[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
so this was an official video from the
so this was an official video from the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge now
2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge now
2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge now objectively speaking we saw a number of
objectively speaking we saw a number of
objectively speaking we saw a number of humanoid robots who tried to do normal
humanoid robots who tried to do normal
humanoid robots who tried to do normal human tasks like walking opening a door
human tasks like walking opening a door
human tasks like walking opening a door or getting out of a car but they failed
or getting out of a car but they failed
or getting out of a car but they failed now people usually have a different kind
now people usually have a different kind
now people usually have a different kind of experience they are empathizing with
of experience they are empathizing with
of experience they are empathizing with these robots they might even feel sorry
these robots they might even feel sorry
these robots they might even feel sorry for them now I’ve been working with
for them now I’ve been working with
for them now I’ve been working with robots now for more than 20 years and my
robots now for more than 20 years and my
robots now for more than 20 years and my background is in biology and Natural
background is in biology and Natural
background is in biology and Natural Sciences but as soon as I moved into
Sciences but as soon as I moved into
Sciences but as soon as I moved into robotics I realized that there’s a
robotics I realized that there’s a
robotics I realized that there’s a fundamental differences in the nature of
fundamental differences in the nature of
fundamental differences in the nature of robots and people or biological
robots and people or biological
robots and people or biological organisms so this is just a picture of a
organisms so this is just a picture of a
organisms so this is just a picture of a robot that I did quite early in my
robot that I did quite early in my
robot that I did quite early in my career these days I’m working with quite
career these days I’m working with quite
career these days I’m working with quite complex machines back at University of
complex machines back at University of
complex machines back at University of Hertfordshire no robot house we develop
Hertfordshire no robot house we develop
Hertfordshire no robot house we develop technology that can help people older
technology that can help people older
technology that can help people older people to live independently for longer
people to live independently for longer
people to live independently for longer in their own homes so people who can
in their own homes so people who can
in their own homes so people who can normally still do most things but might
normally still do most things but might
normally still do most things but might have some problems with physical tasks
have some problems with physical tasks
have some problems with physical tasks or with cognitive tasks so this is one
or with cognitive tasks so this is one
or with cognitive tasks so this is one of the robots we work with this is
of the robots we work with this is
of the robots we work with this is another robot so these robots are social
another robot so these robots are social
another robot so these robots are social people interact with them and the robots
people interact with them and the robots
people interact with them and the robots can for example fetch object for them or
can for example fetch object for them or
can for example fetch object for them or remind them to take medicine or can
remind them to take medicine or can
remind them to take medicine or can remind them of appointments now for me
remind them of appointments now for me
remind them of appointments now for me robots are machines if they break we fix
robots are machines if they break we fix
robots are machines if they break we fix them or we replace them and when our
them or we replace them and when our
them or we replace them and when our work is done we switch them off I don’t
work is done we switch them off I don’t
work is done we switch them off I don’t feel guilty about that but most people
feel guilty about that but most people
feel guilty about that but most people or yeah most people have a different
or yeah most people have a different
or yeah most people have a different attitude towards robots they very easily
attitude towards robots they very easily
attitude towards robots they very easily empathize with them or treat them as if
empathize with them or treat them as if
empathize with them or treat them as if they were creatures little animals or
they were creatures little animals or
they were creatures little animals or even people and that’s the topic of my
even people and that’s the topic of my
even people and that’s the topic of my talk I’m where I’m questioning a little
talk I’m where I’m questioning a little
talk I’m where I’m questioning a little bit why is that so why do we have this
bit why is that so why do we have this
bit why is that so why do we have this this reaction
this reaction
this reaction so in many debates robots have been
so in many debates robots have been
so in many debates robots have been compared with people for example just
compared with people for example just
compared with people for example just recently literally I think a couple of
recently literally I think a couple of
recently literally I think a couple of weeks ago European members of parliament
weeks ago European members of parliament
weeks ago European members of parliament voted to give robots legal status as
voted to give robots legal status as
voted to give robots legal status as electronic persons with rights and
electronic persons with rights and
electronic persons with rights and regulations now it is very important to
regulations now it is very important to
regulations now it is very important to have discussions on legal ethical and
have discussions on legal ethical and
have discussions on legal ethical and social such social issues but these
social such social issues but these
social such social issues but these discussions usually only point out one
discussions usually only point out one
discussions usually only point out one trajectory of the future of Robotics
trajectory of the future of Robotics
trajectory of the future of Robotics namely to make these robots more and
namely to make these robots more and
namely to make these robots more and more humanoid humanoid and more and more
more humanoid humanoid and more and more
more humanoid humanoid and more and more human-like in their behavior and their
human-like in their behavior and their
human-like in their behavior and their appearance and their intelligence for
appearance and their intelligence for
appearance and their intelligence for example what you see on the right here
example what you see on the right here
example what you see on the right here is an Android built by Yoshi Ishikawa in
is an Android built by Yoshi Ishikawa in
is an Android built by Yoshi Ishikawa in Japan in his own own image so let me
Japan in his own own image so let me
Japan in his own own image so let me first explore a little bit why are
first explore a little bit why are
first explore a little bit why are people interested in viewing robots as
people interested in viewing robots as
people interested in viewing robots as as creatures why do they emphasize with
as creatures why do they emphasize with
as creatures why do they emphasize with them first of all we have a deep-rooted
them first of all we have a deep-rooted
them first of all we have a deep-rooted desire to imitate nature starting with
desire to imitate nature starting with
desire to imitate nature starting with cave paintings this depicting animals
cave paintings this depicting animals
cave paintings this depicting animals depicting people later in ancient Greek
depicting people later in ancient Greek
depicting people later in ancient Greek and ancient Egypt for example people
and ancient Egypt for example people
and ancient Egypt for example people were very interested in building statues
were very interested in building statues
were very interested in building statues that could seemingly move as if they
that could seemingly move as if they
that could seemingly move as if they were alive using basic technologies that
were alive using basic technologies that
were alive using basic technologies that they had at the time namely ropes and
they had at the time namely ropes and
they had at the time namely ropes and water and fire in the 18th and 19th
water and fire in the 18th and 19th
water and fire in the 18th and 19th century for example here in Europe you
century for example here in Europe you
century for example here in Europe you had inventors building so-called
had inventors building so-called
had inventors building so-called mechanical automata basically based on
mechanical automata basically based on
mechanical automata basically based on clockwork technology that was available
clockwork technology that was available
clockwork technology that was available at that time so these were animal-like
at that time so these were animal-like
at that time so these were animal-like automata that could replicate these
automata that could replicate these
automata that could replicate these movements some of the movements of the
movements some of the movements of the
movements some of the movements of the animals or they looked human-like like
animals or they looked human-like like
animals or they looked human-like like what do you see in the in the middle of
what do you see in the in the middle of
what do you see in the in the middle of the slide and these human-like automata
the slide and these human-like automata
the slide and these human-like automata they replicated human behaviors such as
they replicated human behaviors such as
they replicated human behaviors such as writing dancing or playing musical
writing dancing or playing musical
writing dancing or playing musical instruments now these days we have a
instruments now these days we have a
instruments now these days we have a different level of technology we have a
different level of technology we have a
different level of technology we have a lot of computer and robotics technology
lot of computer and robotics technology
lot of computer and robotics technology but something similar is happening we
but something similar is happening we
but something similar is happening we are interested in replicating nature in
are interested in replicating nature in
are interested in replicating nature in order building robots in our
order building robots in our
order building robots in our own image and make them do things make
own image and make them do things make
own image and make them do things make them do tasks that are human-like
them do tasks that are human-like
them do tasks that are human-like although you saw in the initial video
although you saw in the initial video
although you saw in the initial video that they may fail at doing that so
that they may fail at doing that so
that they may fail at doing that so there’s also the way in how we interpret
there’s also the way in how we interpret
there’s also the way in how we interpret seemingly intentional movements so this
seemingly intentional movements so this
seemingly intentional movements so this is a video from a study from 1944 done
is a video from a study from 1944 done
is a video from a study from 1944 done by two psychologists called Heider and
by two psychologists called Heider and
by two psychologists called Heider and Simmel what they did is they showed this
Simmel what they did is they showed this
Simmel what they did is they showed this video to a group of people and with no
video to a group of people and with no
video to a group of people and with no other instructions and just afterwards
other instructions and just afterwards
other instructions and just afterwards asked them please write down what you
asked them please write down what you
asked them please write down what you saw that was it
saw that was it
saw that was it now what you do see objectively speaking
now what you do see objectively speaking
now what you do see objectively speaking are geometrical shapes two triangles a
are geometrical shapes two triangles a
are geometrical shapes two triangles a big one and a small one and a circle and
big one and a small one and a circle and
big one and a small one and a circle and they move around and in and out of
they move around and in and out of
they move around and in and out of another geometrical shape but this is
another geometrical shape but this is
another geometrical shape but this is not what most people said they talked
not what most people said they talked
not what most people said they talked about agents they talked about
about agents they talked about
about agents they talked about intentions they talked about oh there’s
intentions they talked about oh there’s
intentions they talked about oh there’s little triangles right just sneaking up
little triangles right just sneaking up
little triangles right just sneaking up on the other ones they they talked about
on the other ones they they talked about
on the other ones they they talked about these geometrical shapes chasing each
these geometrical shapes chasing each
these geometrical shapes chasing each each other having goals hiding from each
each other having goals hiding from each
each other having goals hiding from each each other so we just can’t help
each other so we just can’t help
each other so we just can’t help interpreting it seemingly intentional
interpreting it seemingly intentional
interpreting it seemingly intentional movements in this way in a human-like
movements in this way in a human-like
movements in this way in a human-like way in a creature like way it is also
way in a creature like way it is also
way in a creature like way it is also Jerome Bruner another psychologists has
Jerome Bruner another psychologists has
Jerome Bruner another psychologists has said and written many many times that
said and written many many times that
said and written many many times that how we interpret and how we make sense
how we interpret and how we make sense
how we interpret and how we make sense of the world is in terms of narratives
of the world is in terms of narratives
of the world is in terms of narratives narratives with intentional agents and
narratives with intentional agents and
narratives with intentional agents and that something we also apply to to
that something we also apply to to
that something we also apply to to robots now why was it important for our
robots now why was it important for our
robots now why was it important for our ancestors to have this acute sense of
ancestors to have this acute sense of
ancestors to have this acute sense of recognizing an intentional movement well
recognizing an intentional movement well
recognizing an intentional movement well it was very important to distinguish
it was very important to distinguish
it was very important to distinguish intentional movement form movements
intentional movement form movements
intentional movement form movements caused by physical processes for example
caused by physical processes for example
caused by physical processes for example clouds moving in the sky which don’t
clouds moving in the sky which don’t
clouds moving in the sky which don’t pause which don’t pose any immediate
pause which don’t pose any immediate
pause which don’t pose any immediate threat but it’s important to recognize
threat but it’s important to recognize
threat but it’s important to recognize creatures because creatures can be
creatures because creatures can be
creatures because creatures can be either predators or prey or mates so we
either predators or prey or mates so we
either predators or prey or mates so we are tuned we biologically tuned in
are tuned we biologically tuned in
are tuned we biologically tuned in recognizing intentional movements and
recognizing intentional movements and
recognizing intentional movements and that the same applies to robots so
that the same applies to robots so
that the same applies to robots so here’s a is a little mobile robot
here’s a is a little mobile robot
here’s a is a little mobile robot and you know the way how we interpret
and you know the way how we interpret
and you know the way how we interpret the way how how we view this is that we
the way how how we view this is that we
the way how how we view this is that we automatically wonder what is this robot
automatically wonder what is this robot
automatically wonder what is this robot up to what is it actually doing you know
up to what is it actually doing you know
up to what is it actually doing you know it must be doing something but this type
it must be doing something but this type
it must be doing something but this type of behavior when our reactions to the
of behavior when our reactions to the
of behavior when our reactions to the robots it doesn’t make these robots more
robots it doesn’t make these robots more
robots it doesn’t make these robots more human-like it doesn’t make them
human-like it doesn’t make them
human-like it doesn’t make them creatures there’s a fundamental
creatures there’s a fundamental
creatures there’s a fundamental difference between living things and
difference between living things and
difference between living things and robots robots are machines they are made
robots robots are machines they are made
robots robots are machines they are made by us any robot is more similar to my
by us any robot is more similar to my
by us any robot is more similar to my smartphone or my toaster than it is to
smartphone or my toaster than it is to
smartphone or my toaster than it is to you or me now another aspect that
you or me now another aspect that
you or me now another aspect that influences how we view robots is their
influences how we view robots is their
influences how we view robots is their design this is the power hole robot
design this is the power hole robot
design this is the power hole robot design partic on ovc beta in Japan it
design partic on ovc beta in Japan it
design partic on ovc beta in Japan it has been used for many years
has been used for many years
has been used for many years successfully in homes for elderly people
successfully in homes for elderly people
successfully in homes for elderly people and people with dementia its design is
and people with dementia its design is
and people with dementia its design is based on a baby seal robot using this
based on a baby seal robot using this
based on a baby seal robot using this baby schema with a big head and big big
baby schema with a big head and big big
baby schema with a big head and big big eyes the same as you stand you know
eyes the same as you stand you know
eyes the same as you stand you know cartoon figures to make things look cute
cartoon figures to make things look cute
cartoon figures to make things look cute real baby seals are cued and so so it’s
real baby seals are cued and so so it’s
real baby seals are cued and so so it’s this baby robot that’s how it is being
this baby robot that’s how it is being
this baby robot that’s how it is being perceived it has been designed with that
perceived it has been designed with that
perceived it has been designed with that purpose there’s no other purpose to it
purpose there’s no other purpose to it
purpose there’s no other purpose to it rather than interact with people to
rather than interact with people to
rather than interact with people to motivate them to engage them to also
motivate them to engage them to also
motivate them to engage them to also motivate them to interact with other
motivate them to interact with other
motivate them to interact with other resonance in the home so this robot is
resonance in the home so this robot is
resonance in the home so this robot is an example that you can without building
an example that you can without building
an example that you can without building a humanoid robot you can find an
a humanoid robot you can find an
a humanoid robot you can find an application where robots of other shapes
application where robots of other shapes
application where robots of other shapes can very successfully be used in a
can very successfully be used in a
can very successfully be used in a particular application area more
particular application area more
particular application area more recently we find these very abstract
recently we find these very abstract
recently we find these very abstract shapes these more robot like devices
shapes these more robot like devices
shapes these more robot like devices that you can communicate with like
that you can communicate with like
that you can communicate with like Amazon echo which is again an example
Amazon echo which is again an example
Amazon echo which is again an example you can have something that is
you can have something that is
you can have something that is absolutely not human-like but it can
absolutely not human-like but it can
absolutely not human-like but it can provide useful services in a particular
provide useful services in a particular
provide useful services in a particular area now we also have an example of a
area now we also have an example of a
area now we also have an example of a humanoid robot called Casper that shows
humanoid robot called Casper that shows
humanoid robot called Casper that shows the benefit if you introduce a robot
the benefit if you introduce a robot
the benefit if you introduce a robot specifically as a mer
specifically as a mer
specifically as a mer not pretending that it is human-like
not pretending that it is human-like
not pretending that it is human-like Vespa has been designed to interact
Vespa has been designed to interact
Vespa has been designed to interact specifically with children with autism
specifically with children with autism
specifically with children with autism it doesn’t look pretty if that’s what
it doesn’t look pretty if that’s what
it doesn’t look pretty if that’s what people tell me but the reason is it has
people tell me but the reason is it has
people tell me but the reason is it has been designed for very particular
been designed for very particular
been designed for very particular purpose it has the face for example has
purpose it has the face for example has
purpose it has the face for example has realistic human-like features but very
realistic human-like features but very
realistic human-like features but very much simplified to help children with
much simplified to help children with
much simplified to help children with autism because they are often
autism because they are often
autism because they are often overwhelmed by the complexity of human
overwhelmed by the complexity of human
overwhelmed by the complexity of human interaction and communication with the
interaction and communication with the
interaction and communication with the robot on the other hand they can in
robot on the other hand they can in
robot on the other hand they can in their own time
their own time
their own time explore interaction if they for example
explore interaction if they for example
explore interaction if they for example hit the robot then the robot will react
hit the robot then the robot will react
hit the robot then the robot will react in a way that will show the child what
in a way that will show the child what
in a way that will show the child what the consequences are of his or her own
the consequences are of his or her own
the consequences are of his or her own own actions and then a teacher or a
own actions and then a teacher or a
own actions and then a teacher or a parent can use it as a as an example to
parent can use it as a as an example to
parent can use it as a as an example to discuss what is socially appropriate
discuss what is socially appropriate
discuss what is socially appropriate touch why is it bad to hit somebody you
touch why is it bad to hit somebody you
touch why is it bad to hit somebody you could not do that with her with a human
could not do that with her with a human
could not do that with her with a human being and not even with a robot where
being and not even with a robot where
being and not even with a robot where people think it is a human but you can
people think it is a human but you can
people think it is a human but you can do it with a robot that specifically
do it with a robot that specifically
do it with a robot that specifically introduced as a as a machine so we treat
introduced as a as a machine so we treat
introduced as a as a machine so we treat robots as creatures and humanoid robots
robots as creatures and humanoid robots
robots as creatures and humanoid robots very often as if they did they were
very often as if they did they were
very often as if they did they were human and there was nothing wrong with
human and there was nothing wrong with
human and there was nothing wrong with that this is how we are this is how how
that this is how we are this is how how
that this is how we are this is how how I our body works how our brain works how
I our body works how our brain works how
I our body works how our brain works how we perceive and interpret the world
we perceive and interpret the world
we perceive and interpret the world however we must be aware of the
however we must be aware of the
however we must be aware of the fundamental differences between
fundamental differences between
fundamental differences between biological and artificial systems humans
biological and artificial systems humans
biological and artificial systems humans have an evolutionary and developmental
have an evolutionary and developmental
have an evolutionary and developmental history we are born into a society where
history we are born into a society where
history we are born into a society where we grow up as social beings and we learn
we grow up as social beings and we learn
we grow up as social beings and we learn about the world and ourselves through
about the world and ourselves through
about the world and ourselves through interactions with other people what was
interactions with other people what was
interactions with other people what was have nothing like that they don’t have
have nothing like that they don’t have
have nothing like that they don’t have bones they don’t have blood they don’t
bones they don’t have blood they don’t
bones they don’t have blood they don’t have any genuine emotions so we need to
have any genuine emotions so we need to
have any genuine emotions so we need to be very clear even if we treat robot
be very clear even if we treat robot
be very clear even if we treat robot socially if we treat them like creatures
socially if we treat them like creatures
socially if we treat them like creatures or in a human-like way we need to be
or in a human-like way we need to be
or in a human-like way we need to be aware that this treatment doesn’t change
aware that this treatment doesn’t change
aware that this treatment doesn’t change the nature of what they are they are
the nature of what they are they are
the nature of what they are they are machines they are not not people
so the question is now do we limit our
so the question is now do we limit our imagination to this one possible to
imagination to this one possible to
imagination to this one possible to reactivity of the future of robotics
reactivity of the future of robotics
reactivity of the future of robotics that goes into ever more human-like
that goes into ever more human-like
that goes into ever more human-like systems or do we under one on the other
systems or do we under one on the other
systems or do we under one on the other hand broaden our imagination and say
hand broaden our imagination and say
hand broaden our imagination and say well there may be many many possible
well there may be many many possible
well there may be many many possible futures let’s just imagine different
futures let’s just imagine different
futures let’s just imagine different roles that robots can play usefully in
roles that robots can play usefully in
roles that robots can play usefully in our society where they fulfil certain
our society where they fulfil certain
our society where they fulfil certain roles and let’s just match these vaults
roles and let’s just match these vaults
roles and let’s just match these vaults with specific robot designs in the way
with specific robot designs in the way
with specific robot designs in the way in how they look how they behave and how
in how they look how they behave and how
in how they look how they behave and how intelligent they are so these mappings
intelligent they are so these mappings
intelligent they are so these mappings they should determine the future of
they should determine the future of
they should determine the future of robotics robots are not people but it is
robotics robots are not people but it is
robotics robots are not people but it is up to us to decide what they may become
up to us to decide what they may become
up to us to decide what they may become thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
”
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