who here is alive okay this is an easy question everybody should be raising
question everybody should be raising
question everybody should be raising your hand or just about everybody here
your hand or just about everybody here
your hand or just about everybody here okay thank you hands down
okay thank you hands down
okay thank you hands down who here is blind that might be one or
who here is blind that might be one or
who here is blind that might be one or two of you and for you I apologize that
two of you and for you I apologize that
two of you and for you I apologize that they’re going to be parts of this
they’re going to be parts of this
they’re going to be parts of this presentation which will not be
presentation which will not be
presentation which will not be accessible but I’ll be narrating through
accessible but I’ll be narrating through
accessible but I’ll be narrating through them so that you can understand what’s
them so that you can understand what’s
them so that you can understand what’s going on now who here knows someone who
going on now who here knows someone who
going on now who here knows someone who is blind or is losing their sight about
is blind or is losing their sight about
is blind or is losing their sight about one-third of you should had you have
one-third of you should had you have
one-third of you should had you have your hands up because about one-third of
your hands up because about one-third of
your hands up because about one-third of you in fact know someone who is blind or
you in fact know someone who is blind or
you in fact know someone who is blind or who is losing their sight whether
who is losing their sight whether
who is losing their sight whether they’ve told you that or not ask your
they’ve told you that or not ask your
they’ve told you that or not ask your parents ask your grandparents talk to
parents ask your grandparents talk to
parents ask your grandparents talk to them blindness is widespread it affects
them blindness is widespread it affects
them blindness is widespread it affects millions of people worldwide the exact
millions of people worldwide the exact
millions of people worldwide the exact number of millions depends on exactly
number of millions depends on exactly
number of millions depends on exactly how you define blindness for the
how you define blindness for the
how you define blindness for the purposes of this talk blindness will
purposes of this talk blindness will
purposes of this talk blindness will mean that you can’t walk without risking
mean that you can’t walk without risking
mean that you can’t walk without risking hitting something or someone you can’t
hitting something or someone you can’t
hitting something or someone you can’t see the food on a plate in front of you
see the food on a plate in front of you
see the food on a plate in front of you you can’t tell the color of your
you can’t tell the color of your
you can’t tell the color of your clothing or if your shoe has come untied
clothing or if your shoe has come untied
clothing or if your shoe has come untied you if your child or your grandchild
you if your child or your grandchild
you if your child or your grandchild hands you a piece of paper you can’t
hands you a piece of paper you can’t
hands you a piece of paper you can’t tell what the drawing is that they have
tell what the drawing is that they have
tell what the drawing is that they have made for you
made for you
made for you blindness is a devastating condition
blindness is a devastating condition
blindness is a devastating condition that can leave individuals isolated in
that can leave individuals isolated in
that can leave individuals isolated in withdrawn it has staggering effects
withdrawn it has staggering effects
withdrawn it has staggering effects economically in the United States where
economically in the United States where
economically in the United States where we currently have almost full employment
we currently have almost full employment
we currently have almost full employment in the general population in the blind
in the general population in the blind
in the general population in the blind population unemployment runs at about
population unemployment runs at about
population unemployment runs at about 75% blindness has significant burdens on
75% blindness has significant burdens on
75% blindness has significant burdens on the family both in terms of medical
the family both in terms of medical
the family both in terms of medical costs as well as everyday care costs the
costs as well as everyday care costs the
costs as well as everyday care costs the total cost of blindness to society in
total cost of blindness to society in
total cost of blindness to society in the United States including things like
the United States including things like
the United States including things like lost wages is three billion dollar
lost wages is three billion dollar
lost wages is three billion dollar a year interestingly most of the causes
a year interestingly most of the causes
a year interestingly most of the causes of blindness are diseases of the eyes
of blindness are diseases of the eyes
of blindness are diseases of the eyes I’m an engineer who’s become a
I’m an engineer who’s become a
I’m an engineer who’s become a neuroscientist because of a passion for
neuroscientist because of a passion for
neuroscientist because of a passion for vision and I find that very interesting
vision and I find that very interesting
vision and I find that very interesting it’s the sensors that have gone bad
it’s the sensors that have gone bad
it’s the sensors that have gone bad maybe we can fix that the most common
maybe we can fix that the most common
maybe we can fix that the most common causes of blindness in fact are glaucoma
causes of blindness in fact are glaucoma
causes of blindness in fact are glaucoma macular degeneration retinitis
macular degeneration retinitis
macular degeneration retinitis pigmentosa and these three are the
pigmentosa and these three are the
pigmentosa and these three are the biggest there are many other diseases
biggest there are many other diseases
biggest there are many other diseases including some forms of cancer but these
including some forms of cancer but these
including some forms of cancer but these are the biggest a fourth cause of
are the biggest a fourth cause of
are the biggest a fourth cause of blindness although not nearly as common
blindness although not nearly as common
blindness although not nearly as common is trauma specifically blast trauma that
is trauma specifically blast trauma that
is trauma specifically blast trauma that we find in modern warfare we find it in
we find in modern warfare we find it in
we find in modern warfare we find it in both the civilian and of the soldier in
both the civilian and of the soldier in
both the civilian and of the soldier in areas where there has been war and
areas where there has been war and
areas where there has been war and landmine fields have been left behind
landmine fields have been left behind
landmine fields have been left behind trauma Rises in frequency and becomes a
trauma Rises in frequency and becomes a
trauma Rises in frequency and becomes a leading cause of blindness among
leading cause of blindness among
leading cause of blindness among children and the developing world
children and the developing world
children and the developing world this story is slightly different and we
this story is slightly different and we
this story is slightly different and we have infection and cataract as the most
have infection and cataract as the most
have infection and cataract as the most frequent causes of blindness but those
frequent causes of blindness but those
frequent causes of blindness but those have solutions we know how to treat
have solutions we know how to treat
have solutions we know how to treat those so we won’t be talking about
those so we won’t be talking about
those so we won’t be talking about treating those individuals
treating those individuals
treating those individuals similarly for congenital blindness the
similarly for congenital blindness the
similarly for congenital blindness the brain is left without the normal
brain is left without the normal
brain is left without the normal experience of visual sight and so it
experience of visual sight and so it
experience of visual sight and so it doesn’t develop the way it normally
doesn’t develop the way it normally
doesn’t develop the way it normally would and so no one in the field is
would and so no one in the field is
would and so no one in the field is talking about treating those individuals
talking about treating those individuals
talking about treating those individuals not yet so what’s the solution
not yet so what’s the solution
not yet so what’s the solution we know the Oh in the eyes are no longer
we know the Oh in the eyes are no longer
we know the Oh in the eyes are no longer sensitive to light as neuroscientists
sensitive to light as neuroscientists
sensitive to light as neuroscientists we’ve discovered that the rest of the
we’ve discovered that the rest of the
we’ve discovered that the rest of the brain is okay and as engineers we know
brain is okay and as engineers we know
brain is okay and as engineers we know how to build cameras to capture moving
how to build cameras to capture moving
how to build cameras to capture moving images and so we can just plug that
images and so we can just plug that
images and so we can just plug that information directly into the brain and
information directly into the brain and
information directly into the brain and vision Steve Austin
vision Steve Austin
vision Steve Austin Geordi LaForge Neil we’re familiar with
Geordi LaForge Neil we’re familiar with
Geordi LaForge Neil we’re familiar with the idea from popular entertainment
the idea from popular entertainment
the idea from popular entertainment because of the technological simplicity
because of the technological simplicity
because of the technological simplicity it appears to have the basic idea looks
it appears to have the basic idea looks
it appears to have the basic idea looks like this we put a small camera like the
like this we put a small camera like the
like this we put a small camera like the one in your mobile phone into a set of
one in your mobile phone into a set of
one in your mobile phone into a set of goggles and send the video stream from
goggles and send the video stream from
goggles and send the video stream from that wirelessly to electrodes that we’ve
that wirelessly to electrodes that we’ve
that wirelessly to electrodes that we’ve implanted in the brain and that provides
implanted in the brain and that provides
implanted in the brain and that provides restoration of function or artificial
restoration of function or artificial
restoration of function or artificial sight as we call them we know how to
sight as we call them we know how to
sight as we call them we know how to build tiny cameras we know how to build
build tiny cameras we know how to build
build tiny cameras we know how to build small computers we know how to build
small computers we know how to build
small computers we know how to build wireless links and we even know how to
wireless links and we even know how to
wireless links and we even know how to build brain electrodes on both a
build brain electrodes on both a
build brain electrodes on both a scientist and an engineer so it should
scientist and an engineer so it should
scientist and an engineer so it should just work it sounds very simple but
just work it sounds very simple but
just work it sounds very simple but that’s the idea the hard part is in
that’s the idea the hard part is in
that’s the idea the hard part is in translating the camera images into the
translating the camera images into the
translating the camera images into the language of the brain the neural code
language of the brain the neural code
language of the brain the neural code and delivering that translation in a
and delivering that translation in a
and delivering that translation in a safe way to the right parts of the brain
safe way to the right parts of the brain
safe way to the right parts of the brain so that it can be used to reconstruct
so that it can be used to reconstruct
so that it can be used to reconstruct images the importance is in the details
images the importance is in the details
images the importance is in the details and in the details we find challenges in
and in the details we find challenges in
and in the details we find challenges in technology in biomedical engineering and
technology in biomedical engineering and
technology in biomedical engineering and in science most of you are familiar with
in science most of you are familiar with
in science most of you are familiar with technology but perhaps not so familiar
technology but perhaps not so familiar
technology but perhaps not so familiar with neuroscience so here’s a very quick
with neuroscience so here’s a very quick
with neuroscience so here’s a very quick introduction this drawing is the
introduction this drawing is the
introduction this drawing is the underside view of a human brain where
underside view of a human brain where
underside view of a human brain where I’ve labeled the different stages of
I’ve labeled the different stages of
I’ve labeled the different stages of what’s called the early visual pathway
what’s called the early visual pathway
what’s called the early visual pathway it’s called the early visual pathway
it’s called the early visual pathway
it’s called the early visual pathway because it’s the first few stages in a
because it’s the first few stages in a
because it’s the first few stages in a very long chain of visual processing
very long chain of visual processing
very long chain of visual processing light enters the eyes and falls on the
light enters the eyes and falls on the
light enters the eyes and falls on the retina where it turns into neural
retina where it turns into neural
retina where it turns into neural activity most of the diseases that I
activity most of the diseases that I
activity most of the diseases that I mentioned that cause blindness interfere
mentioned that cause blindness interfere
mentioned that cause blindness interfere with that process and leave the eyes no
with that process and leave the eyes no
with that process and leave the eyes no longer sensitive to light when the eyes
longer sensitive to light when the eyes
longer sensitive to light when the eyes are working normally however the signals
are working normally however the signals
are working normally however the signals fall through the optic nerve to the
fall through the optic nerve to the
fall through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus or LGN as
lateral geniculate nucleus or LGN as
lateral geniculate nucleus or LGN as I’ve shown here then through the optic
I’ve shown here then through the optic
I’ve shown here then through the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex
radiation to the primary visual cortex
radiation to the primary visual cortex at the back of the head that’s where
at the back of the head that’s where
at the back of the head that’s where conscious vision begins
conscious vision begins
conscious vision begins from there it moves on to other parts of
from there it moves on to other parts of
from there it moves on to other parts of the brain where things happen like
the brain where things happen like
the brain where things happen like recognizing people places or things
recognizing people places or things
recognizing people places or things about 40% of the brain is devoted to
about 40% of the brain is devoted to
about 40% of the brain is devoted to vision to restore sight to the blind
vision to restore sight to the blind
vision to restore sight to the blind where the eyes are no longer functioning
where the eyes are no longer functioning
where the eyes are no longer functioning we can think about putting signals from
we can think about putting signals from
we can think about putting signals from electronic camera into any of these
electronic camera into any of these
electronic camera into any of these stages of the early visual system each
stages of the early visual system each
stages of the early visual system each stages each stage uses a slightly
stages each stage uses a slightly
stages each stage uses a slightly different encoding a slightly different
different encoding a slightly different
different encoding a slightly different neural language but we understand most
neural language but we understand most
neural language but we understand most of those thanks to decades of work we
of those thanks to decades of work we
of those thanks to decades of work we are in fact standing on the shoulders of
are in fact standing on the shoulders of
are in fact standing on the shoulders of giants
giants
giants there is evidence going back a hundred
there is evidence going back a hundred
there is evidence going back a hundred years that we can generate visual
years that we can generate visual
years that we can generate visual experience by stimulating the brain
experience by stimulating the brain
experience by stimulating the brain different parts of the brain perhaps the
different parts of the brain perhaps the
different parts of the brain perhaps the first important attempt at a visual
first important attempt at a visual
first important attempt at a visual prosthesis was by Brindley and Lewin at
prosthesis was by Brindley and Lewin at
prosthesis was by Brindley and Lewin at the University of Cambridge in the late
the University of Cambridge in the late
the University of Cambridge in the late 1960s they put 80 electrodes on the
1960s they put 80 electrodes on the
1960s they put 80 electrodes on the primary visual cortex surface in a
primary visual cortex surface in a
primary visual cortex surface in a brilliant bit of bioengineering that was
brilliant bit of bioengineering that was
brilliant bit of bioengineering that was well ahead of its time they were able to
well ahead of its time they were able to
well ahead of its time they were able to use these electrodes to generate little
use these electrodes to generate little
use these electrodes to generate little points of light little stars or small
points of light little stars or small
points of light little stars or small fuzzy circles and we call those
fuzzy circles and we call those
fuzzy circles and we call those phosphenes phosphenes our visual
phosphenes phosphenes our visual
phosphenes phosphenes our visual experiences that are created without
experiences that are created without
experiences that are created without visual input you see them for example
visual input you see them for example
visual input you see them for example when you go to sleep at night or before
when you go to sleep at night or before
when you go to sleep at night or before you go to sleep at night when you close
you go to sleep at night when you close
you go to sleep at night when you close your eyes those purple and greenish
your eyes those purple and greenish
your eyes those purple and greenish waves you see them if you hit your head
waves you see them if you hit your head
waves you see them if you hit your head too hard we call that seeing stars each
too hard we call that seeing stars each
too hard we call that seeing stars each of those stars is a phosphine will you
of those stars is a phosphine will you
of those stars is a phosphine will you see them when a cosmic ray hits your
see them when a cosmic ray hits your
see them when a cosmic ray hits your retina like for astronauts who
retina like for astronauts who
retina like for astronauts who frequently report phosphenes so we think
frequently report phosphenes so we think
frequently report phosphenes so we think we can create small phosphines the
we can create small phosphines the
we can create small phosphines the pixels of artificial sight by applying
pixels of artificial sight by applying
pixels of artificial sight by applying electrical stimulation to any part of
electrical stimulation to any part of
electrical stimulation to any part of the early visual system worldwide there
the early visual system worldwide there
the early visual system worldwide there are about two dozen groups working on
are about two dozen groups working on
are about two dozen groups working on creating a visual prosthesis and each of
creating a visual prosthesis and each of
creating a visual prosthesis and each of them take a slightly different approach
them take a slightly different approach
them take a slightly different approach many of them put electrodes in the eye
many of them put electrodes in the eye
many of them put electrodes in the eye some like my group put them in the
some like my group put them in the
some like my group put them in the and some put them in the primary visual
and some put them in the primary visual
and some put them in the primary visual cortex but they all more or less follow
cortex but they all more or less follow
cortex but they all more or less follow the same idea they use a man-made an
the same idea they use a man-made an
the same idea they use a man-made an imaging system to apply patterns of
imaging system to apply patterns of
imaging system to apply patterns of electrical stimulation to restore sight
electrical stimulation to restore sight
electrical stimulation to restore sight they also more or less all face the same
they also more or less all face the same
they also more or less all face the same big problem the visual system is amazing
big problem the visual system is amazing
big problem the visual system is amazing and amazingly experience detailed
and amazingly experience detailed
and amazingly experience detailed experience that it gives you no one is
experience that it gives you no one is
experience that it gives you no one is talking about restoring normal vision no
talking about restoring normal vision no
talking about restoring normal vision no one all of these groups are creating
one all of these groups are creating
one all of these groups are creating devices that provide only very crude
devices that provide only very crude
devices that provide only very crude artificial sight better than blindness
artificial sight better than blindness
artificial sight better than blindness but still very very simple some gloops
but still very very simple some gloops
but still very very simple some gloops groups like mine are aiming for a
groups like mine are aiming for a
groups like mine are aiming for a slightly higher quality visual
slightly higher quality visual
slightly higher quality visual prosthesis experience artificial vision
prosthesis experience artificial vision
prosthesis experience artificial vision and so we’re taking slightly longer in
and so we’re taking slightly longer in
and so we’re taking slightly longer in development other groups are seeking to
development other groups are seeking to
development other groups are seeking to deliver a device as quickly as possible
deliver a device as quickly as possible
deliver a device as quickly as possible and so have taken a lower-resolution
and so have taken a lower-resolution
and so have taken a lower-resolution path the hard part is not the
path the hard part is not the
path the hard part is not the technological design of the external
technological design of the external
technological design of the external apparatus the camera the eyeglasses the
apparatus the camera the eyeglasses the
apparatus the camera the eyeglasses the stimulator but in fact the electrodes
stimulator but in fact the electrodes
stimulator but in fact the electrodes themselves and making sure everything is
themselves and making sure everything is
themselves and making sure everything is biocompatible since putting an electrode
biocompatible since putting an electrode
biocompatible since putting an electrode in a human is a hard thing to do most of
in a human is a hard thing to do most of
in a human is a hard thing to do most of these groups rely on computerized
these groups rely on computerized
these groups rely on computerized simulations of artificial vision in
simulations of artificial vision in
simulations of artificial vision in order to answer questions about how well
order to answer questions about how well
order to answer questions about how well their device and their design will work
their device and their design will work
their device and their design will work they use virtual reality technology and
they use virtual reality technology and
they use virtual reality technology and normal sighted individuals in order to
normal sighted individuals in order to
normal sighted individuals in order to do this and these simulations are kind
do this and these simulations are kind
do this and these simulations are kind of fun so I’m going to show you two of
of fun so I’m going to show you two of
of fun so I’m going to show you two of them as an example on the left side is a
them as an example on the left side is a
them as an example on the left side is a movie of a young woman from an ordinary
movie of a young woman from an ordinary
movie of a young woman from an ordinary camera on the right will be a simulation
camera on the right will be a simulation
camera on the right will be a simulation of artificial vision with 500 phosphines
of artificial vision with 500 phosphines
of artificial vision with 500 phosphines notice a couple of things first
notice a couple of things first
notice a couple of things first those phosphenes aren’t one right next
those phosphenes aren’t one right next
those phosphenes aren’t one right next to the other like the pixels in your
to the other like the pixels in your
to the other like the pixels in your computer monitor they’re spread apart
computer monitor they’re spread apart
computer monitor they’re spread apart that’s because when we put fine wires
that’s because when we put fine wires
that’s because when we put fine wires into the brain to
into the brain to
into the brain to electrodes for visual prosthesis we have
electrodes for visual prosthesis we have
electrodes for visual prosthesis we have to space them every so often in order to
to space them every so often in order to
to space them every so often in order to not damage the brain we have to be
not damage the brain we have to be
not damage the brain we have to be clever about biocompatibility in order
clever about biocompatibility in order
clever about biocompatibility in order to maximize the number of electrodes
to maximize the number of electrodes
to maximize the number of electrodes that go in because each electrode
that go in because each electrode
that go in because each electrode produces one phosphine next notice that
produces one phosphine next notice that
produces one phosphine next notice that if I’d shown you just the right hand
if I’d shown you just the right hand
if I’d shown you just the right hand image you probably wouldn’t recognize it
image you probably wouldn’t recognize it
image you probably wouldn’t recognize it as the face of a woman watch now as the
as the face of a woman watch now as the
as the face of a woman watch now as the animation begins you can probably very
animation begins you can probably very
animation begins you can probably very quickly see that it is in fact the image
quickly see that it is in fact the image
quickly see that it is in fact the image of a woman’s face you see her eyes her
of a woman’s face you see her eyes her
of a woman’s face you see her eyes her smile you might recognize her you can
smile you might recognize her you can
smile you might recognize her you can tell that it’s a sunny day and she
tell that it’s a sunny day and she
tell that it’s a sunny day and she raises her hands against Lee against the
raises her hands against Lee against the
raises her hands against Lee against the light the brain does a marvelous
light the brain does a marvelous
light the brain does a marvelous wonderful job of assembling that
wonderful job of assembling that
wonderful job of assembling that information let me play that again the
information let me play that again the
information let me play that again the left image has about a million pixels
left image has about a million pixels
left image has about a million pixels the right image only 500 phosphines now
the right image only 500 phosphines now
the right image only 500 phosphines now 500 phosphines won’t give you normal
500 phosphines won’t give you normal
500 phosphines won’t give you normal vision not by a long shot but it’s not
vision not by a long shot but it’s not
vision not by a long shot but it’s not bad it certainly would be useful or at
bad it certainly would be useful or at
bad it certainly would be useful or at least it appears to be so here’s another
least it appears to be so here’s another
least it appears to be so here’s another example from an experiment that we have
example from an experiment that we have
example from an experiment that we have run in the laboratory to test how well
run in the laboratory to test how well
run in the laboratory to test how well artificial vision can be used to read
artificial vision can be used to read
artificial vision can be used to read there will be a simple sentence that
there will be a simple sentence that
there will be a simple sentence that will that will appear on the screen over
will that will appear on the screen over
will that will appear on the screen over three lines and you’ll hear the subject
three lines and you’ll hear the subject
three lines and you’ll hear the subject read the text out loud notice that the
read the text out loud notice that the
read the text out loud notice that the pattern of phosphines will move as she
pattern of phosphines will move as she
pattern of phosphines will move as she looks at different parts of the sentence
can different kind of flowers grow by
can different kind of flowers grow by the side of the road she normally reads
the side of the road she normally reads
the side of the road she normally reads now I bet no one could actually read
now I bet no one could actually read
now I bet no one could actually read that text but she could remember with
that text but she could remember with
that text but she could remember with the first animation that I showed you
the first animation that I showed you
the first animation that I showed you the jump between the static phosphenes
the jump between the static phosphenes
the jump between the static phosphenes and when they began to be animated
and when they began to be animated
and when they began to be animated there’s a similar jump that happens
there’s a similar jump that happens
there’s a similar jump that happens between watching someone else run an
between watching someone else run an
between watching someone else run an artificial vision simulation and running
artificial vision simulation and running
artificial vision simulation and running it yourself because the phosphenes move
it yourself because the phosphenes move
it yourself because the phosphenes move with your eyes let me play that again
can different kind of flowers grow by
can different kind of flowers grow by the side of the road she reads that
the side of the road she reads that
the side of the road she reads that woman was a typical average subject and
woman was a typical average subject and
woman was a typical average subject and she could read easily and smoothly with
she could read easily and smoothly with
she could read easily and smoothly with 1,700 phosphines
1,700 phosphines
1,700 phosphines that means that anyone here with normal
that means that anyone here with normal
that means that anyone here with normal vision would probably also be able to
vision would probably also be able to
vision would probably also be able to read the same way if we put you in front
read the same way if we put you in front
read the same way if we put you in front of the simulation there are two groups
of the simulation there are two groups
of the simulation there are two groups one in Germany one in the United States
one in Germany one in the United States
one in Germany one in the United States who have created devices that have
who have created devices that have
who have created devices that have received approval for implantation in
received approval for implantation in
received approval for implantation in blind patients although these devices
blind patients although these devices
blind patients although these devices are very promising they only provide
are very promising they only provide
are very promising they only provide very crude vision not nearly as good as
very crude vision not nearly as good as
very crude vision not nearly as good as the two simulations I showed you just
the two simulations I showed you just
the two simulations I showed you just now no one has built real devices like
now no one has built real devices like
now no one has built real devices like that yet but all of the groups are
that yet but all of the groups are
that yet but all of the groups are working hard in my laboratory we are
working hard in my laboratory we are
working hard in my laboratory we are currently testing a system that uses 128
currently testing a system that uses 128
currently testing a system that uses 128 electrodes using two of the bundles I’ve
electrodes using two of the bundles I’ve
electrodes using two of the bundles I’ve shown here and we have a newer version
shown here and we have a newer version
shown here and we have a newer version of the same thing that doubles that
of the same thing that doubles that
of the same thing that doubles that count to 250 or about half of the number
count to 250 or about half of the number
count to 250 or about half of the number of phosphenes that you saw in the first
of phosphenes that you saw in the first
of phosphenes that you saw in the first video at the same time we are designing
video at the same time we are designing
video at the same time we are designing the next generation system which will
the next generation system which will
the next generation system which will have 1,000 phosphines
have 1,000 phosphines
have 1,000 phosphines and we’ll start testing that in about a
and we’ll start testing that in about a
and we’ll start testing that in about a year we aren’t the only ones making good
year we aren’t the only ones making good
year we aren’t the only ones making good progress and I expect to hear new
progress and I expect to hear new
progress and I expect to hear new exciting results from field from groups
exciting results from field from groups
exciting results from field from groups around the world in the next while the
around the world in the next while the
around the world in the next while the message I want to leave you with
message I want to leave you with
message I want to leave you with therefore is as crazy as it might sound
therefore is as crazy as it might sound
therefore is as crazy as it might sound we’re able to put signals directly into
we’re able to put signals directly into
we’re able to put signals directly into the brain and go from 0 to infinity
the brain and go from 0 to infinity
the brain and go from 0 to infinity restoring sight to the blind thank you
restoring sight to the blind thank you
restoring sight to the blind thank you you
”
Be First to Comment