good evening and yes, yes, the story that there
story is not a good story
end because it is a bit of the history of the
our life and history of how the
time passes I’m sure many of you
you will have wondered but how long
I will live and if you look at them
statistics are really
awesome a person who was born
in ancient Rome it had an expectation of
22-year life
this means that more than 50 per
one hundred people could not do it
over this period of time obviously
a statistic very inficiata from the high
mortality at birth immediately after
birth but if we also look at the
nine hundred less than 50 years 49 years and then
a big jump at the beginning of 2000 26
we have earned more than 25 years
only in a century and these are the
latest organization statistics
World Health Organization the first ten
placed in the statistics we in Italy
we are in sixth place now 82 84.8 of
survival for females 80.5 per
man therefore more than 80 years for for
both sexes are going
going very well earned again
very much compared to only one
ten years ago but if you imagine
a perfect world in which medicine
cure all the diseases in which the
Infectious diseases are prevented by the
vaccines in which cancer does not exist in
which incidents are repaired in
which everything works perfectly
we would be immortal and unfortunately the
answer is no
we have written somewhere
in our genetic information
an information that causes all
members of the species homo sapiens therefore
we live a maximum of 120 125 years
and it’s a genetic information
very tight with flight is very tight
for everything that lives on the planet
earth a people lives a rat two years
lives three a sheep lives 12 years old
turtles live for a long time 150 years
fruit midge what you use
in the laboratory what is found
on top of fruit we eat when
inform us aviv and three months there is a
biological and therefore genetic program
written somewhere that determines
maximum life expectancy and we do not
we have absolutely no idea where it is
this program we do not know how to answer
to the question why a mouse lives two
years the new one lives 120 when
they share more than 85 percent
genetic information or the reason
it’s very simple actually ours
evolution of our stay on
planet is not dictated by selection
natural on our body is dictated
from natural selection on our genes
so we are simply gods
biological machines that they must
transmit our information
genetics our progeny then
when our progeny is in turn
autonomous to transmit these
informed in their children and we the
human species if many also remained a
a little more to see the i
our grandchildren, then, that is not
we serve more on the planet so it is
just that evolution makes us out
because we do not become competitors
of our children of our grandchildren for
access to resources on the planet
we do not know where the catch is though
we certainly know something that while
we grow old and are exhausted
perhaps this is the cause
aging are to be exhausted
what are the capabilities of
repair and regeneration of the
most of our woven organs
cells imagined that we have one
barrier fixed a fixed wall
impalable and progressively with the
medicine with feeding condition
hygienic we are approaching both this
wall and as we approach this wall
we exhaust the resources of repairing the
our organs and tissues for example
take the heart you can take the
heart of a patient of an individual
as normal as a mouse you can take
adult take his heart cells
put them in the laboratory you will find
these magnificent cells that are not
a kind of very long bricks
some have two nuclei that are these
in blue in this slide le
streaks are the apparatus that allows
to the cell to contract rhythmically
70 times a minute
you can keep the lab you can
to study them could do all of them
you will never succeed
according to current technologies at least
until a couple of years ago to do them
to reproduce ie we are born
with a number of our cells
heart and these are the same cells
with which we will then go to die when the
our life will be exhausted think about it
fantastic thinking of the cells that for
billions of times they contract
rhythmically in a 70-year-old person
but they are exactly the same with which
these people were born with the brain
let’s go even worse because the cells
of the brain stop replicating one
even before we were born
we are born with about fifty
billions of cells in the brain and not
only human and not replicate
we lose about 80,000 every day
I’m here talking to you, you
listen
we are all losing cells
possibility of recovery of these
cell
absolutely none that is what
it happens that all of us are children of
a shiny oocyte our mother lo
spermatozoon of our father
the fertilization of this output from
part of the spermatozoon from the origin of the
first cell of the organism in biology
they are called zygote then this cell
becomes 2 becomes 4 becomes 8 becomes 16
after 4 5 days from fertilization one
spheres of about 150 cells are called
blastocyst and then these cells
they begin to specialize for one
adult organism like you, like me
contains about 100 thousand billion
different cells each with one
specialization a flaw cells of the
heart a neuron business a flaw
there is the white blood cell a sky flaw
of the skin a sickle of the retina there
there are about 240 types of specializations
different but some of these cells do not
they will never replicate more cool and more
cute continue a bit to replicate during
all life in the intestine
those of the blood do it but light
of the heart 90 of the brain novel cells
of the pancreas
nola the brain of most of the
organs do not
and then if you have some this
vision you are amazed that this is there
enormous spread of diseases
degenerative think only of the disease
of alzheimer alzheimer’s wharf is due
to the loss of neurons in particular
type of neurons in the brain affects
one in three people after age 80
one in three people after 80 years later
that I have just told you that men
they live more than 80 years and women more
of 85 years
a real epidemic, my friend and colleague
in the United States he begins his seminars
looking at people asking a
each of looking at those sitting at his
left who sat to his right and to
decide who of them will die of one
cardiovascular disease that this is
reality 30 percent of people
they die of a cardiovascular disease
which in most cases is
due to the inability of the heart of
regenerate then to meet
repair in adult life and instead
that to go to an illness
which is called heart failure 15
millions of new diagnosis of decompensation
cardiac
every year in the world and after 75 years one
person out of three does not see us well why
he had a retinal degeneration
and the retina does not repair a person on
two years later he is not feeling well
because he had a degenerate generation
therefore a loss of cells
of the inner ear the deafness and then
which we spontaneously associate with
old age but in reality it is a disease
an illness due to alfred’s
cells from the inability of these
cells to replicate then we must
find spare parts pieces of
spare means to find
basically cells where we find
ste cells to be able to regenerate
these organs seen that spontaneously
they can not do it
well the obvious thing and get them from one
embryo we can safely
as it is done in the clinics of the
fertility to take an egg cell
take a sperm cell
fertilization cultivate these these
embryo in laboratory in test tube for
45 days until it forms this sphere
writing blastocyst then the ball
the cells that are broken down are disrupted
they form are called embryonic cells
stem cells can grow them
indefinitely they can get many
many billions and then convince these
cells to become a cell
specialized for example these are
of cells of a mouse embryo that
we have become gods
heart cells you see that also in
test tube lab contract
simultaneously that a characteristic
we take the cells of the heart
we put these cells in these hearts
inside the heart of a mouse
infarcted we completely regenerate the
heart
all beautiful, everything is beautiful, however, in fact
this is very problematic first
because it takes
second lion because according to many
religious cultural exceptions
embryo if it were implanted would give
origin to a new life so we are
destroying lives and then third
because an embryo is a being that from
medicine’s point of view is different
from the immunological point of view which
we should treat this kind of
treatment as if it were a transplant
of kidneys at heart transplantation then
do immunosuppression with a whole
series of other problems then a
problem we can get these pieces
spare without having to pass
through fertilization again
without having to go through a new one
and a spermatozoon and the answer is
it was not until 1999 97 when
suddenly a group of veterinarians
Scots public on one of the
main international magazines a
experiment that caused a sensation
defined in the newspapers that the creation
of the dolly sheep as it was made to
dolly was done by bypassing the process
of fertilization ie taking a
egg of a donor sheep and taking
an adult cell of an individual from
information has been extracted
genetics has been taken the core is
transferred to the place at that time
that nucleus of an adult cell of one
specialized dinner that did not replicate
more for some reason he thought of
be the product of a fertilization e
gave birth to a new embryo
so he cut it completely out
the problem of fertilization
but who is back to a vision
religious of life says yes but doing
this tool actually creates one anyway
embryo that is still a blastocyst
if this were implanted I nourish
would give rise to a dolly sheep
so if I did this in a man
embryo could give rise not
being human so it’s not that I can
find something that allows instead of
completely avoid the problem of
embryos and again the answer was
no for another 10 years until in 2006
this gentleman who is called shinya
yamanaka who won nobel prize for
medicine in 2012 taught the
scientific community a way of
all revolutionary to do it I have
said I can take a cell of
any individual for example one
sky of skin a blood cell
enter this cell
only four genes and these genes
they convince this cell to become one
embryo cell
here then I can cultivate
this embryo cells get it
many billions to convince them to become
a heart cell for example
put it in the heart after infarct and
regenerate the heart here are not there
embryos there is no possibility of doing
new human beings if the solution
It seems perfect and a bit perfect from the
technical point of view because it is a lot
difficult to get it only this year
last month
you’re restarting an experiment in
Japan to try to regenerate
the eye because technology so much
still not robust and does not allow
make large amounts of cells for
make the heart the liver or less the
brain but probably allows to
make a small amount of cells
that could be useful for regenerating
the retina
there could be solutions
different we try to be a bit
imaginative, for example, we must see
like other general organisms do
your own organs for example if you
take many fish one of these fish
the zebra fish of the zebra laboratory
fixed or the salamanders and you can
cut large portions of their body
the tail fins do damage to the
retina do damage a heart and these
they generate spontaneously
this is a very pet
interesting is called psol 8 because a
name a Mayan name because this animal
lives on the extinct volcanoes at 4000 meters of the
Mexico of Nicaragua a historical animal
blocked in the larval state you can
take it cut one of his paw
this paw in the space of 40 days
it regresses that spontaneously it grows mari
spontaneously in a complete manner
it grows as anatomy as bones like
nerves like muscles like size in the
powerful to cut it only once for
let it grow again you can cut it a hundred
times a hundred times this zamp there
it will grow back these animals have inside
a biological program that allows a
they do what we mammals do
we only know how to do it once in a lifetime
during our embryonic development
we know how to do
fourth but we do not know how to do it once
that this has been cut
how do they regenerate these animals
they do not do it with stem cells
put from outside but they do it because
they have genes that enable them to
we did it a few years ago, but we said
let’s go look for these genes we go to
look for which are the genes that
they could regenerate for example
the heart of a man of a mammal e
we thought these genes must
being unconventional genes then
our genetic heritage contains
about 20,000 pieces of information
so what we call genes for
make about 20,000 proteins and this is it
what makes them classical genetics
he has been teaching us for about ten years
we know that in addition to these 20 thousand genes
there are at least two thousand classics and
they contain the information they must do
of proteins but to make small ones
small regulators means that
they are really much smaller 21 22
bricks form them and are called
micro rna then we are asked but not
it will be that within these two thousand
micro rna there are some who succeed
to restart the proliferation
of the cells of the heart therefore we have
done this
this research with a screening
robotized and eventually found them
someone who is actually able
to make the cells of the heart proliferate
in the laboratory and not just in degree
to proliferate the cells of the
laboratory cells with the
laboratory but once put in the heart
it also proliferates this in the heart
it was a new discovery because in
some way gives us the chance
to think differently then
think of a patient with heart failure
myocardium what happens of this
patient who if lucky to live there
our society is brought
quickly to the hospital and if you go in
coronary unit within three four
hours from the moment of infarction to the first
the cardiologist gets better here
enters with a catheter in its artery
coronary for a balloon and restores
the patency of the coronary arteries
removes the obstruction but all that
he died in these two three four hours
it is something that is destined not to
to regrow not to reform but to be
replaced by a scar
imagine now you have this same
patient who
when he is diagnosed with heart attack
he is injected after a few days
from the moment he had reopened by
tele krona rya one of these micro rna
that stimulate his heart cells a
grow to make a salamander effect
that is to multiply coke his
scar instead of forming will be
replaced by the new contractile fabric
that will be able in some way
accompany it in a better life
all very nice to do it on the doodles
however, it is more difficult to do it in vivo
in fact this thing works in the
small animals for example if you do
an infarct to a mouse to the injected
one of these micro nars instead is more e
form of the great scars on the
heart come to form some
very small scars because the rest
of the heart tissue was
replaced by the new fabric
contractile the new the heart of the mouse
the heart is something so small
of man is much bigger and
difficult to pass by experimentation
on the mouse the experimentation on man
it takes an animal model that is
closer to man this model of
animal in cardiovascular diseases e
basically represented by the pig
that’s when I show gods
results that are very much for us
exciters obtained with a technology
that allows you to see the heart like
it works voice mailings of the films which
they give an idea of the contraction
cardiac in vivo obtained in pisa la
sant’anna school with resonance
Nuclear magnetic I was above is a
heart infarcted the circle that with
much difficulty you see the contract is contracted
left ventricle but is a triple
left one month after the heart attack is already
very dilated see the wall and a lot
very subtle and very self kinetic you
it moves pretty bad enough and
so this underneath is instead a pig
which was injected immediately after a
myocardial similar good that a micro rna
I value you in cardiac regeneration
intuitively without being cardiologists
you can immediately see that this
ventricle remains smaller there is not
dilation of the heart there is no bet
cardiac with the wall is thicker and the
contraction is more effective
we will manage to bring this thing to you
clinical well obviously our dream
of researchers and doctors there are
still many obstacles also between the
pig human experimentation but pian
plan we are trying to recover them
but the thing that I like about this
type of research and which mark on
new we have spent ten years a
torment us with the use of cells
stems between scandals in the opinion
public and failures in the community
scientific
here then is this kind of approach
and an approach that I like to call it
regeneration from the inside we do not put
more nothing from the outside we try to
use genes the function of genes
to spontaneously restart the
heart machine in our case
be jammed but I’m sure
this type of approach can be
also used to regenerate the
general pancreas the eye regenerate
the other organs and maybe if we are
lucky even to regenerate the nerves e
the brain and with this finished and there
thank you very much for the swimmer
[Applause]
”
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