thank you very much let me start by introducing you to somebody who I find
introducing you to somebody who I find
introducing you to somebody who I find really fascinating a gentleman by the
really fascinating a gentleman by the
really fascinating a gentleman by the name of brodny Brooks mr. Brooks was a
name of brodny Brooks mr. Brooks was a
name of brodny Brooks mr. Brooks was a entrepreneur a roboticist in fact he was
entrepreneur a roboticist in fact he was
entrepreneur a roboticist in fact he was one of the founders of AI robotics you
one of the founders of AI robotics you
one of the founders of AI robotics you may have heard that he was also a
may have heard that he was also a
may have heard that he was also a director of the MIT artificial
director of the MIT artificial
director of the MIT artificial intelligence lab and his seminal work in
intelligence lab and his seminal work in
intelligence lab and his seminal work in the area of AI during the 1980s in the
the area of AI during the 1980s in the
the area of AI during the 1980s in the 1990s he said of artificial intelligence
1990s he said of artificial intelligence
1990s he said of artificial intelligence since 1991 paper a reasonable
since 1991 paper a reasonable
since 1991 paper a reasonable characterization of the general field is
characterization of the general field is
characterization of the general field is that is intended to make computers do
that is intended to make computers do
that is intended to make computers do things that when done by people could be
things that when done by people could be
things that when done by people could be characterized as having indicated
characterized as having indicated
characterized as having indicated intelligence we’re seeing the emergence
intelligence we’re seeing the emergence
intelligence we’re seeing the emergence of a new kind of computing something
of a new kind of computing something
of a new kind of computing something that we call cognitive computing
that we call cognitive computing
that we call cognitive computing sometimes also refer to others as AI or
sometimes also refer to others as AI or
sometimes also refer to others as AI or artificial intelligence movies depict a
artificial intelligence movies depict a
artificial intelligence movies depict a eyes as being either helpful or humorous
eyes as being either helpful or humorous
eyes as being either helpful or humorous soulful sometimes even malevolent many
soulful sometimes even malevolent many
soulful sometimes even malevolent many of these movies are merely exercises in
of these movies are merely exercises in
of these movies are merely exercises in getting us to think about our own cells
getting us to think about our own cells
getting us to think about our own cells in a different way I’m here to suggest
in a different way I’m here to suggest
in a different way I’m here to suggest to you that cognitive computing is
to you that cognitive computing is
to you that cognitive computing is really about all of these and none of
really about all of these and none of
really about all of these and none of these the cognitive computing is really
these the cognitive computing is really
these the cognitive computing is really about getting us to extend our own human
about getting us to extend our own human
about getting us to extend our own human cognitive reach it’s not about being
cognitive reach it’s not about being
cognitive reach it’s not about being better than humans it’s about making
better than humans it’s about making
better than humans it’s about making humans better
humans better
humans better in 1947 at the center of advanced
in 1947 at the center of advanced
in 1947 at the center of advanced studies Jonathan Benton ointment began
studies Jonathan Benton ointment began
studies Jonathan Benton ointment began work on what has become the blueprint
work on what has become the blueprint
work on what has become the blueprint for all modern computing architectures
for all modern computing architectures
for all modern computing architectures the binomial architecture is at the
the binomial architecture is at the
the binomial architecture is at the heart of virtually every computer that
heart of virtually every computer that
heart of virtually every computer that we use whether those largest mainframes
we use whether those largest mainframes
we use whether those largest mainframes or the most common server or laptop
or the most common server or laptop
or the most common server or laptop computers or every one of our
computers or every one of our
computers or every one of our smartphones Clara his wife said of
smartphones Clara his wife said of
smartphones Clara his wife said of Johnny he wanted to create a fast
Johnny he wanted to create a fast
Johnny he wanted to create a fast electronic completely automatic
electronic completely automatic
electronic completely automatic all-purpose computing machine that could
all-purpose computing machine that could
all-purpose computing machine that could answer as many questions as there are
answer as many questions as there are
answer as many questions as there are people who could think of asking them
people who could think of asking them
people who could think of asking them even then 70 years ago engineers
even then 70 years ago engineers
even then 70 years ago engineers imagined that computers would possess
imagined that computers would possess
imagined that computers would possess artificial intelligence the problem is
artificial intelligence the problem is
artificial intelligence the problem is that von Neumann was a mathematician he
that von Neumann was a mathematician he
that von Neumann was a mathematician he viewed the world in terms of
viewed the world in terms of
viewed the world in terms of mathematical models you can create a
mathematical models you can create a
mathematical models you can create a model that describes the thing you’re
model that describes the thing you’re
model that describes the thing you’re working on then you can use it to answer
working on then you can use it to answer
working on then you can use it to answer questions about that thing consequently
questions about that thing consequently
questions about that thing consequently he created a computer that processes
he created a computer that processes
he created a computer that processes mathematical models that’s what a
mathematical models that’s what a
mathematical models that’s what a software program is it’s the symbolic
software program is it’s the symbolic
software program is it’s the symbolic representation of mathematical logic the
representation of mathematical logic the
representation of mathematical logic the problem is that the world is we actually
problem is that the world is we actually
problem is that the world is we actually experience it is very hard to model
experience it is very hard to model
experience it is very hard to model mathematically sure the underlying
mathematically sure the underlying
mathematically sure the underlying science of physics and chemistry and
science of physics and chemistry and
science of physics and chemistry and biology are subject to the rules of
biology are subject to the rules of
biology are subject to the rules of mathematical regularity but that’s not
mathematical regularity but that’s not
mathematical regularity but that’s not what we actually experience it’s hard to
what we actually experience it’s hard to
what we actually experience it’s hard to model our language our thoughts our
model our language our thoughts our
model our language our thoughts our feelings our emotions our motivations
feelings our emotions our motivations
feelings our emotions our motivations with clinical precision we’re complex
with clinical precision we’re complex
with clinical precision we’re complex beings with complex relationships to the
beings with complex relationships to the
beings with complex relationships to the world around us
world around us
world around us we’re subjected to far too many
we’re subjected to far too many
we’re subjected to far too many conditions to expect to ever be able to
conditions to expect to ever be able to
conditions to expect to ever be able to create and capture all the rules that
create and capture all the rules that
create and capture all the rules that govern that experience even if we could
govern that experience even if we could
govern that experience even if we could capture the millions of rules that
capture the millions of rules that
capture the millions of rules that represent the things that we see and
represent the things that we see and
represent the things that we see and hear and feel and taste and smell or the
hear and feel and taste and smell or the
hear and feel and taste and smell or the conditions that define how we go about
conditions that define how we go about
conditions that define how we go about creating a new thought or expressing an
creating a new thought or expressing an
creating a new thought or expressing an idea by the time we got done writing
idea by the time we got done writing
idea by the time we got done writing down all those rules they would change
down all those rules they would change
down all those rules they would change we learn something new that would change
we learn something new that would change
we learn something new that would change our understanding of those conditions we
our understanding of those conditions we
our understanding of those conditions we could never maintain such a model no to
could never maintain such a model no to
could never maintain such a model no to create an artificially intelligent
create an artificially intelligent
create an artificially intelligent computer requires a fundamentally
computer requires a fundamentally
computer requires a fundamentally different approach in fact to capture
different approach in fact to capture
different approach in fact to capture something that is able to reason about
something that is able to reason about
something that is able to reason about the world exactly the way that we do in
the world exactly the way that we do in
the world exactly the way that we do in essence would require that we replicate
essence would require that we replicate
essence would require that we replicate the human mind in all of its finest
the human mind in all of its finest
the human mind in all of its finest details can we do that maybe but what’s
details can we do that maybe but what’s
details can we do that maybe but what’s the point of that we have seven point
the point of that we have seven point
the point of that we have seven point four billion human minds in the world
four billion human minds in the world
four billion human minds in the world now and frankly much more fun and
now and frankly much more fun and
now and frankly much more fun and interesting ways of creating more of
interesting ways of creating more of
interesting ways of creating more of them what economic value could possibly
them what economic value could possibly
them what economic value could possibly ever come from capturing and replicating
ever come from capturing and replicating
ever come from capturing and replicating the human mind in a machine instead we
the human mind in a machine instead we
the human mind in a machine instead we should be embracing the differences
should be embracing the differences
should be embracing the differences between man and machine on the other
between man and machine on the other
between man and machine on the other hand there is value in thinking about AI
hand there is value in thinking about AI
hand there is value in thinking about AI in the same way we have every other tool
in the same way we have every other tool
in the same way we have every other tool that humans have created for the last
that humans have created for the last
that humans have created for the last ten thousand years that is as an
ten thousand years that is as an
ten thousand years that is as an extension to our own human strengths in
extension to our own human strengths in
extension to our own human strengths in the same way that pulleys and levers and
the same way that pulleys and levers and
the same way that pulleys and levers and hammers and shovels and hydraulics
hammers and shovels and hydraulics
hammers and shovels and hydraulics amplify our human muscle augment
amplify our human muscle augment
amplify our human muscle augment intelligence can amplify our mental
intelligence can amplify our mental
intelligence can amplify our mental muscle there’s a lot of things that the
muscle there’s a lot of things that the
muscle there’s a lot of things that the human mind as well recognizing faces in
human mind as well recognizing faces in
human mind as well recognizing faces in a crowd communicating ideas feeling
a crowd communicating ideas feeling
a crowd communicating ideas feeling imagining solving our problems but we
imagining solving our problems but we
imagining solving our problems but we also have our limitations there’s only
also have our limitations there’s only
also have our limitations there’s only so much that we can read there’s only
so much that we can read there’s only
so much that we can read there’s only something to that that we can assimilate
something to that that we can assimilate
something to that that we can assimilate there’s only something to that that we
there’s only something to that that we
there’s only something to that that we can remember and there’s only something
can remember and there’s only something
can remember and there’s only something to that that we can recall under
to that that we can recall under
to that that we can recall under pressure argument intelligence not
pressure argument intelligence not
pressure argument intelligence not artificial intelligence can help us with
artificial intelligence can help us with
artificial intelligence can help us with all of that you know the Watson for
all of that you know the Watson for
all of that you know the Watson for jeopardy machine could read 200 million
jeopardy machine could read 200 million
jeopardy machine could read 200 million pages of literature to find answers to
pages of literature to find answers to
pages of literature to find answers to complex factoid questions in less than
complex factoid questions in less than
complex factoid questions in less than three seconds
three seconds
three seconds questions that were deliberately full of
questions that were deliberately full of
questions that were deliberately full of subtlety in innuendo and puns
subtlety in innuendo and puns
subtlety in innuendo and puns misdirection cognitive computing can
misdirection cognitive computing can
misdirection cognitive computing can help us see alternatives that we might
help us see alternatives that we might
help us see alternatives that we might not find on our own
not find on our own
not find on our own it can help us see through our biases to
it can help us see through our biases to
it can help us see through our biases to other points of view that might
other points of view that might
other points of view that might otherwise ludus it can inspire us to new
otherwise ludus it can inspire us to new
otherwise ludus it can inspire us to new ideas cognitive computing can help us
ideas cognitive computing can help us
ideas cognitive computing can help us get back to doing what we do really well
get back to doing what we do really well
get back to doing what we do really well that is thinking you know one time I
that is thinking you know one time I
that is thinking you know one time I asked Watson who was the first black
asked Watson who was the first black
asked Watson who was the first black president of course I expect him to
president of course I expect him to
president of course I expect him to answer Barack Obama to my surprise
answer Barack Obama to my surprise
answer Barack Obama to my surprise Watson’s top choice was Bill Clinton
when I asked why I found out that
when I asked why I found out that President Clinton was considered to be
President Clinton was considered to be
President Clinton was considered to be the first candidate to campaign
the first candidate to campaign
the first candidate to campaign specifically in support of representing
specifically in support of representing
specifically in support of representing under represented minorities his cabinet
under represented minorities his cabinet
under represented minorities his cabinet was filled with highly skilled and
was filled with highly skilled and
was filled with highly skilled and diverse leaders and Toni Morrison
diverse leaders and Toni Morrison
diverse leaders and Toni Morrison referred to him as the first black
referred to him as the first black
referred to him as the first black president in 1998 in recognition of his
president in 1998 in recognition of his
president in 1998 in recognition of his support for minority concerns by the way
support for minority concerns by the way
support for minority concerns by the way Watson second choice was Nelson Mandela
Watson second choice was Nelson Mandela
Watson second choice was Nelson Mandela notice I didn’t say anything about which
notice I didn’t say anything about which
notice I didn’t say anything about which country and finally Barack Obama was
country and finally Barack Obama was
country and finally Barack Obama was third but this illustrates how a
third but this illustrates how a
third but this illustrates how a cognitive computer can alter our
cognitive computer can alter our
cognitive computer can alter our perspective you know it’s worth noting
perspective you know it’s worth noting
perspective you know it’s worth noting that our own intelligence is really two
that our own intelligence is really two
that our own intelligence is really two things our ability to reason
things our ability to reason
things our ability to reason intellectually and our ability to
intellectually and our ability to
intellectually and our ability to express the results of that reasoning
express the results of that reasoning
express the results of that reasoning you know we can have internal
you know we can have internal
you know we can have internal intelligence reasoning about the hardest
intelligence reasoning about the hardest
intelligence reasoning about the hardest problems in the world perhaps even
problems in the world perhaps even
problems in the world perhaps even better than anybody else in our own mind
better than anybody else in our own mind
better than anybody else in our own mind but if we don’t have the ability to
but if we don’t have the ability to
but if we don’t have the ability to express the results of that cogitation
express the results of that cogitation
express the results of that cogitation than so what no one will ever know is to
than so what no one will ever know is to
than so what no one will ever know is to be any more intelligent than a doorstop
be any more intelligent than a doorstop
be any more intelligent than a doorstop this is the same with cognitive
this is the same with cognitive
this is the same with cognitive computing
computing
computing for it to amplify our own cognition the
for it to amplify our own cognition the
for it to amplify our own cognition the AI system needs to be able to understand
AI system needs to be able to understand
AI system needs to be able to understand us in our world it needs to be able to
us in our world it needs to be able to
us in our world it needs to be able to reason about problems in a way that are
reason about problems in a way that are
reason about problems in a way that are relevant to our own conclusions it needs
relevant to our own conclusions it needs
relevant to our own conclusions it needs to be able to learn without being
to be able to learn without being
to be able to learn without being programmed
programmed
programmed and it needs to be able to interact with
and it needs to be able to interact with
and it needs to be able to interact with us in a way that informs and inspires us
us in a way that informs and inspires us
us in a way that informs and inspires us to better decisions just as importantly
to better decisions just as importantly
to better decisions just as importantly for to influence our creativity the AI
for to influence our creativity the AI
for to influence our creativity the AI system has to have a sort of presence
system has to have a sort of presence
system has to have a sort of presence with us that is it has to have survey
with us that is it has to have survey
with us that is it has to have survey cognitive experience something that
cognitive experience something that
cognitive experience something that enables us to recognize its own form of
enables us to recognize its own form of
enables us to recognize its own form of televisions with the richness and the
televisions with the richness and the
televisions with the richness and the nuance of human communication keep in
nuance of human communication keep in
nuance of human communication keep in mind that our own cognitive expression
mind that our own cognitive expression
mind that our own cognitive expression is not confined just to words we
is not confined just to words we
is not confined just to words we vocalizes words we use intonation and
vocalizes words we use intonation and
vocalizes words we use intonation and cadence and inflection and timbre to
cadence and inflection and timbre to
cadence and inflection and timbre to punctuate those words to draw attention
punctuate those words to draw attention
punctuate those words to draw attention to the importance that certain words
to the importance that certain words
to the importance that certain words have over others we also use body
have over others we also use body
have over others we also use body language facial expression eye contact
language facial expression eye contact
language facial expression eye contact arm and hand gestures body movement all
arm and hand gestures body movement all
arm and hand gestures body movement all to convey and reinforce the meaning of
to convey and reinforce the meaning of
to convey and reinforce the meaning of what we’re saying watson has the ability
what we’re saying watson has the ability
what we’re saying watson has the ability to determine our personality and our
to determine our personality and our
to determine our personality and our emotional tone and uses this to alter
emotional tone and uses this to alter
emotional tone and uses this to alter its conversational direction with us
its conversational direction with us
its conversational direction with us actually we all have this ability even
actually we all have this ability even
actually we all have this ability even if we do it subconsciously there’s a
if we do it subconsciously there’s a
if we do it subconsciously there’s a subtle and important difference between
subtle and important difference between
subtle and important difference between somebody who is angry and somebody who
somebody who is angry and somebody who
somebody who is angry and somebody who is disgusted they’re both negative but
is disgusted they’re both negative but
is disgusted they’re both negative but somebody who is angry is also irrational
somebody who is angry is also irrational
somebody who is angry is also irrational you can’t just reason with them
you can’t just reason with them
you can’t just reason with them logically you have to sympathize with
logically you have to sympathize with
logically you have to sympathize with them first somebody that is disgusted
them first somebody that is disgusted
them first somebody that is disgusted maybe they don’t like you but they’ve
maybe they don’t like you but they’ve
maybe they don’t like you but they’ve rationalized that they know why they’re
rationalized that they know why they’re
rationalized that they know why they’re disgusted
disgusted
disgusted we recognize this intuitively and we act
we recognize this intuitively and we act
we recognize this intuitively and we act accordingly
accordingly
accordingly all of these things are essential to our
all of these things are essential to our
all of these things are essential to our experience and they’re essential for a
experience and they’re essential for a
experience and they’re essential for a cognitive system to have a full impact
cognitive system to have a full impact
cognitive system to have a full impact on us to amplify our cognition we are
on us to amplify our cognition we are
on us to amplify our cognition we are entering a new era an era that will be
entering a new era an era that will be
entering a new era an era that will be defined by how much more we are informed
defined by how much more we are informed
defined by how much more we are informed by how deeply reason by how many new
by how deeply reason by how many new
by how deeply reason by how many new significant ideas were able to create by
significant ideas were able to create by
significant ideas were able to create by how well we’re able to overcome our most
how well we’re able to overcome our most
how well we’re able to overcome our most important and complex problems all of
important and complex problems all of
important and complex problems all of which is going to be made possible by
which is going to be made possible by
which is going to be made possible by this new tool that we call cognitive
this new tool that we call cognitive
this new tool that we call cognitive computing thank you
computing thank you
computing thank you [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
[Music]
[Music] you
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