good afternoon to all and thank you
we talk about the applause of welcome
of dreams today we talk about dreams that are
connected to like you but let’s try
understand what these are like you like
these dreams have become reality
in our case comets are for the
scientists the objects that are i
remnants of the formation of the system
solar going to explore these like
you scientists what they think they are doing
they think they will discover how it was formed
the solar system as they were formed
our planets and finally at the bottom like yes
life is formed is always the question
that we have been asking ourselves since when we exist
but where are the comets what are these?
remnants are basically ai
borders of our solar system but i
boundaries of our solar system
it is not the planets as we know them
us and well beyond the border of ours
solar system of most of the
comets are in this cloud of york that
it is on the border or halfway between
our solar system and the next one
solar system
here these like you are too far
us with our mission we rosette
went to approach them one that was
trapped inside the system
solar between jupiter and the earth but how
we did as we did
decide this thing of dreams are born
in this case half are born from a distance
in the first half of the eighties in
those years for me the priority was
still the platinum football was mine
idol I did not think the comets I did not think
to the space flight, however, there were
scientists maybe even at the end of
their career that they already dreamed of
they wanted to do a mission of
cometary exploration and that is
what we have achieved in the
last 30 years a dream lasted 30 years
that we have completed
what we have done in these 30 years
we have built our satellite
it took us twenty years for
to convince us we could do twenty
another ten years to build it e
10 years to get to the comet in
this animation you see the flight of
rosette ten years rosette clerk
ten years to reach the comet e
many think it is distance
obviously plays a role but that
that we have spent a lot doing and
give rosette the right speed for
approach the comet in its orbit but
like we did that we stole
energy the planets as you do it
pass satellite near of pm to
planet in our case we have
flew over the earth three times in these
ten years once mars and we have
stolen energy from the orbit of the planet
through the force of gravity force of
gravity we used it as a means for
transfer the orbital energy of the
planet to the probe and launch the probe
further and further away in the solar system
what we practically did
we made ours a little longer
solar year
we have slowed the earth almost that
we could slow our ours down
we are after ten years of biagio
finally arrived near the
we have used our goal
ten years and in May 2014 at one
distance of 2 million kilometers
from our comet
we began to observe it with le
On board cameras you see it move
in this in this little animation
it’s starting to become active thing
it means active the comet is a
mixture of simil rocks very much
porous imagined like a pumice stone
impregnated with water ice
carbon dioxide ice
carbon monoxide and other elements
impregnated and when this object is
bring the sun’s energy close to the sun
warms and this heat makes sublimate
this ice let’s also evaporate
if technically it is not completely
correct and this creates the famous crown
of comets and this clear but
contains its own secrets
we wanted to go exploring
when we arrived in the vicinity
of the comet a couple of months later
we found this object
completely out of any logic that
us powers we expected totally
different a form so bizarre this
object is about 5 km thick
if you want to give an idea, think about them
alps the white mountain is more or less
big 5 km here this is an object
roughly more or less like the white mountain
see that wall between the two
the two main elements of the object e
like a thousand-meter wall of the
our alps but to explore this
object must fly in the vicinity
in our of one of our goals
it was also to land on the object with one
small probe attached to the mother probe
rosette the file probe which then landed
on the comet but to do this we must
first explore the comet for us it was a
unknown world
when we launch satellite we put it in
orbit around the gold earth
we launch to mars these objects
we know everything we can
fly around these objects in the case
of the commit will be very very different
case the cove we had before
characterize the environment in which we are
went to fly flying c the center thing
we had to do we had to
fly with these trajectories
strange that you see represented in
this animation near the
comet and to capture its physical properties
I basically mention one a lot
simple to the mass to know what
speed I have to fly in orbit
around an object I must know it
mass the weight we say so but how
I can measure the weight of the comet
Well, we’ve been an actor
that lapped the comet and seeing how
the force of gravity of the comet for
we disturbed our trajectory we have
derived the mass 10 billion
tons to the mass of the comet and with
these parameters within a few
weeks we were then able to
put our mother probe with everyone
the scientific instruments of ours
scientists in orbit to this object
mysterious
as I said before one of ours
goals also also land with one
small probe on the surface of the
comet this a further difficulty
I spoke first of white mountain
Well imagine a plane flying one
22 km altitude above the mountain
white on board a lander washing machine
will spin more or less as big as one
washing machine and must get it down on a
glacier of the white mountain this
washing machine does not know if no system of
propulsion guide is thrown
thrown from the window of the plane
here’s what we did
us with the landing of files on the
comet we had to practically
shoot or drop files on the
surface of the comet from a share of
22 kilometers to make a little bit
the idea of what we are talking about which
dimensions we are talking about what numbers
we’re talking I thought of
represent this this event
this situation this way
imagine that the earth is as big as it is
a tennis ball in this scale
the moon is roughly more or less like one
boiled and if I put them to one
relative distance of one and a half meters
so at this distance
this represents my distance
in space on this scale
now we take our comet that was
roughly 5 km much smaller
of the earth and the moon month I take
I’ll put the comet on this scale
represent it so I take a hair
human of the subtle ones and if already often
it’s already too big, it cuts one
very thin slice and this is mine
comet in space
well now I have to admit to the comet 500
millions of kilometers away 500
millions of kilometers away in
this scale is two kilometers per hour
we take our slice of hair
human and we put it in San Luca and there
we want to land with lander files that
it was roughly one meter practically that
that we have made to 500 million
kilometers away in this case is
as if we had landed
commanding rosette from a ball from
tennis a molecule of hemoglobin on one
slice of human hair put on san luca
2 km from here this is what we have
done
here’s if we had been ours
naive on file board as she descended
towards the comet we would have seen this
image this image is mounted in
real time so you see also
projected at the distance from
surface and the surface that you
very slowly approaching file descending
with a speed of about one meter per
second and the speed to which we
we walk very, very slowly
because the comet despite being 10
billions of tons has a mass
extremely small in terms of space
it has a density that is less about that
half of the water if I take the
comet I put her in an ocean
it floats and therefore attracts a lot
slowly file on its surface
and this is the final phase of the descent
of files you see the flat surface
plan is approaching then we had to
look at where row had landed and
unfortunately we found this
image we found the footprints of the
file landing gear on the
comet surface but file was not
at that point before telling you a couple of
things about what he did, I like files
think that this file event
landed on the comet is a bit
milestone in the history of flight
spatial exactly like this
imprint left by someone else in a
another place in our solar system
file managed to land on the
surface of the comet sent us
this image you see this
image you see is the surface
of the comet unfortunately rebounded file
on the surface of the comet is gone
to settle in a place other than
what we had planned
nevertheless it worked
perfectly for three days he did
all almost all of his acquisitions
scientific
in these images you see a part of the
landing gear of files and these
so let’s call them rocks of the comet that
they are at a distance of about 80
centimeters from the lens of the car
photo the responsible scientist
of these weapons said that rebound is
It was a good b and blessing for us
because we have not landed in an area
flat we went into a species
of crevasse in a cave where I have
found material that is old 4.7
billions of years 80 centimeters from mine
my camera and it was
exactly what
I wanted to see the rosetta mission not
it was only file has done so many others
Things had an instrumentation set
scientific on board that has continued
explore the comet in its orbit
around the sun plus the comet itself
approaching the sun became more active
more emanated these gases and put these
gas and therefore our tools have
observed all this activity but
above all they smelled a lot
the environment returns the comet by detecting
all the essential components of the
comet
last year the mission arrived
at its end the comet would be
returned to space
let’s say deep in the distances of
Jupiter was no longer possible for us
operate the probe and the mother probe
rosette we landed on
comet
but a few days before we landed
managed to take these images where
we finally found lander file
on the surface of the comet when
you see wedged in its crevasse
in his cave where he gave us these
incredible scientific data
now I wanted to be a military pilot
in my career to fly a son
said the planetary is a satisfaction
immense but we did not go there nor for
look at the photos or to give
satisfaction to mine to our ego of
pilots of interplanetary probes are
went there with much more questions
fundamental I said it at the beginning who
we are where we come from as it is formed
our solar system scientists
they begin to give us some answers
in addition to describing what they have
observed begin to process
some theory on the formation of the
solar system on the formation of the
life for example have found oxygen
molecular on the comet oxygen
molecular extremely reactive in the
space and can not resist could not
resist the formation of the system
solar of the sun
then the comet with oxygen
molecular trapped existed before
of the formation of the sun is no longer a
remnant of system formation
solar existed already before they found it
also amino acids prebiotic molecules i
bricks of proteins then bricks
of our life
but if we put these two together
information and these two things that are
the basic ingredients of life
they were present in the comet or in the
comets before the formation of the system
but solar well then tells us that these
ingredients are not specific to the
our land are not specific to the
our solar system but they tell us that
it happens that they are universal
so you can imagine what you can
mean they also found the xenon
xenon a gas that exists on earth but
in our atmosphere a composition
isotopic different from the one in the
Earth cloak that you can not
explain why or how it could be
this xenon in the atmosphere
well if we take the xenon it is
on the comet we imagine this
has been transferred to the earth with a
bombardment of comets as much
probably it was and we take it in
a certain percentage that explains us
what we have in ours
stratosphere well then this tells us
that one percent of the water that
we have on earth been brought
from comets and as one percent
of the mass at least arguments made of
organic materials and of and molecules
prebiotic amino acids tells us with
bombardment of comets on earth has
generated large concentrates may have
generated large concentrations of these
materials and therefore may have given
origin to life on earth
this is what he told us about
the rosetta mission was as I said
first the realization of a dream but
basically the big message of
something like that we do not have to
stop human curiosity
that’s what we keep doing
and we will continue to do in the years a
to come
we are preparing new new missions
missions that continue on this line
unfortunately I say it unfortunately
because a passion now for these
like you not in the cometarie field but
we are preparing a mission that goes to
mercury is called bepicolombo la
we want to launch next year for
explore the planet closest to the sun
we are preparing a mission named
solar orbiter we would like to launch in 2019
maybe 2020 that will continue to study
this immense nuclear reactor that there
gives energy for all that
let’s do here on earth and all that
that happens in our solar system
It depends on our from our sun
we are working very actively on
missions for mars we are preparing a
rover that we would like to launch in 2020
to land
marx of 2021 pierce the surface of
Mars for a couple of meters to elevate it
samples and see if Mars hosts or has
hosted very basic forms of life
we are also for when a mission
right signature for jupiter at the simoon
explorer wants to go explore them
icy moons of Jupiter Jupiter as one
mini solar system that you are not
completely formed its moons
icy water and water contain it
we know it’s the ideal environment for it
development of life this is what
we want to do in the next few years
we will continue to look but above all
we do not stop the curiosity of man
thank you very much for your attention
[Music]
[Applause]
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