[Music] [Applause]
it is not that long that we realized
it is not that long that we realized that we are surrounded by a world
that we are surrounded by a world
that we are surrounded by a world invisible to our eyes consisting of very
invisible to our eyes consisting of very
invisible to our eyes consisting of very tiny organisms which yet have a
tiny organisms which yet have a
tiny organisms which yet have a tremendous influence on animal health
tremendous influence on animal health
tremendous influence on animal health ecology and evolution on earth we are
ecology and evolution on earth we are
ecology and evolution on earth we are surrounded by a fascinating biodiversity
surrounded by a fascinating biodiversity
surrounded by a fascinating biodiversity and this biodiversity clearly must have
and this biodiversity clearly must have
and this biodiversity clearly must have been evolved at some point and taking a
been evolved at some point and taking a
been evolved at some point and taking a look onto this and putting the earth
look onto this and putting the earth
look onto this and putting the earth life history onto a simplified time
life history onto a simplified time
life history onto a simplified time scale like over a calendar year we will
scale like over a calendar year we will
scale like over a calendar year we will realize that early my life just appeared
realize that early my life just appeared
realize that early my life just appeared around March on earth and was consisted
around March on earth and was consisted
around March on earth and was consisted of single-celled organisms until
of single-celled organisms until
of single-celled organisms until September the first multicellular
September the first multicellular
September the first multicellular organisms just appeared in October lands
organisms just appeared in October lands
organisms just appeared in October lands like land plants and insects evolved in
like land plants and insects evolved in
like land plants and insects evolved in November and higher animals in December
November and higher animals in December
November and higher animals in December and when we put the evolution of the
and when we put the evolution of the
and when we put the evolution of the humans onto the scale will realize that
humans onto the scale will realize that
humans onto the scale will realize that we just appeared very very recently in
we just appeared very very recently in
we just appeared very very recently in earth life history like basically in the
earth life history like basically in the
earth life history like basically in the end of December so life on Earth was
end of December so life on Earth was
end of December so life on Earth was dominated by and consisted of simple
dominated by and consisted of simple
dominated by and consisted of simple single-celled organisms for most of the
single-celled organisms for most of the
single-celled organisms for most of the time we all evolved in a microbial world
time we all evolved in a microbial world
time we all evolved in a microbial world and the word microorganism already
and the word microorganism already
and the word microorganism already implies that these organisms are too
implies that these organisms are too
implies that these organisms are too tiny to be seen by naked eye and
tiny to be seen by naked eye and
tiny to be seen by naked eye and therefore humans had no idea about the
therefore humans had no idea about the
therefore humans had no idea about the existence for a very long time even
existence for a very long time even
existence for a very long time even fatal disease hunger crisis and
fatal disease hunger crisis and
fatal disease hunger crisis and epidemics which are actually caused by
epidemics which are actually caused by
epidemics which are actually caused by microbial pathogens could never be
microbial pathogens could never be
microbial pathogens could never be brought into context and there was no
brought into context and there was no
brought into context and there was no explanation for that and so the first
explanation for that and so the first
explanation for that and so the first insights into microbiology
insights into microbiology
insights into microbiology was achieved in 1675 by antonie van
was achieved in 1675 by antonie van
was achieved in 1675 by antonie van Leeuwenhoek so Anthony wasn’t the
Leeuwenhoek so Anthony wasn’t the
Leeuwenhoek so Anthony wasn’t the scientist he was a lens grinder but his
scientist he was a lens grinder but his
scientist he was a lens grinder but his abilities were very great that he could
abilities were very great that he could
abilities were very great that he could grind a lens of the size of a rice grain
grind a lens of the size of a rice grain
grind a lens of the size of a rice grain which was extremely effective and he
which was extremely effective and he
which was extremely effective and he built these first small microscopes and
built these first small microscopes and
built these first small microscopes and he decided to take a look into a droplet
he decided to take a look into a droplet
he decided to take a look into a droplet of pond water and what he saw was
of pond water and what he saw was
of pond water and what he saw was basically mind-blowing for him he got
basically mind-blowing for him he got
basically mind-blowing for him he got inside
inside
inside into a new hidden world full of
into a new hidden world full of
into a new hidden world full of mysterious creatures that no human being
mysterious creatures that no human being
mysterious creatures that no human being has ever seen before and he called them
has ever seen before and he called them
has ever seen before and he called them very little and immaculate and he drew
very little and immaculate and he drew
very little and immaculate and he drew them but actually his work wasn’t fully
them but actually his work wasn’t fully
them but actually his work wasn’t fully acknowledged for almost 200 years
acknowledged for almost 200 years
acknowledged for almost 200 years and most work about pulling the
and most work about pulling the
and most work about pulling the microbial world into light was achieved
microbial world into light was achieved
microbial world into light was achieved between the 1860 s and 70s and two of
between the 1860 s and 70s and two of
between the 1860 s and 70s and two of the most important works were done by
the most important works were done by
the most important works were done by Louis Pasteur who could show that wine
Louis Pasteur who could show that wine
Louis Pasteur who could show that wine fermentation is actually not caused by a
fermentation is actually not caused by a
fermentation is actually not caused by a chemical process which was believed to
chemical process which was believed to
chemical process which was believed to that time point but rather by metabolic
that time point but rather by metabolic
that time point but rather by metabolic processes of living microorganisms
processes of living microorganisms
processes of living microorganisms because if you boil everything you kill
because if you boil everything you kill
because if you boil everything you kill the life and there’s no activity anymore
the life and there’s no activity anymore
the life and there’s no activity anymore and this is a sterilization method which
and this is a sterilization method which
and this is a sterilization method which is still used in food industries and
is still used in food industries and
is still used in food industries and which is called pasteurization and
which is called pasteurization and
which is called pasteurization and Hobart caja was the first person who
Hobart caja was the first person who
Hobart caja was the first person who could show that a bacterium was the
could show that a bacterium was the
could show that a bacterium was the cause of a disease of anthrax and
cause of a disease of anthrax and
cause of a disease of anthrax and afterwards the germ theory of disease
afterwards the germ theory of disease
afterwards the germ theory of disease was generally acknowledged which was
was generally acknowledged which was
was generally acknowledged which was followed by a boom and microbiological
followed by a boom and microbiological
followed by a boom and microbiological research and discovering several
research and discovering several
research and discovering several pathogens being the cause of many
pathogens being the cause of many
pathogens being the cause of many horrible disease but there were also
horrible disease but there were also
horrible disease but there were also findings about making beneficial use of
findings about making beneficial use of
findings about making beneficial use of some microbes in terms of fighting such
some microbes in terms of fighting such
some microbes in terms of fighting such pathogens in 1929 Alexander Fleming
pathogens in 1929 Alexander Fleming
pathogens in 1929 Alexander Fleming discovered that there was a mold
discovered that there was a mold
discovered that there was a mold contamination on one of his agar plates
contamination on one of his agar plates
contamination on one of his agar plates he actually studied pathogenic bacteria
he actually studied pathogenic bacteria
he actually studied pathogenic bacteria and normally that’s not a big problem
and normally that’s not a big problem
and normally that’s not a big problem you which is discs are displayed but he
you which is discs are displayed but he
you which is discs are displayed but he realized that around this mold colony
realized that around this mold colony
realized that around this mold colony the bacterial growth was inhibited so
the bacterial growth was inhibited so
the bacterial growth was inhibited so the mold was secreting something that
the mold was secreting something that
the mold was secreting something that killed the bacterium and this is the
killed the bacterium and this is the
killed the bacterium and this is the very first antibiotic penicillin which
very first antibiotic penicillin which
very first antibiotic penicillin which saved thousands and thousands of lives
saved thousands and thousands of lives
saved thousands and thousands of lives and clearly the mold is not producing
and clearly the mold is not producing
and clearly the mold is not producing this for human sake it is doing this
this for human sake it is doing this
this for human sake it is doing this because in a natural microbial community
because in a natural microbial community
because in a natural microbial community it will be surrounded by divers other
it will be surrounded by divers other
it will be surrounded by divers other microbial species and they are all fired
microbial species and they are all fired
microbial species and they are all fired they fight for resources for space and
they fight for resources for space and
they fight for resources for space and food and indeed there are several
food and indeed there are several
food and indeed there are several microbes that are able to produce a
microbes that are able to produce a
microbes that are able to produce a bunch of nasty compounds like
bunch of nasty compounds like
bunch of nasty compounds like antibiotics toxins or ethanol to kill
antibiotics toxins or ethanol to kill
antibiotics toxins or ethanol to kill competing microbial species
competing microbial species
competing microbial species so people started to realize the
so people started to realize the
so people started to realize the importance but also the potential to
importance but also the potential to
importance but also the potential to stop to study microorganisms and indeed
stop to study microorganisms and indeed
stop to study microorganisms and indeed we can’t culture several of them and we
we can’t culture several of them and we
we can’t culture several of them and we can make them visible and accessible for
can make them visible and accessible for
can make them visible and accessible for us but indeed only the minority of
us but indeed only the minority of
us but indeed only the minority of microorganisms on earth is really
microorganisms on earth is really
microorganisms on earth is really cultivable and it’s a bit hard to talk
cultivable and it’s a bit hard to talk
cultivable and it’s a bit hard to talk about numbers because researchers are
about numbers because researchers are
about numbers because researchers are still arguing how many microbial species
still arguing how many microbial species
still arguing how many microbial species really we really have on earth but
really we really have on earth but
really we really have on earth but potentially it’s about one percent that
potentially it’s about one percent that
potentially it’s about one percent that we know so if you want to study
we know so if you want to study
we know so if you want to study microorganisms from an natural
microorganisms from an natural
microorganisms from an natural environment you culture them and then
environment you culture them and then
environment you culture them and then you can classify them you can run
you can classify them you can run
you can classify them you can run experiments and you can sequence them to
experiments and you can sequence them to
experiments and you can sequence them to get their genomic information but this
get their genomic information but this
get their genomic information but this information is just the tip of the
information is just the tip of the
information is just the tip of the iceberg and we have no idea what is
iceberg and we have no idea what is
iceberg and we have no idea what is below and which diversity we are missing
below and which diversity we are missing
below and which diversity we are missing just because we cannot culture this
just because we cannot culture this
just because we cannot culture this stuff and luckily science is progressing
stuff and luckily science is progressing
stuff and luckily science is progressing and nowadays we have different methods
and nowadays we have different methods
and nowadays we have different methods which will not rely on the scattering
which will not rely on the scattering
which will not rely on the scattering step anymore and depending on what
step anymore and depending on what
step anymore and depending on what you’re interested in you can extract
you’re interested in you can extract
you’re interested in you can extract total DNA RNA or proteins you can
total DNA RNA or proteins you can
total DNA RNA or proteins you can analyze the data and you can check the
analyze the data and you can check the
analyze the data and you can check the diversity the relative abundance or you
diversity the relative abundance or you
diversity the relative abundance or you do functional profiling of the whole
do functional profiling of the whole
do functional profiling of the whole microbial community and this is when
microbial community and this is when
microbial community and this is when researchers started to basically
researchers started to basically
researchers started to basically sequence everything around them and also
sequence everything around them and also
sequence everything around them and also when we realized how huge the
when we realized how huge the
when we realized how huge the biodiversity in the microbial world
biodiversity in the microbial world
biodiversity in the microbial world really is and look outside of the window
really is and look outside of the window
really is and look outside of the window go into a forest or dive deep dive
go into a forest or dive deep dive
go into a forest or dive deep dive deeply down to an awesome coral reef it
deeply down to an awesome coral reef it
deeply down to an awesome coral reef it is very likely that he will never face
is very likely that he will never face
is very likely that he will never face such biodiversity that you can find in
such biodiversity that you can find in
such biodiversity that you can find in microbial communities and it was also
microbial communities and it was also
microbial communities and it was also the time point when we realized microbes
the time point when we realized microbes
the time point when we realized microbes are not only everywhere around us they
are not only everywhere around us they
are not only everywhere around us they also colonize us inside and outside so
also colonize us inside and outside so
also colonize us inside and outside so we have at least as many bacterial cells
we have at least as many bacterial cells
we have at least as many bacterial cells colonizing us as we have actual human
colonizing us as we have actual human
colonizing us as we have actual human body cells there are 30 to 40 trillion
body cells there are 30 to 40 trillion
body cells there are 30 to 40 trillion there are 12 zeroes so this is a really
there are 12 zeroes so this is a really
there are 12 zeroes so this is a really huge number and it somehow must affect
huge number and it somehow must affect
huge number and it somehow must affect us somehow that
us somehow that
us somehow that and nowadays we agree that all higher
and nowadays we agree that all higher
and nowadays we agree that all higher organisms are closely associated with a
organisms are closely associated with a
organisms are closely associated with a diverse microbial community and this
diverse microbial community and this
diverse microbial community and this gave rise to the term hula beyond
gave rise to the term hula beyond
gave rise to the term hula beyond defining the host organism together with
defining the host organism together with
defining the host organism together with these associated microbes the microbiota
these associated microbes the microbiota
these associated microbes the microbiota as the unit natural selection acts on in
as the unit natural selection acts on in
as the unit natural selection acts on in the beginning of hosts microbiota
the beginning of hosts microbiota
the beginning of hosts microbiota research again many peoples focused on
research again many peoples focused on
research again many peoples focused on studying the bad guys and clearly there
studying the bad guys and clearly there
studying the bad guys and clearly there are some pathogenic microbes that can
are some pathogenic microbes that can
are some pathogenic microbes that can make us sick but that’s not everything
make us sick but that’s not everything
make us sick but that’s not everything and it more and more turned out that
and it more and more turned out that
and it more and more turned out that there are diverse microorganisms having
there are diverse microorganisms having
there are diverse microorganisms having different beneficial functions for the
different beneficial functions for the
different beneficial functions for the host and so your microbiota will act as
host and so your microbiota will act as
host and so your microbiota will act as a first barrier protecting your body
a first barrier protecting your body
a first barrier protecting your body from getting colonized by pathogens they
from getting colonized by pathogens they
from getting colonized by pathogens they can actively fight pathogens by for
can actively fight pathogens by for
can actively fight pathogens by for example producing antimicrobial
example producing antimicrobial
example producing antimicrobial compounds they can improve host
compounds they can improve host
compounds they can improve host nutrition by helping the host to digest
nutrition by helping the host to digest
nutrition by helping the host to digest food or by supplying beneficial
food or by supplying beneficial
food or by supplying beneficial substances they can detoxify harmful
substances they can detoxify harmful
substances they can detoxify harmful substances in the diet and they are also
substances in the diet and they are also
substances in the diet and they are also known to be involved in modulating host
known to be involved in modulating host
known to be involved in modulating host development immune system and even
development immune system and even
development immune system and even behavior so microorganisms are taking
behavior so microorganisms are taking
behavior so microorganisms are taking huge tasks and so it’s not that
huge tasks and so it’s not that
huge tasks and so it’s not that surprising that they can actually act as
surprising that they can actually act as
surprising that they can actually act as drivers of animal evolution and to give
drivers of animal evolution and to give
drivers of animal evolution and to give some examples the microorganisms in the
some examples the microorganisms in the
some examples the microorganisms in the intestines of herbivores are responsible
intestines of herbivores are responsible
intestines of herbivores are responsible that the host can get enough nutrients
that the host can get enough nutrients
that the host can get enough nutrients from the cellulose rich plant diet like
from the cellulose rich plant diet like
from the cellulose rich plant diet like the Koala has a 2 meter long cecum which
the Koala has a 2 meter long cecum which
the Koala has a 2 meter long cecum which is densely colonized by microbes which
is densely colonized by microbes which
is densely colonized by microbes which help to digest the eucalyptus leaves
help to digest the eucalyptus leaves
help to digest the eucalyptus leaves bioluminescent bacteria are helping to
bioluminescent bacteria are helping to
bioluminescent bacteria are helping to modulate the light organs of some squids
modulate the light organs of some squids
modulate the light organs of some squids they will also colonize this emitting a
they will also colonize this emitting a
they will also colonize this emitting a constant light and the squid will
constant light and the squid will
constant light and the squid will provide nutrients to these bacteria and
provide nutrients to these bacteria and
provide nutrients to these bacteria and is also able to manipulate the light
is also able to manipulate the light
is also able to manipulate the light intensity based on the actual moon and
intensity based on the actual moon and
intensity based on the actual moon and star light which will erase its shadow
star light which will erase its shadow
star light which will erase its shadow in the water making it invisible for
in the water making it invisible for
in the water making it invisible for bottom-dwelling predators and I think
bottom-dwelling predators and I think
bottom-dwelling predators and I think many of us like coffee
so the plant is not producing caffeine
so the plant is not producing caffeine to give us a better starter to the
to give us a better starter to the
to give us a better starter to the morning it’s doing that to protect
morning it’s doing that to protect
morning it’s doing that to protect itself from getting eaten
itself from getting eaten
itself from getting eaten and indeed high doses of caffeine is
and indeed high doses of caffeine is
and indeed high doses of caffeine is deadly for most insects like they just
deadly for most insects like they just
deadly for most insects like they just get immediately paralyzed and die and
get immediately paralyzed and die and
get immediately paralyzed and die and really almost all of them one exceptions
really almost all of them one exceptions
really almost all of them one exceptions this is a little beetle this is the
this is a little beetle this is the
this is a little beetle this is the coffee borer and it will develop in the
coffee borer and it will develop in the
coffee borer and it will develop in the coffee berry it’s basically based in
coffee berry it’s basically based in
coffee berry it’s basically based in caffeine but it’s not the beetle itself
caffeine but it’s not the beetle itself
caffeine but it’s not the beetle itself that evolved resistance against the
that evolved resistance against the
that evolved resistance against the substance when you remove the internal
substance when you remove the internal
substance when you remove the internal bacteria then the beetle will react like
bacteria then the beetle will react like
bacteria then the beetle will react like all the other insects it will die when
all the other insects it will die when
all the other insects it will die when it consumes caffeine so the internal
it consumes caffeine so the internal
it consumes caffeine so the internal bacteria are responsible for detoxifying
bacteria are responsible for detoxifying
bacteria are responsible for detoxifying the caffeine for the beetle opening a
the caffeine for the beetle opening a
the caffeine for the beetle opening a new niche and environment for it so
new niche and environment for it so
new niche and environment for it so there are many more awesome examples
there are many more awesome examples
there are many more awesome examples around but we might see that microbes
around but we might see that microbes
around but we might see that microbes actually have a huge influence on animal
actually have a huge influence on animal
actually have a huge influence on animal ecology and evolution so might be
ecology and evolution so might be
ecology and evolution so might be surprising that host microbiota research
surprising that host microbiota research
surprising that host microbiota research is still hampered and one simple reason
is still hampered and one simple reason
is still hampered and one simple reason is the number of species involved in
is the number of species involved in
is the number of species involved in most systems like in the human gut we
most systems like in the human gut we
most systems like in the human gut we have at least 160 main bacterial species
have at least 160 main bacterial species
have at least 160 main bacterial species and we are talking about a microbial
and we are talking about a microbial
and we are talking about a microbial community all of these species can have
community all of these species can have
community all of these species can have an effect on the host but they will also
an effect on the host but they will also
an effect on the host but they will also interact with each other and the outcome
interact with each other and the outcome
interact with each other and the outcome of these interactions again can have a
of these interactions again can have a
of these interactions again can have a complete different effect to make the
complete different effect to make the
complete different effect to make the whole system more complicated we know
whole system more complicated we know
whole system more complicated we know that hosts that the host genotype can
that hosts that the host genotype can
that hosts that the host genotype can influence the microbial community
influence the microbial community
influence the microbial community composition and on top of that we have
composition and on top of that we have
composition and on top of that we have environmental factors like for example
environmental factors like for example
environmental factors like for example coming from the host diet to put it in
coming from the host diet to put it in
coming from the host diet to put it in simple words most host microbiota
simple words most host microbiota
simple words most host microbiota systems are simply too complex and not
systems are simply too complex and not
systems are simply too complex and not experimental attractable and this is
experimental attractable and this is
experimental attractable and this is what we need to understand the phenomena
what we need to understand the phenomena
what we need to understand the phenomena it is basically like studying a tornado
it is basically like studying a tornado
it is basically like studying a tornado while you are standing in the middle of
while you are standing in the middle of
while you are standing in the middle of it so this is the reason why we are why
it so this is the reason why we are why
it so this is the reason why we are why we really need simple systems that we
we really need simple systems that we
we really need simple systems that we can fully understand to be able to apply
can fully understand to be able to apply
can fully understand to be able to apply this knowledge to the more complex
this knowledge to the more complex
this knowledge to the more complex systems this is the time point where I
systems this is the time point where I
systems this is the time point where I would like to introduce the honeybee
would like to introduce the honeybee
would like to introduce the honeybee being a really good model
being a really good model
being a really good model for host microbiota questions honeybees
for host microbiota questions honeybees
for host microbiota questions honeybees are naturally associated with a small
are naturally associated with a small
are naturally associated with a small stable and long wave of microbiota
stable and long wave of microbiota
stable and long wave of microbiota consisting of about nine core bacterial
consisting of about nine core bacterial
consisting of about nine core bacterial species which are all accountable the
species which are all accountable the
species which are all accountable the microbiota gets horizontally transmitted
microbiota gets horizontally transmitted
microbiota gets horizontally transmitted from older to younger bees which is
from older to younger bees which is
from older to younger bees which is actually similar compared to how the
actually similar compared to how the
actually similar compared to how the human microbiota gets transmitted and
human microbiota gets transmitted and
human microbiota gets transmitted and the whole system is experimentally
the whole system is experimentally
the whole system is experimentally tractable but there’s also another
tractable but there’s also another
tractable but there’s also another reason why it’s really important to
reason why it’s really important to
reason why it’s really important to better understand the system and that
better understand the system and that
better understand the system and that bees are having a very important job on
bees are having a very important job on
bees are having a very important job on earth they are all main pollinating
earth they are all main pollinating
earth they are all main pollinating species and at least one-third of our
species and at least one-third of our
species and at least one-third of our daily diet depends on pollination so
daily diet depends on pollination so
daily diet depends on pollination so without natural pollinators we get
without natural pollinators we get
without natural pollinators we get significantly restricted and these
significantly restricted and these
significantly restricted and these people are not having fun climbing
people are not having fun climbing
people are not having fun climbing around in the trees they are doing the
around in the trees they are doing the
around in the trees they are doing the job of bees they actually pollinate
job of bees they actually pollinate
job of bees they actually pollinate flowers by hand because it is already
flowers by hand because it is already
flowers by hand because it is already reality in the world that we have areas
reality in the world that we have areas
reality in the world that we have areas without natural pollinators around the
without natural pollinators around the
without natural pollinators around the reason for this worldwide decline is a
reason for this worldwide decline is a
reason for this worldwide decline is a combination of different stress factors
combination of different stress factors
combination of different stress factors like poor nutrition due to agricultural
like poor nutrition due to agricultural
like poor nutrition due to agricultural monocultures or the toxins that we apply
monocultures or the toxins that we apply
monocultures or the toxins that we apply to our natural environment but honey
to our natural environment but honey
to our natural environment but honey bees are also naturally challenged with
bees are also naturally challenged with
bees are also naturally challenged with the diversity of pathogenic bacteria
the diversity of pathogenic bacteria
the diversity of pathogenic bacteria fungi viruses and parasites making their
fungi viruses and parasites making their
fungi viruses and parasites making their lives pretty miserable and all of these
lives pretty miserable and all of these
lives pretty miserable and all of these stress factors could be already shown to
stress factors could be already shown to
stress factors could be already shown to negatively influence honeybee health a
negatively influence honeybee health a
negatively influence honeybee health a healthy intake microbiota on the other
healthy intake microbiota on the other
healthy intake microbiota on the other hand is positive for the be potentially
hand is positive for the be potentially
hand is positive for the be potentially being able to buffer some of the
being able to buffer some of the
being able to buffer some of the negative effects coming from the stress
negative effects coming from the stress
negative effects coming from the stress factors but interestingly it just turned
factors but interestingly it just turned
factors but interestingly it just turned out recently that these stress vectors
out recently that these stress vectors
out recently that these stress vectors will also negatively influence the
will also negatively influence the
will also negatively influence the microbiota leading to for example
microbiota leading to for example
microbiota leading to for example dysbiosis and this can be the beginning
dysbiosis and this can be the beginning
dysbiosis and this can be the beginning of a vicious cycle for the be leading to
of a vicious cycle for the be leading to
of a vicious cycle for the be leading to sick and dying populations so an insect
sick and dying populations so an insect
sick and dying populations so an insect microbiota is crucial for honeybee
microbiota is crucial for honeybee
microbiota is crucial for honeybee health and we need to better understand
health and we need to better understand
health and we need to better understand all factors and the interconnections one
all factors and the interconnections one
all factors and the interconnections one smart thing to do is in general to take
smart thing to do is in general to take
smart thing to do is in general to take a look at her nature
a look at her nature
a look at her nature and when we do that we will realize that
and when we do that we will realize that
and when we do that we will realize that not all honeybees species or subspecies
not all honeybees species or subspecies
not all honeybees species or subspecies are suffering equally from the same
are suffering equally from the same
are suffering equally from the same stresses the African Bee has been
stresses the African Bee has been
stresses the African Bee has been introduced to Brazil in 1956 and has
introduced to Brazil in 1956 and has
introduced to Brazil in 1956 and has colonized almost all of the Western
colonized almost all of the Western
colonized almost all of the Western Hemisphere which is one of the most
Hemisphere which is one of the most
Hemisphere which is one of the most rapid biological invasions known it has
rapid biological invasions known it has
rapid biological invasions known it has met the white European bees and they
met the white European bees and they
met the white European bees and they made it and they formed hybrids the
made it and they formed hybrids the
made it and they formed hybrids the Africanized bees there we go and these
Africanized bees there we go and these
Africanized bees there we go and these hybrids are actually the ones that
hybrids are actually the ones that
hybrids are actually the ones that spread so rapidly
spread so rapidly
spread so rapidly so indicating that they have a higher
so indicating that they have a higher
so indicating that they have a higher fitness under the same natural
fitness under the same natural
fitness under the same natural circumstances we know that the genotype
circumstances we know that the genotype
circumstances we know that the genotype can influence the microbiota composition
can influence the microbiota composition
can influence the microbiota composition if we now consider that the microbiota
if we now consider that the microbiota
if we now consider that the microbiota has an impact on hosts fitness this can
has an impact on hosts fitness this can
has an impact on hosts fitness this can lead to a difference in fitness and
lead to a difference in fitness and
lead to a difference in fitness and different changing challenging or new
different changing challenging or new
different changing challenging or new environments we have three factors here
environments we have three factors here
environments we have three factors here we have host genotype we have microbiota
we have host genotype we have microbiota
we have host genotype we have microbiota we have environment and we can sequence
we have environment and we can sequence
we have environment and we can sequence that we can check for microbiota
that we can check for microbiota
that we can check for microbiota differences between the genotypes but
differences between the genotypes but
differences between the genotypes but this will not give us any answer about
this will not give us any answer about
this will not give us any answer about functional relationships so what we need
functional relationships so what we need
functional relationships so what we need are controlled experiments first thing
are controlled experiments first thing
are controlled experiments first thing we need to get rid of the environmental
we need to get rid of the environmental
we need to get rid of the environmental factors because this is far too much to
factors because this is far too much to
factors because this is far too much to control for so we can do something like
control for so we can do something like
control for so we can do something like Richelieu proko microbiota transfer
Richelieu proko microbiota transfer
Richelieu proko microbiota transfer experiments in the lab we can challenge
experiments in the lab we can challenge
experiments in the lab we can challenge the bees against stress factors and now
the bees against stress factors and now
the bees against stress factors and now we can disentangle if host genotype or
we can disentangle if host genotype or
we can disentangle if host genotype or the microbiota is more important in
the microbiota is more important in
the microbiota is more important in terms of stress resistance we can break
terms of stress resistance we can break
terms of stress resistance we can break the system down we can feed single
the system down we can feed single
the system down we can feed single bacterial cells to test the effect we
bacterial cells to test the effect we
bacterial cells to test the effect we can feed two bacteria or we go step by
can feed two bacteria or we go step by
can feed two bacteria or we go step by step more complex 3 4 5 to test which
step more complex 3 4 5 to test which
step more complex 3 4 5 to test which affects the interactions between the
affects the interactions between the
affects the interactions between the bacteria will have from the host and to
bacteria will have from the host and to
bacteria will have from the host and to put everything together honeybee
put everything together honeybee
put everything together honeybee colonies are worldwide in danger and the
colonies are worldwide in danger and the
colonies are worldwide in danger and the reason are different stress factors like
reason are different stress factors like
reason are different stress factors like poor nutrition and toxins and this can
poor nutrition and toxins and this can
poor nutrition and toxins and this can negatively influence the microbiota
negatively influence the microbiota
negatively influence the microbiota leading to example for low to a lowering
leading to example for low to a lowering
leading to example for low to a lowering of the diversity but that’s not
of the diversity but that’s not
of the diversity but that’s not everything there’s more stress around so
everything there’s more stress around so
everything there’s more stress around so we have pathogens we have parasites it
we have pathogens we have parasites it
we have pathogens we have parasites it with a negative influence on the bee and
with a negative influence on the bee and
with a negative influence on the bee and what a beekeeper will do now to save the
what a beekeeper will do now to save the
what a beekeeper will do now to save the colony he will he or she will provide
colony he will he or she will provide
colony he will he or she will provide antibiotics or apply toxins to the –
antibiotics or apply toxins to the –
antibiotics or apply toxins to the – vironment and but again this could be
vironment and but again this could be
vironment and but again this could be shown to negatively influence the
shown to negatively influence the
shown to negatively influence the microbiota and of course the whole
microbiota and of course the whole
microbiota and of course the whole system so there’s there are many more
system so there’s there are many more
system so there’s there are many more factors involved than just genotype and
factors involved than just genotype and
factors involved than just genotype and microbiota and stress and it also
microbiota and stress and it also
microbiota and stress and it also doesn’t matter which stress factors
doesn’t matter which stress factors
doesn’t matter which stress factors comes first and in which combination but
comes first and in which combination but
comes first and in which combination but at some point it might be too much
at some point it might be too much
at some point it might be too much stress and so one solution could be
stress and so one solution could be
stress and so one solution could be instead of going for this short-term
instead of going for this short-term
instead of going for this short-term solution by providing antibiotics and
solution by providing antibiotics and
solution by providing antibiotics and toxins will be to maintain a healthy and
toxins will be to maintain a healthy and
toxins will be to maintain a healthy and diverse microbiota which is co-evolved
diverse microbiota which is co-evolved
diverse microbiota which is co-evolved with the host and to allow it to fight
with the host and to allow it to fight
with the host and to allow it to fight for its host and we can do something
for its host and we can do something
for its host and we can do something like this by providing beneficial
like this by providing beneficial
like this by providing beneficial microorganisms for example but before we
microorganisms for example but before we
microorganisms for example but before we can do something like this in an
can do something like this in an
can do something like this in an efficient way we must understand
efficient way we must understand
efficient way we must understand everything and so we still need to do
everything and so we still need to do
everything and so we still need to do some more research thank you very much
”
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