what if i told you that the United States has the highest number of slaves
States has the highest number of slaves
States has the highest number of slaves in the developed world and it’s
in the developed world and it’s
in the developed world and it’s completely legal it’s true the 13th
completely legal it’s true the 13th
completely legal it’s true the 13th amendment the United States Constitution
amendment the United States Constitution
amendment the United States Constitution explicitly states neither slavery nor
explicitly states neither slavery nor
explicitly states neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a
involuntary servitude except as a
involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime shall exist within
punishment for crime shall exist within
punishment for crime shall exist within the United States this one small
the United States this one small
the United States this one small addendum allows for the existence of a
addendum allows for the existence of a
addendum allows for the existence of a billion-dollar prison labor market where
billion-dollar prison labor market where
billion-dollar prison labor market where prisoners are forcibly employed for less
prisoners are forcibly employed for less
prisoners are forcibly employed for less than a dollar an hour in every industry
than a dollar an hour in every industry
than a dollar an hour in every industry from construction and manufacturing to
from construction and manufacturing to
from construction and manufacturing to telecommunications and the system was
telecommunications and the system was
telecommunications and the system was constitutionally upheld so it’s not
constitutionally upheld so it’s not
constitutionally upheld so it’s not going away anytime soon but i’m not here
going away anytime soon but i’m not here
going away anytime soon but i’m not here to argue the ethics of slavery with you
to argue the ethics of slavery with you
to argue the ethics of slavery with you i understand most people have strong
i understand most people have strong
i understand most people have strong opinions about that what i am here to
opinions about that what i am here to
opinions about that what i am here to tell you about is an excellent business
tell you about is an excellent business
tell you about is an excellent business model when the prison population
model when the prison population
model when the prison population increases private prisons paid for
increases private prisons paid for
increases private prisons paid for government contracts to build prisons
government contracts to build prisons
government contracts to build prisons and house prisoners when they win they
and house prisoners when they win they
and house prisoners when they win they use the profits from their contracts as
use the profits from their contracts as
use the profits from their contracts as well as from the prisoners labor to hire
well as from the prisoners labor to hire
well as from the prisoners labor to hire lobbyists to encourage tough on crime
lobbyists to encourage tough on crime
lobbyists to encourage tough on crime legislation this increases the prison
legislation this increases the prison
legislation this increases the prison population again this process is known
population again this process is known
population again this process is known as a revolving door of the American
as a revolving door of the American
as a revolving door of the American prison system but I think that’s a bit
prison system but I think that’s a bit
prison system but I think that’s a bit of a misnomer after all we’re not the
of a misnomer after all we’re not the
of a misnomer after all we’re not the only country that does this five other
only country that does this five other
only country that does this five other industrial and post-industrial nations
industrial and post-industrial nations
industrial and post-industrial nations also use prisoners for slave labor they
also use prisoners for slave labor they
also use prisoners for slave labor they are the United Kingdom China Japan New
are the United Kingdom China Japan New
are the United Kingdom China Japan New Zealand and Australia these six
Zealand and Australia these six
Zealand and Australia these six countries also have extremely high
countries also have extremely high
countries also have extremely high recidivism rates relative to the rest of
recidivism rates relative to the rest of
recidivism rates relative to the rest of the world what is recidivism recidivism
the world what is recidivism recidivism
the world what is recidivism recidivism can be defined as the rear s
can be defined as the rear s
can be defined as the rear s reconviction or re-incarceration of a
reconviction or re-incarceration of a
reconviction or re-incarceration of a criminal after a previous arrest
criminal after a previous arrest
criminal after a previous arrest conviction or incarceration for the
conviction or incarceration for the
conviction or incarceration for the purposes of my research I looked at real
purposes of my research I looked at real
purposes of my research I looked at real incarceration rates because prisoners
incarceration rates because prisoners
incarceration rates because prisoners can’t be used for slave labor unless
can’t be used for slave labor unless
can’t be used for slave labor unless they are unless they are currently
they are unless they are currently
they are unless they are currently incarcerated with this definition of
incarcerated with this definition of
incarcerated with this definition of mine I went ahead to my first research
mine I went ahead to my first research
mine I went ahead to my first research question do the efforts of the
question do the efforts of the
question do the efforts of the for-profit prison industry directly lead
for-profit prison industry directly lead
for-profit prison industry directly lead to an increase in reincarnation of
to an increase in reincarnation of
to an increase in reincarnation of prisoners additionally what other
prisoners additionally what other
prisoners additionally what other factors what other factors would allow
factors what other factors would allow
factors what other factors would allow for-profit prisons to flourish and
for-profit prisons to flourish and
for-profit prisons to flourish and encourage high every incarceration the
encourage high every incarceration the
encourage high every incarceration the first thing I wanted to look at was the
first thing I wanted to look at was the
first thing I wanted to look at was the difference between law enforcement sin
difference between law enforcement sin
difference between law enforcement sin my countries may be having a large law
my countries may be having a large law
my countries may be having a large law enforcement body relative to the rest of
enforcement body relative to the rest of
enforcement body relative to the rest of the population ensures that the vast
the population ensures that the vast
the population ensures that the vast majority of recidivist criminals are
majority of recidivist criminals are
majority of recidivist criminals are caught tried and convicted correctly so
caught tried and convicted correctly so
caught tried and convicted correctly so I looked at the number of
I looked at the number of
I looked at the number of just police officers and prosecutors
just police officers and prosecutors
just police officers and prosecutors compared to the general population but
compared to the general population but
compared to the general population but it looks like size really doesn’t matter
it looks like size really doesn’t matter
it looks like size really doesn’t matter so instead I tried looking at their
so instead I tried looking at their
so instead I tried looking at their productivity how do you measure the
productivity how do you measure the
productivity how do you measure the productivity of law enforcement what I
productivity of law enforcement what I
productivity of law enforcement what I used was number of suspects per police
used was number of suspects per police
used was number of suspects per police officer and number of convictions /
officer and number of convictions /
officer and number of convictions / prosecutor the more important of these
prosecutor the more important of these
prosecutor the more important of these two measures is number of convictions
two measures is number of convictions
two measures is number of convictions for prosecutor because convictions
for prosecutor because convictions
for prosecutor because convictions represent the final good produced by our
represent the final good produced by our
represent the final good produced by our legal system everything leading up to
legal system everything leading up to
legal system everything leading up to that included suspecting of a criminal
that included suspecting of a criminal
that included suspecting of a criminal by police officer and then prosecuting
by police officer and then prosecuting
by police officer and then prosecuting by the prosecution would be intermediate
by the prosecution would be intermediate
by the prosecution would be intermediate goods used to produce this final
goods used to produce this final
goods used to produce this final supposedly correct conviction but it
supposedly correct conviction but it
supposedly correct conviction but it looks like the vigilance of law
looks like the vigilance of law
looks like the vigilance of law enforcement doesn’t have any impact on
enforcement doesn’t have any impact on
enforcement doesn’t have any impact on recidivism so I thought what if it’s a
recidivism so I thought what if it’s a
recidivism so I thought what if it’s a difference between the criminals
difference between the criminals
difference between the criminals themselves after all not all crimes had
themselves after all not all crimes had
themselves after all not all crimes had the same recidivism rate property crimes
the same recidivism rate property crimes
the same recidivism rate property crimes like theft and burglary have recidivism
like theft and burglary have recidivism
like theft and burglary have recidivism rates over seventy percent whereas
rates over seventy percent whereas
rates over seventy percent whereas violent crimes like homicide and sexual
violent crimes like homicide and sexual
violent crimes like homicide and sexual assault have recidivism rates under
assault have recidivism rates under
assault have recidivism rates under three percent so maybe a country that
three percent so maybe a country that
three percent so maybe a country that has a large number of property criminals
has a large number of property criminals
has a large number of property criminals relative to violent criminals would also
relative to violent criminals would also
relative to violent criminals would also have a high recidivism rate despite the
have a high recidivism rate despite the
have a high recidivism rate despite the fact that they’re experiencing less
fact that they’re experiencing less
fact that they’re experiencing less severe crime but neither the type of
severe crime but neither the type of
severe crime but neither the type of crime being committed nor the total
crime being committed nor the total
crime being committed nor the total amount of crime being committed could
amount of crime being committed could
amount of crime being committed could actually tell us anything about
actually tell us anything about
actually tell us anything about recidivism there could still be one
recidivism there could still be one
recidivism there could still be one other important difference between the
other important difference between the
other important difference between the criminals in these countries though one
criminals in these countries though one
criminals in these countries though one other fact I looked at was the
other fact I looked at was the
other fact I looked at was the prevalence of organized crime organized
prevalence of organized crime organized
prevalence of organized crime organized criminals represent a special type of
criminals represent a special type of
criminals represent a special type of professional criminals it is their job
professional criminals it is their job
professional criminals it is their job and primary source of income to commit
and primary source of income to commit
and primary source of income to commit crimes so although and in additionally
crimes so although and in additionally
crimes so although and in additionally in order to be part of a criminal
in order to be part of a criminal
in order to be part of a criminal organization these criminals would need
organization these criminals would need
organization these criminals would need some past experience and skills
some past experience and skills
some past experience and skills committing crimes in order to be an
committing crimes in order to be an
committing crimes in order to be an asset although not one hundred percent
asset although not one hundred percent
asset although not one hundred percent of these criminals are caught and tried
of these criminals are caught and tried
of these criminals are caught and tried repeatedly they should still be
repeatedly they should still be
repeatedly they should still be considered recidivist criminals because
considered recidivist criminals because
considered recidivist criminals because they are constantly reoffending in order
they are constantly reoffending in order
they are constantly reoffending in order to generate income but how do you
to generate income but how do you
to generate income but how do you measure organized crime obviously you
measure organized crime obviously you
measure organized crime obviously you can’t do it directly but van de extry
can’t do it directly but van de extry
can’t do it directly but van de extry search on organized crime indicators
search on organized crime indicators
search on organized crime indicators gave us a good base to go off of he used
gave us a good base to go off of he used
gave us a good base to go off of he used several proxy variables but the most
several proxy variables but the most
several proxy variables but the most important of them was number of unsolved
important of them was number of unsolved
important of them was number of unsolved homicides typically there are two types
homicides typically there are two types
homicides typically there are two types of homicide the cold-blooded killing is
of homicide the cold-blooded killing is
of homicide the cold-blooded killing is committed by criminal organizations
committed by criminal organizations
committed by criminal organizations where the relationship between
where the relationship between
where the relationship between perpetrator and victim is not well known
perpetrator and victim is not well known
perpetrator and victim is not well known and hot blooded crimes of passion where
and hot blooded crimes of passion where
and hot blooded crimes of passion where the perpetrator and victim knew each
the perpetrator and victim knew each
the perpetrator and victim knew each other intimately
other intimately
other intimately and these have a much higher solve right
and these have a much higher solve right
and these have a much higher solve right because it’s much easier to establish
because it’s much easier to establish
because it’s much easier to establish the relationship between perpetrator and
the relationship between perpetrator and
the relationship between perpetrator and victim so the number of unsolved
victim so the number of unsolved
victim so the number of unsolved homicides in a country actually does
homicides in a country actually does
homicides in a country actually does serve as a good proxy for the amount of
serve as a good proxy for the amount of
serve as a good proxy for the amount of organized crime but whether taking day
organized crime but whether taking day
organized crime but whether taking day extry search well they’re taking day x
extry search well they’re taking day x
extry search well they’re taking day x variables together or independently his
variables together or independently his
variables together or independently his organized crime his composite organized
organized crime his composite organized
organized crime his composite organized crime index could not tell us anything
crime index could not tell us anything
crime index could not tell us anything more about recidivism one final fact I
more about recidivism one final fact I
more about recidivism one final fact I looked at in differences between these
looked at in differences between these
looked at in differences between these countries is a number of immigrants
countries is a number of immigrants
countries is a number of immigrants immigrants particularly in the United
immigrants particularly in the United
immigrants particularly in the United States are sorry particularly in the
States are sorry particularly in the
States are sorry particularly in the United Kingdom there have been
United Kingdom there have been
United Kingdom there have been complaints that immigrants have been
complaints that immigrants have been
complaints that immigrants have been being detained in for-profit facilities
being detained in for-profit facilities
being detained in for-profit facilities at increased rates relative to the
at increased rates relative to the
at increased rates relative to the general population this shouldn’t be
general population this shouldn’t be
general population this shouldn’t be that surprising given the fact that
that surprising given the fact that
that surprising given the fact that immigrants typically have fewer rights
immigrants typically have fewer rights
immigrants typically have fewer rights and natural born citizens and frequently
and natural born citizens and frequently
and natural born citizens and frequently don’t speak the native language making
don’t speak the native language making
don’t speak the native language making them much easier to hold in these
them much easier to hold in these
them much easier to hold in these for-profit facilities for long periods
for-profit facilities for long periods
for-profit facilities for long periods of time but this problem appears to be
of time but this problem appears to be
of time but this problem appears to be primarily isolated to the United Kingdom
primarily isolated to the United Kingdom
primarily isolated to the United Kingdom because even countries with relatively
because even countries with relatively
because even countries with relatively low immigration like New Zealand and
low immigration like New Zealand and
low immigration like New Zealand and Australia have comparable recidivism
Australia have comparable recidivism
Australia have comparable recidivism rates countries with extremely high
rates countries with extremely high
rates countries with extremely high recidivism like the United States and
recidivism like the United States and
recidivism like the United States and United Kingdom one final factor one
United Kingdom one final factor one
United Kingdom one final factor one final thing before I get to the results
final thing before I get to the results
final thing before I get to the results of my study are these special
of my study are these special
of my study are these special considerations that I had to take for
considerations that I had to take for
considerations that I had to take for China China report said it probably has
China China report said it probably has
China China report said it probably has the lowest recidivism rate in the world
the lowest recidivism rate in the world
the lowest recidivism rate in the world at about twelve percent this is not only
at about twelve percent this is not only
at about twelve percent this is not only remarkable given that a typical
remarkable given that a typical
remarkable given that a typical recidivism rate in a country that
recidivism rate in a country that
recidivism rate in a country that doesn’t use slave labor is thirty-one
doesn’t use slave labor is thirty-one
doesn’t use slave labor is thirty-one percent it’s actually highly suspicious
percent it’s actually highly suspicious
percent it’s actually highly suspicious given that China’s not known as a global
given that China’s not known as a global
given that China’s not known as a global leader in humanitarian achievement after
leader in humanitarian achievement after
leader in humanitarian achievement after doing some digging into the Chinese
doing some digging into the Chinese
doing some digging into the Chinese prison system i discovered the laogai
prison system i discovered the laogai
prison system i discovered the laogai lagai means reform through labor and it
lagai means reform through labor and it
lagai means reform through labor and it was a system of prison camps located
was a system of prison camps located
was a system of prison camps located throughout China Harry Wu was Harry was
throughout China Harry Wu was Harry was
throughout China Harry Wu was Harry was the founder of the laogai Research
the founder of the laogai Research
the founder of the laogai Research Foundation and he was a former political
Foundation and he was a former political
Foundation and he was a former political prisoner in the Lao guy he was a
prisoner in the Lao guy he was a
prisoner in the Lao guy he was a prisoner for 19 years under what is
prisoner for 19 years under what is
prisoner for 19 years under what is called a jail sentence joa means force
called a jail sentence joa means force
called a jail sentence joa means force job placement it is an indefinite prison
job placement it is an indefinite prison
job placement it is an indefinite prison sentence given to a low guy prisoner at
sentence given to a low guy prisoner at
sentence given to a low guy prisoner at the end of his court-appointed sentence
the end of his court-appointed sentence
the end of his court-appointed sentence on the day the release they’re simply
on the day the release they’re simply
on the day the release they’re simply told that they will be held indefinitely
told that they will be held indefinitely
told that they will be held indefinitely until they are dead or until they so
until they are dead or until they so
until they are dead or until they so choose to release them so although these
choose to release them so although these
choose to release them so although these criminals are not getting out of prison
criminals are not getting out of prison
criminals are not getting out of prison where they can reoffend and be
where they can reoffend and be
where they can reoffend and be re-incarcerated they are still being
re-incarcerated they are still being
re-incarcerated they are still being resent instead incarcerated
resent instead incarcerated
resent instead incarcerated so if we want to measure the effect that
so if we want to measure the effect that
so if we want to measure the effect that for-profit prisons have on reincarnation
for-profit prisons have on reincarnation
for-profit prisons have on reincarnation population relative to its laogai
population relative to its laogai
population relative to its laogai population service it’s reincarnation
population service it’s reincarnation
population service it’s reincarnation rate again because these criminals are
rate again because these criminals are
rate again because these criminals are are being re-incarcerated despite the
are being re-incarcerated despite the
are being re-incarcerated despite the fact that they are not reoffending who
fact that they are not reoffending who
fact that they are not reoffending who estimates that of the 16 to 21 million
estimates that of the 16 to 21 million
estimates that of the 16 to 21 million log our prisoners about 8 to 10 million
log our prisoners about 8 to 10 million
log our prisoners about 8 to 10 million have received a juvie sentence these are
have received a juvie sentence these are
have received a juvie sentence these are of course estimates as to date the log I
of course estimates as to date the log I
of course estimates as to date the log I Research Foundation has identified about
Research Foundation has identified about
Research Foundation has identified about 1100 of these camps though they believe
1100 of these camps though they believe
1100 of these camps though they believe there are about 3,000 taking the most
there are about 3,000 taking the most
there are about 3,000 taking the most conservative of lose estimates we get
conservative of lose estimates we get
conservative of lose estimates we get that eight million of the 16 million
that eight million of the 16 million
that eight million of the 16 million laogai prisoners received a jail
laogai prisoners received a jail
laogai prisoners received a jail sentence giving china re incarceration
sentence giving china re incarceration
sentence giving china re incarceration rate of fifty percent finally for the
rate of fifty percent finally for the
rate of fifty percent finally for the results of my study I found that
results of my study I found that
results of my study I found that for-profit prisons increased criminal
for-profit prisons increased criminal
for-profit prisons increased criminal increase tree incarceration by about 14
increase tree incarceration by about 14
increase tree incarceration by about 14 percentage points although there was
percentage points although there was
percentage points although there was extremely limited limited literature on
extremely limited limited literature on
extremely limited limited literature on the subject I did find one other study
the subject I did find one other study
the subject I did find one other study that did something similar Baron Posen
that did something similar Baron Posen
that did something similar Baron Posen looked at a cohort of Florida juvenile
looked at a cohort of Florida juvenile
looked at a cohort of Florida juvenile offenders in four types of prisons three
offenders in four types of prisons three
offenders in four types of prisons three types were nonprofit and the fourth was
types were nonprofit and the fourth was
types were nonprofit and the fourth was for profit compared to all three kinds
for profit compared to all three kinds
for profit compared to all three kinds of nonprofit prisons the for-profit
of nonprofit prisons the for-profit
of nonprofit prisons the for-profit prison / firm dwarfs in terms of
prison / firm dwarfs in terms of
prison / firm dwarfs in terms of recidivism outcomes additionally the
recidivism outcomes additionally the
recidivism outcomes additionally the increase in citizen in recidivism they
increase in citizen in recidivism they
increase in citizen in recidivism they found was comparable to my own their
found was comparable to my own their
found was comparable to my own their studies actually even more compelling
studies actually even more compelling
studies actually even more compelling because they were able to control for a
because they were able to control for a
because they were able to control for a wide a wide variety of factors about
wide a wide variety of factors about
wide a wide variety of factors about every single person within their study
every single person within their study
every single person within their study they knew their personal history their
they knew their personal history their
they knew their personal history their criminal background the size and
criminal background the size and
criminal background the size and demographics of the prison facility that
demographics of the prison facility that
demographics of the prison facility that were placed in the crime and recidivism
were placed in the crime and recidivism
were placed in the crime and recidivism rate within their family and the crime
rate within their family and the crime
rate within their family and the crime and recidivism weight within their
and recidivism weight within their
and recidivism weight within their neighborhood so based off of this
neighborhood so based off of this
neighborhood so based off of this extremely detailed data they’re actually
extremely detailed data they’re actually
extremely detailed data they’re actually able to come up with a strong model that
able to come up with a strong model that
able to come up with a strong model that would predict recidivism and even after
would predict recidivism and even after
would predict recidivism and even after accounting for all these factors they
accounting for all these factors they
accounting for all these factors they still found a substantial increase in
still found a substantial increase in
still found a substantial increase in recidivism rates and for-profit prisons
recidivism rates and for-profit prisons
recidivism rates and for-profit prisons compared to non profit taking all this
compared to non profit taking all this
compared to non profit taking all this information together I have two possible
information together I have two possible
information together I have two possible policy recommendations the first is we
policy recommendations the first is we
policy recommendations the first is we could simply replace all for-profit
could simply replace all for-profit
could simply replace all for-profit prison management with nonprofit
prison management with nonprofit
prison management with nonprofit management the second is that we could
management the second is that we could
management the second is that we could try changing the incentive structure at
try changing the incentive structure at
try changing the incentive structure at that private prisons face rather than
that private prisons face rather than
that private prisons face rather than funding them based on the number of
funding them based on the number of
funding them based on the number of people they incarcerate we could fund
people they incarcerate we could fund
people they incarcerate we could fund them based on the number of prisoners
them based on the number of prisoners
them based on the number of prisoners they rehabilitate thank you
they rehabilitate thank you
they rehabilitate thank you [Applause]
”
Be First to Comment