person and how to empty it like stealing it
identity and before coming high dex
we already knew lecce for example
looking at salvator he gave birth in his painting
the drawers of memory
but where are these drawers of the
memory and they are really drawers
really put episodes of the
our life and memory a bit like storing
some sweaters or socks in one
we leave with a lot of drawers
right from the beginning when the form is formed
our individual identity
at the beginning we are a tube pipe
neural that has various zones seen in
section and the first event that happens to us
after about four weeks from
conception in technical terms yes
call eva jin action
means that of the front of the
neural tube are estrofletted come in
out those that are the beginnings of the two
cerebral hemispheres then the embryo
continues to develop during the
weeks this front of the
neural tube the two mysteries come to
grow disproportionately of
more until in the adult
seen in a similar section of course
on a different scale we have that much
of our brain has become that
that we call cerebral cortex yes
it’s a part that comes from a certain to
portion of the neural tube essentially
it’s all a system that has to do
with the memory, however, inside this
memory system that occupies the large
part of our nervous system
there is a particular piece
it is the piece that develops starting from
from the red section of our tube
neural is what in the individual
adult becomes the hippocampus
now how we have become
in essence of the machines for the
memory
then to understand it we start even more
back
let’s start from the creation of all of them
the expenses created by the powerful ci
we can ask how it is among all
these species from all these species
we came out we have not been one
random process from einstein we know
that the almighty does not play dice
but they were essentially two others
games
one is the game of the three cards and when
between the three classes of advanced vertebrates
reptiles and mammals and birds
the almighty chose the mammals and
then at a later stage millions of
years after
among all the species of mammals it is
differentiated the human species with
main features of the system
nervous and ability of the mind
then we can portray these two
processes in a very way
simplified schematic in this
diagram where I put the structure in
one dimension the function in the other is
the first thing that happens is that i
mammals in red are distinguished from
nets and birds in blue and green and
here the time goes upwards but then
if we continue and try to understand
clerks differentiate the various species
of names wounded it is as if the tree is
fold and time now
good to the right because this is
we understand going to look inside the
brain these are sections in the
brain of six different species of
mammals what in which there
we recognize that by far the most
similar to us is the pig in the middle in
low there seem different because
they change aspects in reality
superficial there are some brains that
they have many more convolutions and
furrows and others that are smoother
but their internal structure is their own
the organization of neural circuits in
detail of the memory is the same
in all mammals and we see this
comparing with a section of instead
a reptile’s brain a lizard
now you see the attention on this
portion of the inner cortex of the
lizard a cell layer like
black dots in mammals here is one
section of a of a brain of
platypus this simple layer of
cells becomes one more thing
complex there are like these two c that
they do the one with the other seems to be the
gucci logo
this is the hippocampus of a platypus
which essentially has the same
of the hippocampus of a rat or a cat
or of a man
we all have the same hippocampus and le
different from that of the reptiles of the
birds another part of the bark
the backbone part in the search for new ones
a simple and layer of cells in one
mammal such as in a china
it becomes a multi-layered multi-layered system
so both the hippocampus and the cortex
brain are different in mammals
compared to what they were neither reptiles
and they are also different from birds
it is as if the differentiation of the
mammals of bird income
it was a differentiation a leap of
in the structure of the nervous system there is
a new structure like a new one
microchip instead the function does not change
with such a dramatic leap changes
continuously this is the transition
towards the mammals
when then the various are differentiated
species of mammals and we have the various
brains of mammals
we have an opposite situation we have
brains that vary in size
as you can see the one higher up and
human brain , however, the structure
internal is always the same even if there
they are obvious functional differences
there is a functional jump at least between the
humans and other species of mammals
then if the structure is the same
we can try to understand how the
memory works based on this
structure we can try to understand
going forward on the road that was
opened by brenda milner 60 years ago
studying brain-injured patients
in particular the most famous patient
we will be the son was that sir for
be cured of an epilepsy
particularly intractable suffered
in those years a lobotomy was used
see that in the diagram on the left is
the brain of ecm rim all action later
the lobotomy lacks a whole piece that is
the temporal lobe includes the hippocampus
he remained a jovial person
smiling smart as it was before
to undergo this lobotomy, however, is
became a messenger completely
memory lost the ability to
remember the things that happened in the
everyday life has maintained
some of the memories
after maybe I’ll hear about one
another case different but similar to this
has kept some memories of the years
remote from his childhood but has had
complete amnesia of the episodes e
of the things that happened to me in the
years from the injury and up to what it has
lived who died recently,
fact that the structure of the system
nervous that deals with memory
the hippocampus is also the rest of the
cerebral cortex are have the
same organization in man and in the
other species of mammals allows
go ahead on the road traced by
brenda milner moving on species
in which it is possible and easy to go
inside the brain and inside the hippocampus
the structure in pink in a rodent in the
diagram below and inside we see
that internal structure with this
double c and colored in particular is
this region that is so particular
the toothed circle of which I have no time of
tell you about the features
surprising
but I can tell you in a slide what
they make these cells of the tour attempted it
we know
from the studies of John o’keefe he had
the nobel prize in 2014 and that has
studied what neurons do
in the hippocampus of a fact when the
rat simply walks
in the environment and what he saw is
that there are neurons that represent
each one position in the environment the
neuron is activated when the rat passes
through a specific position
environment
this position, however, is not not
been assigned to that neuron by the
genetic code as we heard
before or
it does not come from the da due euron e
inside the circuit is an assignment
random is as if to each neurons
of the hippocampus was assigned one
part to represent what is
happening to the animal the neuron like
an actor and he tells you now you take care
to represent this these neurons
of the hippocampus must represent the
fact that the animal at that time of
time is in a certain position
which is different from a neuron to a neuron
now this hippocampus ability
to distribute its neurons like
actors to stage something that
It is happening to the animal is the base
of the role of the hippocampus in memory
memories are formed in the hippocampus
because in the bark you do not
they could deposit so quickly
experiences as we experience them
then they are assigned to each
experience a representation one
kind of drama that is played in
hippocampus from actors the neurons that yes
lend to this and then that
represent
to the bark to all the other areas
of the bark many and many times up
to which the memory is consolidated in the
bark those memories that is worth the
vs worth it worth
to represent because the individual
he wants to remember this image
that comes out of this
from these studies it is that of a memory
in the cortex that is not a simple one
golfino placed in a drawer is a
something dynamic of iridescent
like the camembert the clocks of the
persistence of the memories of salvador
gave birth to memory is something that
we get every day enjoying it
show that gives us ours
hippocampus thanks
[Music]
[Applause]
”
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