line by line
instruction booklet you go line by line
instruction booklet you go line by line you read the instructions and you follow
you read the instructions and you follow
you read the instructions and you follow them that’s a very inefficient way of
them that’s a very inefficient way of
them that’s a very inefficient way of working especially in space when you’re
working especially in space when you’re
working especially in space when you’re weightless because you keep having to
weightless because you keep having to
weightless because you keep having to float between what you’re working with
float between what you’re working with
float between what you’re working with and your laptop computer to read the
and your laptop computer to read the
and your laptop computer to read the next lines and the procedures so what
next lines and the procedures so what
next lines and the procedures so what we’d like to develop is some kind of
we’d like to develop is some kind of
we’d like to develop is some kind of wearable smart technology for example
wearable smart technology for example
wearable smart technology for example glasses we’re on the glasses themselves
glasses we’re on the glasses themselves
glasses we’re on the glasses themselves you can project the procedures that lets
you can project the procedures that lets
you can project the procedures that lets you read or even see pictures or video
you read or even see pictures or video
you read or even see pictures or video that guides you through your tasks while
that guides you through your tasks while
that guides you through your tasks while you have your hands busy with whatever
you have your hands busy with whatever
you have your hands busy with whatever it is you’re working with
it is you’re working with
it is you’re working with and I’m sure this is technology will see
and I’m sure this is technology will see
and I’m sure this is technology will see a lot more of both on board the space
a lot more of both on board the space
a lot more of both on board the space station and here on earth in the future
one of the absolute biggest challenges
one of the absolute biggest challenges of space flight is getting into space
of space flight is getting into space
of space flight is getting into space sending anything into space it’s very
sending anything into space it’s very
sending anything into space it’s very very expensive and so on board the space
very expensive and so on board the space
very expensive and so on board the space station we try to reuse and recycle as
station we try to reuse and recycle as
station we try to reuse and recycle as much as we can which means that all our
much as we can which means that all our
much as we can which means that all our wastewater we rinse it and we turn it
wastewater we rinse it and we turn it
wastewater we rinse it and we turn it into drinking water and that by the way
into drinking water and that by the way
into drinking water and that by the way includes our urine so we tend to say
includes our urine so we tend to say
includes our urine so we tend to say that the coffee we had yesterday well
that the coffee we had yesterday well
that the coffee we had yesterday well that’s the same coffee we have tomorrow
but to turn wastewater into clean
but to turn wastewater into clean drinking water requires a lot of energy
drinking water requires a lot of energy
drinking water requires a lot of energy and typically a lot of chemicals as well
and typically a lot of chemicals as well
and typically a lot of chemicals as well something that we’re currently testing
something that we’re currently testing
something that we’re currently testing is a membrane which consists of
is a membrane which consists of
is a membrane which consists of biological proteins similar to the
biological proteins similar to the
biological proteins similar to the proteins at you and I have in our bodies
proteins at you and I have in our bodies
proteins at you and I have in our bodies and these proteins they only permit the
and these proteins they only permit the
and these proteins they only permit the transfer of water molecules through the
transfer of water molecules through the
transfer of water molecules through the membrane so it’s a way to clean waste
membrane so it’s a way to clean waste
membrane so it’s a way to clean waste water without energy and without
water without energy and without
water without energy and without chemicals because it’s through the
chemicals because it’s through the
chemicals because it’s through the membranes own physical and chemical
membranes own physical and chemical
membranes own physical and chemical processes or properties or if you will
processes or properties or if you will
processes or properties or if you will biological properties that the waste
biological properties that the waste
biological properties that the waste water can be cleaned and again this is a
water can be cleaned and again this is a
water can be cleaned and again this is a very exciting technology not just when
very exciting technology not just when
very exciting technology not just when it comes to space light but also here on
it comes to space light but also here on
it comes to space light but also here on earth because we obviously also have a
earth because we obviously also have a
earth because we obviously also have a need to clean wastewater here on earth
need to clean wastewater here on earth
need to clean wastewater here on earth cheaply and without too many chemicals
the space station is also a fantastic
the space station is also a fantastic place from which to observe the earth
place from which to observe the earth
place from which to observe the earth and I had a chance to work on an
and I had a chance to work on an
and I had a chance to work on an experiment where I had to try to film
experiment where I had to try to film
experiment where I had to try to film lightning phenomenon with the help of a
lightning phenomenon with the help of a
lightning phenomenon with the help of a simple just a normal off-the-shelf
simple just a normal off-the-shelf
simple just a normal off-the-shelf camera and these are a special lightning
camera and these are a special lightning
camera and these are a special lightning phenomena that we call blue Jets and red
phenomena that we call blue Jets and red
phenomena that we call blue Jets and red sprites these are giant lightning that
sprites these are giant lightning that
sprites these are giant lightning that shoots that shoot upwards into space
shoots that shoot upwards into space
shoots that shoot upwards into space rather than down towards the ground we
rather than down towards the ground we
rather than down towards the ground we only discovered these lightning
only discovered these lightning
only discovered these lightning phenomena by accident about 15 20 years
phenomena by accident about 15 20 years
phenomena by accident about 15 20 years ago and I guess that makes sense because
ago and I guess that makes sense because
ago and I guess that makes sense because normally when there’s a thunder storm
normally when there’s a thunder storm
normally when there’s a thunder storm where someone on the surface of the
where someone on the surface of the
where someone on the surface of the earth and it’s difficult to see what
earth and it’s difficult to see what
earth and it’s difficult to see what happens above the clouds but it turns
happens above the clouds but it turns
happens above the clouds but it turns out a lot of interesting things happen
out a lot of interesting things happen
out a lot of interesting things happen we just don’t know very much about it we
we just don’t know very much about it we
we just don’t know very much about it we don’t know how often these blue and red
don’t know how often these blue and red
don’t know how often these blue and red lightning occur or under what conditions
lightning occur or under what conditions
lightning occur or under what conditions are formed or even what effect that they
are formed or even what effect that they
are formed or even what effect that they have in our atmosphere but we assume
have in our atmosphere but we assume
have in our atmosphere but we assume that they must have a considerable
that they must have a considerable
that they must have a considerable effect because they sometimes shoot all
effect because they sometimes shoot all
effect because they sometimes shoot all the way up to an altitude of 80 or 90
the way up to an altitude of 80 or 90
the way up to an altitude of 80 or 90 kilometers one evening after dinner I
kilometers one evening after dinner I
kilometers one evening after dinner I was sitting in cupola again our our big
was sitting in cupola again our our big
was sitting in cupola again our our big window looking down at the earth as we
window looking down at the earth as we
window looking down at the earth as we were flying over India at night and this
were flying over India at night and this
were flying over India at night and this giant thunderstorm developed and luckily
giant thunderstorm developed and luckily
giant thunderstorm developed and luckily I had my camera with me so I quickly
I had my camera with me so I quickly
I had my camera with me so I quickly pointed it towards this thunderstorm and
pointed it towards this thunderstorm and
pointed it towards this thunderstorm and started filming as much as I could
started filming as much as I could
started filming as much as I could actually I didn’t even really know where
actually I didn’t even really know where
actually I didn’t even really know where to point it because this thunderstorm
to point it because this thunderstorm
to point it because this thunderstorm was was so large that lightning what’s
was was so large that lightning what’s
was was so large that lightning what’s going on all around me and on this
going on all around me and on this
going on all around me and on this picture you can see in the in the lower
picture you can see in the in the lower
picture you can see in the in the lower left-hand corner one of the solar arrays
left-hand corner one of the solar arrays
left-hand corner one of the solar arrays or solar panels of the space station and
or solar panels of the space station and
or solar panels of the space station and then this next to it is gigantic
then this next to it is gigantic
then this next to it is gigantic thunderstorm lit up by traditional
thunderstorm lit up by traditional
thunderstorm lit up by traditional lightning
after we passed the the thunderstorm I
after we passed the the thunderstorm I heard back to my laptop computer to
heard back to my laptop computer to
heard back to my laptop computer to download the files because I had a
download the files because I had a
download the files because I had a feeling that I’ve been lucky to film
feeling that I’ve been lucky to film
feeling that I’ve been lucky to film something special and I got really
something special and I got really
something special and I got really excited when I when I look through the
excited when I when I look through the
excited when I when I look through the files on the camera because I saw among
files on the camera because I saw among
files on the camera because I saw among other things this and this is a some of
other things this and this is a some of
other things this and this is a some of that red lightning that we call red
that red lightning that we call red
that red lightning that we call red sprites shooting up into space at the
sprites shooting up into space at the
sprites shooting up into space at the same time that there’s this more
same time that there’s this more
same time that there’s this more traditional white lightning and as I
traditional white lightning and as I
traditional white lightning and as I went through the the recordings I also
went through the the recordings I also
went through the the recordings I also came across this and this is one of
came across this and this is one of
came across this and this is one of these Blue Lightning these blue Jets
these Blue Lightning these blue Jets
these Blue Lightning these blue Jets again shooting upwards into space but
again shooting upwards into space but
again shooting upwards into space but not only that I’d actually been so lucky
not only that I’d actually been so lucky
not only that I’d actually been so lucky to film this blue jet a pulsating blue
to film this blue jet a pulsating blue
to film this blue jet a pulsating blue jet shooting up three times in a row
jet shooting up three times in a row
jet shooting up three times in a row within a second or two and here it’s
within a second or two and here it’s
within a second or two and here it’s important that you pay attention because
important that you pay attention because
important that you pay attention because I have a short video of ten seconds but
I have a short video of ten seconds but
I have a short video of ten seconds but if you blink you’re going to miss it and
if you blink you’re going to miss it and
if you blink you’re going to miss it and you don’t want to miss it so on the
you don’t want to miss it so on the
you don’t want to miss it so on the right hand side this cloud here you’ll
right hand side this cloud here you’ll
right hand side this cloud here you’ll see in just two or three seconds this
see in just two or three seconds this
see in just two or three seconds this blue jet right now should be there there
blue jet right now should be there there
blue jet right now should be there there did you all manage to see that if not
did you all manage to see that if not
did you all manage to see that if not it’s on YouTube and I recommend you to
it’s on YouTube and I recommend you to
it’s on YouTube and I recommend you to go see it because it’s it’s it’s
go see it because it’s it’s it’s
go see it because it’s it’s it’s impressive after the mission I had a
impressive after the mission I had a
impressive after the mission I had a chance to talk to the scientists behind
chance to talk to the scientists behind
chance to talk to the scientists behind this project and they told me that this
this project and they told me that this
this project and they told me that this is the first time that this pulsating
is the first time that this pulsating
is the first time that this pulsating blue jet has ever been observed so I
blue jet has ever been observed so I
blue jet has ever been observed so I think it’s very exciting that we’re
think it’s very exciting that we’re
think it’s very exciting that we’re still learning new things about our own
still learning new things about our own
still learning new things about our own planet and we’re still making
planet and we’re still making
planet and we’re still making discoveries it wasn’t just when it came
discoveries it wasn’t just when it came
discoveries it wasn’t just when it came to lightning that I was lucky I was also
to lightning that I was lucky I was also
to lightning that I was lucky I was also really lucky to take a picture of my
really lucky to take a picture of my
really lucky to take a picture of my home country of Denmark Denmark is so
home country of Denmark Denmark is so
home country of Denmark Denmark is so far north that it’s seldom that the
far north that it’s seldom that the
far north that it’s seldom that the space station flies directly overhead
space station flies directly overhead
space station flies directly overhead which means it’s seldom that we can see
which means it’s seldom that we can see
which means it’s seldom that we can see Denmark from space and of course I have
Denmark from space and of course I have
Denmark from space and of course I have to be honest it’s all so seldom that
to be honest it’s all so seldom that
to be honest it’s all so seldom that it’s sunny and cloudless and clear in
it’s sunny and cloudless and clear in
it’s sunny and cloudless and clear in Denmark it’s not like
Denmark it’s not like
Denmark it’s not like weather here in Lisbon unfortunately
weather here in Lisbon unfortunately
weather here in Lisbon unfortunately there’s something very special and not
there’s something very special and not
there’s something very special and not just about seeing your home country but
just about seeing your home country but
just about seeing your home country but about seeing the Earth from space
about seeing the Earth from space
about seeing the Earth from space because there’s a few things that you
because there’s a few things that you
because there’s a few things that you very quickly notice first of all when
very quickly notice first of all when
very quickly notice first of all when you’re flying over the day side of the
you’re flying over the day side of the
you’re flying over the day side of the earth you don’t see signs of a lot of
earth you don’t see signs of a lot of
earth you don’t see signs of a lot of humans you don’t see cities you don’t
humans you don’t see cities you don’t
humans you don’t see cities you don’t see bridges or roads and you don’t see
see bridges or roads and you don’t see
see bridges or roads and you don’t see borders between countries either for all
borders between countries either for all
borders between countries either for all intents and purposes the earth could be
intents and purposes the earth could be
intents and purposes the earth could be uninhabited it’s only when you fly over
uninhabited it’s only when you fly over
uninhabited it’s only when you fly over on the night side of the earth and when
on the night side of the earth and when
on the night side of the earth and when you see all the lights of the city’s
you see all the lights of the city’s
you see all the lights of the city’s light up the night sky that you realize
light up the night sky that you realize
light up the night sky that you realize that there are people living here and
that there are people living here and
that there are people living here and just how many people there are but when
just how many people there are but when
just how many people there are but when you’re flying over the days side you
you’re flying over the days side you
you’re flying over the days side you don’t see any of that the earth might as
don’t see any of that the earth might as
don’t see any of that the earth might as well be uninhabited something else we
well be uninhabited something else we
well be uninhabited something else we also very quickly notice is the
also very quickly notice is the
also very quickly notice is the contrasting colors especially the
contrasting colors especially the
contrasting colors especially the contrast between the blue colors of the
contrast between the blue colors of the
contrast between the blue colors of the water and then this pitch black color of
water and then this pitch black color of
water and then this pitch black color of space which surrounds us and if you look
space which surrounds us and if you look
space which surrounds us and if you look in the upper left-hand corner you see on
in the upper left-hand corner you see on
in the upper left-hand corner you see on the boundary between the Earth and space
the boundary between the Earth and space
the boundary between the Earth and space is very very thin blue line and that’s
is very very thin blue line and that’s
is very very thin blue line and that’s our atmosphere that’s all that separates
our atmosphere that’s all that separates
our atmosphere that’s all that separates or protects us from the cold vastness of
or protects us from the cold vastness of
or protects us from the cold vastness of space if that blue line disappears it
space if that blue line disappears it
space if that blue line disappears it means we have no atmosphere and without
means we have no atmosphere and without
means we have no atmosphere and without an atmosphere well there’s no life on
an atmosphere well there’s no life on
an atmosphere well there’s no life on Earth and so you you get a sense of
Earth and so you you get a sense of
Earth and so you you get a sense of perhaps how fragile the earth is because
perhaps how fragile the earth is because
perhaps how fragile the earth is because that atmosphere doesn’t look very thick
that atmosphere doesn’t look very thick
that atmosphere doesn’t look very thick I mean it looks like something that that
I mean it looks like something that that
I mean it looks like something that that we need to take care of and it is
we need to take care of and it is
we need to take care of and it is because without it as I said there is no
because without it as I said there is no
because without it as I said there is no life on Earth but that’s exactly why we
life on Earth but that’s exactly why we
life on Earth but that’s exactly why we travel into space and that’s exactly why
travel into space and that’s exactly why
travel into space and that’s exactly why we live and work on board the space
we live and work on board the space
we live and work on board the space station which by the way we’ve done for
station which by the way we’ve done for
station which by the way we’ve done for more than 15 years now because by
more than 15 years now because by
more than 15 years now because by working and researching in space we get
working and researching in space we get
working and researching in space we get not only a better understanding of who
not only a better understanding of who
not only a better understanding of who we are
we are
we are a better understanding of our planet
a better understanding of our planet
a better understanding of our planet earth but it also allows us to prepare
earth but it also allows us to prepare
earth but it also allows us to prepare for the future a future where I’m
for the future a future where I’m
for the future a future where I’m certain we’ll see villages on the moon
certain we’ll see villages on the moon
certain we’ll see villages on the moon and colonies on Mars thank you
and colonies on Mars thank you
and colonies on Mars thank you [Applause]
”
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