surname fucker discovered some rats
that unlike this one you see here
it did not weigh between 200 and 300 grams weighed
around 800 900 grams
it was a rat with a morbid obesity
in later years and thanks to all
a series of investigations
determined that those rats had that
over weight
simply because they had a mutation
in a gene a gene that encodes something very
important the hormone that satisfies us that
hormone is called leptin and when not
it works correctly we did not make
we eat we eat we eat and we get fat
an exaggerated form
that’s what happened to those rats
we have proven in humans there is the
same mutation and when it appears
it also results in super individuals
obese unless unless they follow a
proper diet a certain treatment
therapeutic and a lifestyle
healthy
this is a good example as after
understand the genetic basis of a
problem can be given a solution
food is an example of how
food and genetics go together
but actually food and
genetic much more units than what
can you imagine
you know that everything we eat is
an animal is a vegetable or is a substrate
animal or vegetable fermented by
microorganisms by bacteria like the
yogurt that a tomato has an aroma
determined or that in an animal there is
in his more or less fat paw goes to
depend fundamentally on your genes and
of how we feed it in the field as
Let’s grow that tomato in the field
as well
but wine could be a good example
again of how food and
genetics go together you know that the
wines has a series of components
important can have better color
can have better aroma or better body
at the end of which you rely for that
depend on the genes of the
grape area which has been done is
came and with the yeast genes that
I have fermented it and of course with the
winery and how he has worked but the
will be the origin of the entire fund
genes in that for example in the genome of
that grape and genes that code
anthocyanins that give a red color or genes
that encode terpenes that do not give a
fruity aroma and that those genes of the
yeast are able to produce some
enzymes that release those components and
do not think that that is left alone
A) Yes
you know there are hunters who have a
special power to detect the aroma of
the wines in many cases these
collectors although they do not know they have
trained very well but they have a background
important genetic and have been made
studies that show that some
wine tasters have mutations by
example in genes that encode the
olfactory receptors and that’s why they’re so
sensitive to the aroma of all this
will reduce six it is important to know
the genes and the total genes that is
the genome of an individual to do that
what we do is read the genes
genes are constituted by a
molecule that is called adn and if
you remember from the school this molecule
they have only 44 letters four
components adelina cytosine guarín and
thymine and we would have it like acg
vote that we have brown eyes or
have a predisposition to lose the
hair as is my case is written in
our genes
It is therefore important to know the reading and
know how to read the genes we call it
sequence when we sequence the genome
of an individual and showed their genes
we can find errors and those errors
are the mutations
what happens is that this genes ehlers not
it’s easy they started to be able to read
the seventies where a
American laboratory and laboratory
English developed the first
techniques that were very expensive and that
they got that they will start
sequence genes and that was pretty
well but it cost a lot until in a
particular moment I ‘m talking about
does nothing of the year
min 1 was able to sequence something
incredible for all the genes of
genome of a human individual
in mid-2001 both a group
American public to the consortium for
sequencing of the human genome like
a private company celera genomics
they published with a day of difference to
the first two genome drafts
human were able with those techniques
primitives that I told you to sequence
our entire genome and they discovered that
humans are 24 thousand genes
interacting with our environment
environment of those interaction genes comes out
as it used to say the color of our
eyes or it comes out that we have a
predisposition to bald or out
for example that we have nothing is possible
predisposition to develop cancer
of colon or a breast cancer and these
latest applications these applications
with medicines were those that gave
place to the need for sequence of
first human genome we sequence more and
if possible if we coincide thousands and
thousands and thousands and if possible sequence
of the genomes of all humans
because it’s going to be a tool that
will allow to predict diseases already to
attack them with time
that was not easy, we had to start
develop it is speaking the
last 15 years of a series of
machines that we call platform
massive sequencing that allow
sequence the genomes much more
fast and much cheaper because
you know, sequencing is the first genome
human
It cost a lot to cost the work of 3,000
scientists from those two institutions
that I told you about for ten years and the
It was cost 3 billion
nowadays the companies where we manage
the public laboratories are
genomic sequencing platforms
massive
we are able to sequence a genome
human in only three weeks for about
6,000 euros and can be a technician
of fp
only 15 years have passed is a
revolution we think many
citizens are not aware and the
promises that in just two or three years
more we will be able to sequence
a human genome with new technologies
in about ten minutes and for about 200
Dollars
this will make the whole world sequence
its genome
and that can have a positive part
but also a negative part
imagine that the insurance companies
probably tell us before we have
a life insurance go sequence your
genome and see it I will tell you how much I
you have to pay
but let’s go back to what we were
speaking before how this impacts
our life when sequenced genomes
humans and to date of today sequenced
thousands of them we have seen that there is no
two playable genomes
there is something much more interesting too
we have sequenced the genomes of everything
that we eat and in these moments the
food technologists
we have a lot of molecular data
as we do not ask or think where they should
of being written all the
physical and chemical characteristics
organoleptic and nutritional
that we eat and there is still more
these techniques can be applied to
look for bacteria this is something that to me
I’m very interested in the microbiologist
origin and before to see in a
determined sample how many bacteria
there was no choice but that or
they look at the microscope or sow in a
plate and expect it to grow and but I was
gave a very poor idea of what was
just 10%
nowadays using the techniques of
Massive genomic sequencing
we have seen that everywhere there is
thousands and thousands of microorganisms
we have done a job with classmates
from valencia university we have seen
that solar panels
look at the solar panels that
it seems to be an inhospitable place where
do not go see anything with the panels
of the valencia university and
More than 500 bacterial species
different and if we look inside of
our body
that maxim of medicine that
said a healthy person can not have
bacteria inside your body because if
does not have an infection is a lie in a
healthy guy like you in your
lungs there are more than 600 species
different bacteria in your skin
more than a thousand in the vagina a healthy woman
more than two hundred and where there is more
it is in our digestive tract where there is
more than a thousand bacterial species
different and this has to do again
with food because the role of
all those bacteria in the tract
digestive is to digest what we eat and if
there is not a good component of those
bad bacteria is going to go
why do not you understand better if you weigh 70
kilos
two of your 70 kilos are not
you are the bacteria that live
within your body and what we have
seen and it’s fascinating is that there are not two
more digestive microbe same in
our laboratory to date of today
We have sequenced more than 35,000
microbiomes we have not found two
individuals with the same microbiomes
how it happened with the genes
there is an individualization of our
genome and our microbiome that is
as we call this set of
microorganisms and what is more
fascinating we have found that by
example people who have celiac disease have
changes in those microbiomes if they appear
ups and downs of certain
species or people who have diabetes or
people who are obese and most
interesting of all is that with the
adequate nutrition intervention
for example in the case of the obese
following a hypocaloric regime in
little time can recover the weight
normal and that coupled with a rebalancing of
those changes in the microbe there is something
more interesting and is that we have
found that there are changes in the
digestive microbiome that has to do
with a behavior for example
appear changes in autistic appear
changes in people who have episodes of
stress or even changes appear in
people who have headaches and that brings us
to investigate to look for microorganisms
solutions that reverse those changes and
in that we actively work my
laboratory you can think of a diet
with certain probiotics sos
cuétara has lived bacteria
Lactobacilli or certain prebiotics
that reverses in that situation and kurt in
the problem and all this brings us to what
what we call personalized nutrition the
personalized nutrition is nothing more than
understand what genes there is a certain
individual and what microorganisms for
packaging or designing you nobody is at
letter I speak not science fiction anymore
is in the market
in the united states there are many companies
that offer the possibility of online
of sequencing your genome or sequencing
your microbiome and based on that and with a
nutritional questionnaire
a diet guideline and do not think that
except that you are not interested in the company
a company as a change the
that you know is the biggest leader in the
world in soups sales has invested 32
million dollars six months ago in
one of these companies that sequence
genomes on the internet and even a
company like Nestlé has created a
research center on the outskirts
of the suns just to study the
relationship between genomics feeding
Alzheimer’s cancer comes to us all
authentic revolution in the next
years will be based on this nutritious
a personalized and that will change
radically for example the profile of
technicians who work in companies
food
we will need in the companies
food experts who understand
bioinformatics experts who understand
of big data even companies
will have to do very
probably alliances in benthos with
google internet world companies
has invested in one of these companies
of massive genomic sequencing or ibm
is active at this time in
develop computer programs
for the massive sequencing we were
awaits a revealing future in the
last years of work in the group in
the one who worked
we have spent time trying
understand how the microbiome is and how
is the genome of for example males that
they have infertility problems and we have
found a treatment with some
certain bacteria can increase
the human sperm emotion or
we have seen in collaboration with the
Valencian Infertility Institute
like the digestive microbiome of a
pregnant woman varies throughout the
pregnancy and the last three months without
an absolutely aberrant microbe
similar to a patient with type 2 diabetes
but it is the one that has to have because
those bacteria are able to extract the
maximum energy of what you eat
are the months in which the most grows
fetus or then the child is born and we have
developed probiotics that are
able to inhibit the replication of
gastrointestinal virus or reverse
episodes of dermatitis that are very
frequent in newly-born children
if there are any doubt, a future
hopeful for nutrition
personalized and feeding
thank you very much
[Applause]
”
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