have you ever been to Brooklyn well you come to Brooklyn if you are
well you come to Brooklyn if you are
well you come to Brooklyn if you are creative and no place in Brooklyn I
creative and no place in Brooklyn I
creative and no place in Brooklyn I think is really more creative than Red
think is really more creative than Red
think is really more creative than Red Hook my neighborhood we have to be more
Hook my neighborhood we have to be more
Hook my neighborhood we have to be more isolated
isolated
isolated we are the scruffy little hook-shaped
we are the scruffy little hook-shaped
we are the scruffy little hook-shaped Peninsula in the middle of New York
Peninsula in the middle of New York
Peninsula in the middle of New York Harbor without a subway 20 minutes by
Harbor without a subway 20 minutes by
Harbor without a subway 20 minutes by kayak or bicycle to Wall Street my
kayak or bicycle to Wall Street my
kayak or bicycle to Wall Street my neighbors all make things I make city
neighbors all make things I make city
neighbors all make things I make city plans the day makes Wi-Fi networks
plans the day makes Wi-Fi networks
plans the day makes Wi-Fi networks Dustin began with art now he has pioneer
Dustin began with art now he has pioneer
Dustin began with art now he has pioneer works
works
works Sinjin had a recipe for a cocktail now
Sinjin had a recipe for a cocktail now
Sinjin had a recipe for a cocktail now he has Fort Defiance each one of these
he has Fort Defiance each one of these
he has Fort Defiance each one of these people has found a place for their
people has found a place for their
people has found a place for their talents in our neighborhood and their
talents in our neighborhood and their
talents in our neighborhood and their talents have shaped our neighborhood our
talents have shaped our neighborhood our
talents have shaped our neighborhood our neighborhood has character but don’t
neighborhood has character but don’t
neighborhood has character but don’t confuse character with cute coffeeshops
confuse character with cute coffeeshops
confuse character with cute coffeeshops character and a community like character
character and a community like character
character and a community like character and people is revealed only when it is
and people is revealed only when it is
and people is revealed only when it is tested and we were tested by Hurricane
tested and we were tested by Hurricane
tested and we were tested by Hurricane sandy the biggest storm to hit New York
sandy the biggest storm to hit New York
sandy the biggest storm to hit New York in its history I defied the evacuation
in its history I defied the evacuation
in its history I defied the evacuation order to stay and watch maybe because it
order to stay and watch maybe because it
order to stay and watch maybe because it I was chief urban designer at the time
I was chief urban designer at the time
I was chief urban designer at the time and I had studied hurricanes and cities
and I had studied hurricanes and cities
and I had studied hurricanes and cities and their interactions I wanted to see
and their interactions I wanted to see
and their interactions I wanted to see it personally but I wasn’t prepared for
it personally but I wasn’t prepared for
it personally but I wasn’t prepared for what I saw when you see your city under
what I saw when you see your city under
what I saw when you see your city under water when you see everything devastated
water when you see everything devastated
water when you see everything devastated you realize no matter how big how great
you realize no matter how big how great
you realize no matter how big how great your city is the water is greater so I
your city is the water is greater so I
your city is the water is greater so I learned a new word with hurricane sandy
learned a new word with hurricane sandy
learned a new word with hurricane sandy resilience and I had to ask his Red Hook
resilience and I had to ask his Red Hook
resilience and I had to ask his Red Hook resilient to find out I decided to study
resilient to find out I decided to study
resilient to find out I decided to study resilience I wrote a book about it I
resilience I wrote a book about it I
resilience I wrote a book about it I joined the faculty of the Stevens
joined the faculty of the Stevens
joined the faculty of the Stevens Institute of Technology
Institute of Technology
Institute of Technology we combine hydrodynamics urban design
we combine hydrodynamics urban design
we combine hydrodynamics urban design complex computational modeling in order
complex computational modeling in order
complex computational modeling in order to find out we made computer models of
to find out we made computer models of
to find out we made computer models of cities and then we flooded them with
cities and then we flooded them with
cities and then we flooded them with computer models of storms and we
computer models of storms and we
computer models of storms and we developed an equation a graph to measure
developed an equation a graph to measure
developed an equation a graph to measure resilience how much could your system
resilience how much could your system
resilience how much could your system recover of its previous capacity in a
recover of its previous capacity in a
recover of its previous capacity in a given amount of time
given amount of time
given amount of time the more we studied this though the more
the more we studied this though the more
the more we studied this though the more I felt that cities were in danger and
I felt that cities were in danger and
I felt that cities were in danger and yet something didn’t seem right it
yet something didn’t seem right it
yet something didn’t seem right it didn’t match historical fact something
didn’t match historical fact something
didn’t match historical fact something was wrong with our equation about
was wrong with our equation about
was wrong with our equation about physical resilience you see this
physical resilience you see this
physical resilience you see this equation because you’re struggling
equation because you’re struggling
equation because you’re struggling always to get back to where you were
always to get back to where you were
always to get back to where you were before means that with repeated shocks
before means that with repeated shocks
before means that with repeated shocks if you don’t get back to a hundred
if you don’t get back to a hundred
if you don’t get back to a hundred percent eventually you go to zero and
percent eventually you go to zero and
percent eventually you go to zero and cities have not gone to zero ninety nine
cities have not gone to zero ninety nine
cities have not gone to zero ninety nine percent of the cities that we started in
percent of the cities that we started in
percent of the cities that we started in history are still here today and they
history are still here today and they
history are still here today and they have overcome things like earthquakes
have overcome things like earthquakes
have overcome things like earthquakes like terrorists like disease the plague
like terrorists like disease the plague
like terrorists like disease the plague you name it they have overcome these
you name it they have overcome these
you name it they have overcome these challenges without super computers
challenges without super computers
challenges without super computers without PhDs and they are better than
without PhDs and they are better than
without PhDs and they are better than they were before so I had to ask is
they were before so I had to ask is
they were before so I had to ask is there something inherent in cities that
there something inherent in cities that
there something inherent in cities that is resilient now I have an idea but it’s
is resilient now I have an idea but it’s
is resilient now I have an idea but it’s not my idea I had a mentor once a
not my idea I had a mentor once a
not my idea I had a mentor once a politician who was also a great man when
politician who was also a great man when
politician who was also a great man when the two things were not incompatible his
the two things were not incompatible his
the two things were not incompatible his name was Daniel Patrick Moynihan the
name was Daniel Patrick Moynihan the
name was Daniel Patrick Moynihan the senior senator from New York
senior senator from New York
senior senator from New York he thought architecture important and he
he thought architecture important and he
he thought architecture important and he wanted to have an architect on staff so
wanted to have an architect on staff so
wanted to have an architect on staff so we would talk for hours about cities I
we would talk for hours about cities I
we would talk for hours about cities I was officially the advisor but I was
was officially the advisor but I was
was officially the advisor but I was getting the advice and he would tell me
getting the advice and he would tell me
getting the advice and he would tell me how to combine politics and finance and
how to combine politics and finance and
how to combine politics and finance and design in his experience how to make
design in his experience how to make
design in his experience how to make things happen in cities and whenever I
things happen in cities and whenever I
things happen in cities and whenever I would say something intelligent which
would say something intelligent which
would say something intelligent which was not unfortunately very frequently
was not unfortunately very frequently
was not unfortunately very frequently he would say spoken like a true Athenian
he would say spoken like a true Athenian
he would say spoken like a true Athenian my mom is Greek so I thought this is
my mom is Greek so I thought this is
my mom is Greek so I thought this is probably a nod to my heritage well no I
probably a nod to my heritage well no I
probably a nod to my heritage well no I was wrong it had nothing to do with that
was wrong it had nothing to do with that
was wrong it had nothing to do with that but I didn’t find that out until later
but I didn’t find that out until later
but I didn’t find that out until later he was giving me a clue about cities but
he was giving me a clue about cities but
he was giving me a clue about cities but I didn’t find out actually until he died
I didn’t find out actually until he died
I didn’t find out actually until he died what he meant we had his memorial
what he meant we had his memorial
what he meant we had his memorial service at his alma mater the Maxwell
service at his alma mater the Maxwell
service at his alma mater the Maxwell school of public service and when I went
school of public service and when I went
school of public service and when I went there waiting in the lobby I looked up
there waiting in the lobby I looked up
there waiting in the lobby I looked up and I saw an inscription chiseled into
and I saw an inscription chiseled into
and I saw an inscription chiseled into the wall that he would have passed every
the wall that he would have passed every
the wall that he would have passed every day this was the oath of the Athenians
day this was the oath of the Athenians
day this was the oath of the Athenians it had basically three parts it said one
it had basically three parts it said one
it had basically three parts it said one Revere the gods to obey the laws and
Revere the gods to obey the laws and
Revere the gods to obey the laws and three leave the city better than you
three leave the city better than you
three leave the city better than you found it that’s it that’s the key to
found it that’s it that’s the key to
found it that’s it that’s the key to cities thriving you see our graph was
cities thriving you see our graph was
cities thriving you see our graph was wrong it’s not that you struggled to get
wrong it’s not that you struggled to get
wrong it’s not that you struggled to get back to a hundred percent you get back
back to a hundred percent you get back
back to a hundred percent you get back to 110 percent to two hundred percent we
to 110 percent to two hundred percent we
to 110 percent to two hundred percent we had missed social systems in describing
had missed social systems in describing
had missed social systems in describing physical systems because the Athenian
physical systems because the Athenian
physical systems because the Athenian oath embodies the notion of civic virtue
oath embodies the notion of civic virtue
oath embodies the notion of civic virtue and that notion implies a compact a
and that notion implies a compact a
and that notion implies a compact a responsibility between a citizen and
responsibility between a citizen and
responsibility between a citizen and their city a neighbor and their
their city a neighbor and their
their city a neighbor and their neighborhood this is what’s called civic
neighborhood this is what’s called civic
neighborhood this is what’s called civic virtue and classical learning and today
virtue and classical learning and today
virtue and classical learning and today I would call it social resilience so in
I would call it social resilience so in
I would call it social resilience so in studying these things studying urban
studying these things studying urban
studying these things studying urban resilience you have to acknowledge that
resilience you have to acknowledge that
resilience you have to acknowledge that urban resilience is a combination of
urban resilience is a combination of
urban resilience is a combination of social resilience and physical
social resilience and physical
social resilience and physical resilience let’s look at how that
resilience let’s look at how that
resilience let’s look at how that applies to Red Hook well
applies to Red Hook well
applies to Red Hook well after we were devastated the only thing
after we were devastated the only thing
after we were devastated the only thing that saved us was the volunteers the
that saved us was the volunteers the
that saved us was the volunteers the thousands of people who came and gave of
thousands of people who came and gave of
thousands of people who came and gave of themselves to help us thank you to these
themselves to help us thank you to these
themselves to help us thank you to these volunteers
volunteers
volunteers they showed us that yes we as a
they showed us that yes we as a
they showed us that yes we as a community as a neighborhood had social
community as a neighborhood had social
community as a neighborhood had social resilience but physical resilience not
resilience but physical resilience not
resilience but physical resilience not so much our entire peninsula was flooded
so much our entire peninsula was flooded
so much our entire peninsula was flooded now we were promised a wall a flood wall
now we were promised a wall a flood wall
now we were promised a wall a flood wall by the city to solve this two hundred
by the city to solve this two hundred
by the city to solve this two hundred million dollars of which we learned
million dollars of which we learned
million dollars of which we learned later that only a hundred million was
later that only a hundred million was
later that only a hundred million was available and then we learned that out
available and then we learned that out
available and then we learned that out of that hundred only fifty million was
of that hundred only fifty million was
of that hundred only fifty million was actually in the budget so what are we
actually in the budget so what are we
actually in the budget so what are we gonna do as a creative socially
gonna do as a creative socially
gonna do as a creative socially resilient community of makers we decided
resilient community of makers we decided
resilient community of makers we decided well maybe we can come up with a plan to
well maybe we can come up with a plan to
well maybe we can come up with a plan to build part of this wall maybe we can do
build part of this wall maybe we can do
build part of this wall maybe we can do it from the bottom up and here’s our
it from the bottom up and here’s our
it from the bottom up and here’s our plan there’s an island in Red Hook
plan there’s an island in Red Hook
plan there’s an island in Red Hook it’s called the long dock that you see
it’s called the long dock that you see
it’s called the long dock that you see here and in the image it’s built in the
here and in the image it’s built in the
here and in the image it’s built in the 19th century out of cobble stones that
19th century out of cobble stones that
19th century out of cobble stones that were brought over in ships from Europe
were brought over in ships from Europe
were brought over in ships from Europe it was built to about four feet high and
it was built to about four feet high and
it was built to about four feet high and served as a dock but it gives us an
served as a dock but it gives us an
served as a dock but it gives us an inspiration for a sea wall it’s a Dutch
inspiration for a sea wall it’s a Dutch
inspiration for a sea wall it’s a Dutch idea a sea wall built in the water is
idea a sea wall built in the water is
idea a sea wall built in the water is called a polder what if we use sand and
called a polder what if we use sand and
called a polder what if we use sand and rocks to build a new island but this
rocks to build a new island but this
rocks to build a new island but this time we make it 20 feet high above the
time we make it 20 feet high above the
time we make it 20 feet high above the water and a hundred feet out from the
water and a hundred feet out from the
water and a hundred feet out from the island we have right now it can protect
island we have right now it can protect
island we have right now it can protect us from the flooding that comes with
us from the flooding that comes with
us from the flooding that comes with hurricanes what’s called the storm surge
hurricanes what’s called the storm surge
hurricanes what’s called the storm surge let’s map a pattern of streets and
let’s map a pattern of streets and
let’s map a pattern of streets and buildings and lots onto the land we can
buildings and lots onto the land we can
buildings and lots onto the land we can put maritime industrial onto the port
put maritime industrial onto the port
put maritime industrial onto the port side residential onto the seaside a
side residential onto the seaside a
side residential onto the seaside a canal can go down the middle to catch
canal can go down the middle to catch
canal can go down the middle to catch rainwater and protect us from flooding
rainwater and protect us from flooding
rainwater and protect us from flooding from rainfall as well what would it look
from rainfall as well what would it look
from rainfall as well what would it look like well if you’re standing on the
like well if you’re standing on the
like well if you’re standing on the industrial side it would look like this
industrial side it would look like this
industrial side it would look like this a working waterfront with new jobs if
a working waterfront with new jobs if
a working waterfront with new jobs if you stood in the middle and looked along
you stood in the middle and looked along
you stood in the middle and looked along the canal you’d see small workshops like
the canal you’d see small workshops like
the canal you’d see small workshops like we have today in Red Hook on the right
we have today in Red Hook on the right
we have today in Red Hook on the right and then
and then
and then across the water new housing apartment
across the water new housing apartment
across the water new housing apartment buildings low for New York but plenty
buildings low for New York but plenty
buildings low for New York but plenty for Red Hook and finally if you stood on
for Red Hook and finally if you stood on
for Red Hook and finally if you stood on the seaside
the seaside
the seaside you would look at the sunset over the
you would look at the sunset over the
you would look at the sunset over the Statue of Liberty from a park on top of
Statue of Liberty from a park on top of
Statue of Liberty from a park on top of our seawall planted and open like the
our seawall planted and open like the
our seawall planted and open like the most beautiful promenade but 20 feet
most beautiful promenade but 20 feet
most beautiful promenade but 20 feet high so they would act as a barrier to
high so they would act as a barrier to
high so they would act as a barrier to storm surge we’ve asked a lot from our
storm surge we’ve asked a lot from our
storm surge we’ve asked a lot from our little island project it has to do many
little island project it has to do many
little island project it has to do many things protect us from flood from sea
things protect us from flood from sea
things protect us from flood from sea and from rain to create room for jobs
and from rain to create room for jobs
and from rain to create room for jobs and houses and to provide a park that
and houses and to provide a park that
and houses and to provide a park that helps us build our social cohesion and
helps us build our social cohesion and
helps us build our social cohesion and we have to ask it to do one thing more
we have to ask it to do one thing more
we have to ask it to do one thing more if we help to make it a reality we have
if we help to make it a reality we have
if we help to make it a reality we have to ask it to pay for itself how it’s
to ask it to pay for itself how it’s
to ask it to pay for itself how it’s gonna cost a hundred million dollars
gonna cost a hundred million dollars
gonna cost a hundred million dollars well people are looking for places to
well people are looking for places to
well people are looking for places to live and work in New York with our
live and work in New York with our
live and work in New York with our little island project will create about
little island project will create about
little island project will create about a million square feet of new building
a million square feet of new building
a million square feet of new building rights what you see in green on the
rights what you see in green on the
rights what you see in green on the diagram how much are builders in
diagram how much are builders in
diagram how much are builders in Brooklyn today willing to pay for a
Brooklyn today willing to pay for a
Brooklyn today willing to pay for a building right about $100 a square foot
building right about $100 a square foot
building right about $100 a square foot so do the math 100 million 1 million
so do the math 100 million 1 million
so do the math 100 million 1 million square feet times $100 per square foot
square feet times $100 per square foot
square feet times $100 per square foot equals a hundred million dollars the
equals a hundred million dollars the
equals a hundred million dollars the same amount it will cost to build our
same amount it will cost to build our
same amount it will cost to build our new island the project can pay for
new island the project can pay for
new island the project can pay for itself let’s do it what are the next
itself let’s do it what are the next
itself let’s do it what are the next steps first let’s check the
steps first let’s check the
steps first let’s check the hydrodynamics does it actually protect
hydrodynamics does it actually protect
hydrodynamics does it actually protect us in the right way from the movement of
us in the right way from the movement of
us in the right way from the movement of the waters check – let’s check all our
the waters check – let’s check all our
the waters check – let’s check all our numbers every use on every floor of
numbers every use on every floor of
numbers every use on every floor of every building has to be calculated
every building has to be calculated
every building has to be calculated appraised and weighed against the cost
appraised and weighed against the cost
appraised and weighed against the cost of the new island and 3 because remember
of the new island and 3 because remember
of the new island and 3 because remember what Senator Moynihan taught me politics
what Senator Moynihan taught me politics
what Senator Moynihan taught me politics finance and design the politics how
finance and design the politics how
finance and design the politics how politically do you build an island in
politically do you build an island in
politically do you build an island in New York Harbor who owns the land what’s
New York Harbor who owns the land what’s
New York Harbor who owns the land what’s the law so we did some research on this
the law so we did some research on this
the law so we did some research on this and we found something very interesting
and we found something very interesting
and we found something very interesting it turns out that in 1923
it turns out that in 1923
it turns out that in 1923 the legislature of New York passed a law
the legislature of New York passed a law
the legislature of New York passed a law and the governor of New York signed it
and the governor of New York signed it
and the governor of New York signed it authorizing the creation and transfer to
authorizing the creation and transfer to
authorizing the creation and transfer to the city of New York of the new island
the city of New York of the new island
the city of New York of the new island in New York Harbor this Island Red Hook
in New York Harbor this Island Red Hook
in New York Harbor this Island Red Hook Island it’s huge
Island it’s huge
Island it’s huge we were just planning a little one up
we were just planning a little one up
we were just planning a little one up there by that little hook this is two
there by that little hook this is two
there by that little hook this is two hundred and seventy-five acres a third
hundred and seventy-five acres a third
hundred and seventy-five acres a third the size of Central Park but where is it
the size of Central Park but where is it
the size of Central Park but where is it you can’t see it unless you look
you can’t see it unless you look
you can’t see it unless you look underwater if you look at the bethey me
underwater if you look at the bethey me
underwater if you look at the bethey me tree which is the underwater topography
tree which is the underwater topography
tree which is the underwater topography map you will see a triangle there that
map you will see a triangle there that
map you will see a triangle there that triangle is not natural in its shape it
triangle is not natural in its shape it
triangle is not natural in its shape it is man-made we began to build this
is man-made we began to build this
is man-made we began to build this island we built this island up to ten
island we built this island up to ten
island we built this island up to ten feet below the level of the water so now
feet below the level of the water so now
feet below the level of the water so now let’s apply the same thinking we applied
let’s apply the same thinking we applied
let’s apply the same thinking we applied to our small island to this larger one
to our small island to this larger one
to our small island to this larger one let’s give it the same requirements
let’s give it the same requirements
let’s give it the same requirements protect us to 20 feet above sea level
protect us to 20 feet above sea level
protect us to 20 feet above sea level provide reservoirs for rainfall increase
provide reservoirs for rainfall increase
provide reservoirs for rainfall increase our maritime jobs increase our housing
our maritime jobs increase our housing
our maritime jobs increase our housing increase our social cohesion and pay for
increase our social cohesion and pay for
increase our social cohesion and pay for itself well we do that by mapping city
itself well we do that by mapping city
itself well we do that by mapping city blocks on to it and there’s precedent
blocks on to it and there’s precedent
blocks on to it and there’s precedent for this the Dutch have done it in
for this the Dutch have done it in
for this the Dutch have done it in Rotterdam we can do it in Brooklyn we
Rotterdam we can do it in Brooklyn we
Rotterdam we can do it in Brooklyn we just have to make more Brooklyn so what
just have to make more Brooklyn so what
just have to make more Brooklyn so what if we built these new maritime
if we built these new maritime
if we built these new maritime facilities and created our jobs on the
facilities and created our jobs on the
facilities and created our jobs on the port side and on the water side we built
port side and on the water side we built
port side and on the water side we built the most amazing new Waterfront Park and
the most amazing new Waterfront Park and
the most amazing new Waterfront Park and nature habitat on the harbour bring back
nature habitat on the harbour bring back
nature habitat on the harbour bring back diversity of nature that we haven’t had
diversity of nature that we haven’t had
diversity of nature that we haven’t had in New York Harbor for 200 years and
in New York Harbor for 200 years and
in New York Harbor for 200 years and rising high enough to protect us with
rising high enough to protect us with
rising high enough to protect us with blocks and blocks of Brooklyn behind it
blocks and blocks of Brooklyn behind it
blocks and blocks of Brooklyn behind it and what if just like our little island
and what if just like our little island
and what if just like our little island we made it pay for itself so here are
we made it pay for itself so here are
we made it pay for itself so here are the numbers it’s expensive yes about 3.5
the numbers it’s expensive yes about 3.5
the numbers it’s expensive yes about 3.5 billion dollars in infrastructure costs
billion dollars in infrastructure costs
billion dollars in infrastructure costs but now we are creating 35 million
but now we are creating 35 million
but now we are creating 35 million square feet of new building rights
square feet of new building rights
square feet of new building rights remember the hundred dollars per square
remember the hundred dollars per square
remember the hundred dollars per square foot multiply it by the 35 million what
foot multiply it by the 35 million what
foot multiply it by the 35 million what do we have 3.5 billion dollars in
do we have 3.5 billion dollars in
do we have 3.5 billion dollars in revenue it can pay for itself but what
revenue it can pay for itself but what
revenue it can pay for itself but what do all these square feet mean in terms
do all these square feet mean in terms
do all these square feet mean in terms of people in terms of community well it
of people in terms of community well it
of people in terms of community well it means there’s enough room for 20,000 new
means there’s enough room for 20,000 new
means there’s enough room for 20,000 new families almost 70,000 new people and
families almost 70,000 new people and
families almost 70,000 new people and it’s room for 60,000 new jobs to support
it’s room for 60,000 new jobs to support
it’s room for 60,000 new jobs to support those families and the schools and the
those families and the schools and the
those families and the schools and the groceries and the libraries and the
groceries and the libraries and the
groceries and the libraries and the parks on which we build our community
parks on which we build our community
parks on which we build our community that’s the social resilience we can
that’s the social resilience we can
that’s the social resilience we can build and the physical resilience it
build and the physical resilience it
build and the physical resilience it provides a breakwater
provides a breakwater
provides a breakwater for all of South West Brooklyn it makes
for all of South West Brooklyn it makes
for all of South West Brooklyn it makes us safe from the next hurricane sandy so
us safe from the next hurricane sandy so
us safe from the next hurricane sandy so let us finish the job that we started in
let us finish the job that we started in
let us finish the job that we started in 1923 and build this island but let’s do
1923 and build this island but let’s do
1923 and build this island but let’s do it in a way that expresses civic virtue
it in a way that expresses civic virtue
it in a way that expresses civic virtue let’s build it in a way that builds
let’s build it in a way that builds
let’s build it in a way that builds social resilience as well as physical
social resilience as well as physical
social resilience as well as physical resilience that grows character as well
resilience that grows character as well
resilience that grows character as well as community discovering this island is
as community discovering this island is
as community discovering this island is a gift New York City will grow by a
a gift New York City will grow by a
a gift New York City will grow by a million people in the next thirty years
million people in the next thirty years
million people in the next thirty years you may well be among those people who
you may well be among those people who
you may well be among those people who come to New York and if the question is
come to New York and if the question is
come to New York and if the question is where you will call home the answer may
where you will call home the answer may
where you will call home the answer may well be more Brooklyn thank you
well be more Brooklyn thank you
well be more Brooklyn thank you [Applause]
”
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