[Music] so good evening everybody today I’m
so good evening everybody today I’m
so good evening everybody today I’m going to be talking about something
going to be talking about something
going to be talking about something which is usually taken in interest by
which is usually taken in interest by
which is usually taken in interest by almost everyone it is about the search
almost everyone it is about the search
almost everyone it is about the search for life beyond Earth want to start off
for life beyond Earth want to start off
for life beyond Earth want to start off I want to ask you a question did any one
I want to ask you a question did any one
I want to ask you a question did any one of you here ever wonder why are people
of you here ever wonder why are people
of you here ever wonder why are people so curious why do we have this great
so curious why do we have this great
so curious why do we have this great desire to learn to know new things
desire to learn to know new things
desire to learn to know new things around us every day while curiosity may
around us every day while curiosity may
around us every day while curiosity may be the driving force behind mankind’s
be the driving force behind mankind’s
be the driving force behind mankind’s never-ending quest for knowledge and
never-ending quest for knowledge and
never-ending quest for knowledge and over the history of mankind we have been
over the history of mankind we have been
over the history of mankind we have been making lots and lots of discoveries
making lots and lots of discoveries
making lots and lots of discoveries understanding the world around us better
understanding the world around us better
understanding the world around us better every day whether it be inventing the
every day whether it be inventing the
every day whether it be inventing the alphabet or Christopher Columbus
alphabet or Christopher Columbus
alphabet or Christopher Columbus discovering America curiosity revolves
discovering America curiosity revolves
discovering America curiosity revolves around us our desire to learn as helped
around us our desire to learn as helped
around us our desire to learn as helped us push our boundaries to look for
us push our boundaries to look for
us push our boundaries to look for things that we don’t normally expect to
things that we don’t normally expect to
things that we don’t normally expect to see to discover amazing things
see to discover amazing things
see to discover amazing things surprising things and this has led to us
surprising things and this has led to us
surprising things and this has led to us knowing so much more about our planet
knowing so much more about our planet
knowing so much more about our planet and our space and the and our place in
and our space and the and our place in
and our space and the and our place in the universe it is also led to us
the universe it is also led to us
the universe it is also led to us thinking about life beyond Earth and
thinking about life beyond Earth and
thinking about life beyond Earth and whether or not life could exist beyond
whether or not life could exist beyond
whether or not life could exist beyond Earth or not so far we are able to
Earth or not so far we are able to
Earth or not so far we are able to explore the laws of physics and
explore the laws of physics and
explore the laws of physics and chemistry beyond Earth but biology is
chemistry beyond Earth but biology is
chemistry beyond Earth but biology is something that we are limited to that’s
something that we are limited to that’s
something that we are limited to that’s because there is no hard evidence of
because there is no hard evidence of
because there is no hard evidence of life beyond Earth till date so it’s
life beyond Earth till date so it’s
life beyond Earth till date so it’s quite hard to speculate what life might
quite hard to speculate what life might
quite hard to speculate what life might look like on other worlds and whether
look like on other worlds and whether
look like on other worlds and whether the basic understanding of what life of
the basic understanding of what life of
the basic understanding of what life of the basic understanding of how life
the basic understanding of how life
the basic understanding of how life forms on Earth is similar to that on
forms on Earth is similar to that on
forms on Earth is similar to that on other worlds or not so let’s make a
other worlds or not so let’s make a
other worlds or not so let’s make a comparison here it is said that there
comparison here it is said that there
comparison here it is said that there are more stars than all the grains of
are more stars than all the grains of
are more stars than all the grains of sand in Earth’s beaches beaches deserts
sand in Earth’s beaches beaches deserts
sand in Earth’s beaches beaches deserts and oceans combined now if you just give
and oceans combined now if you just give
and oceans combined now if you just give all those grains of sand or a certain
all those grains of sand or a certain
all those grains of sand or a certain number it’s going to be huge well
number it’s going to be huge well
number it’s going to be huge well approximately there are around seven
approximately there are around seven
approximately there are around seven quintillion grains of sand which is 7
quintillion grains of sand which is 7
quintillion grains of sand which is 7 followed by 18 zeroes now that is a huge
followed by 18 zeroes now that is a huge
followed by 18 zeroes now that is a huge number
number
number imagine there being more stars than that
imagine there being more stars than that
imagine there being more stars than that well that is basically that that just
well that is basically that that just
well that is basically that that just blew many stars into many planets for
blew many stars into many planets for
blew many stars into many planets for life not to exist life has to exist
life not to exist life has to exist
life not to exist life has to exist somewhere out there in space so the
somewhere out there in space so the
somewhere out there in space so the question is where should we look for
question is where should we look for
question is where should we look for life well the most common thing that
life well the most common thing that
life well the most common thing that researchers are looking for is the
researchers are looking for is the
researchers are looking for is the presence of liquid water and a planet
presence of liquid water and a planet
presence of liquid water and a planet surface
surface
surface water is the source of life and
water is the source of life and
water is the source of life and everywhere we have looked on earth
everywhere we have looked on earth
everywhere we have looked on earth whether it be ice-covered lakes or dry
whether it be ice-covered lakes or dry
whether it be ice-covered lakes or dry deserts if there is water there is life
deserts if there is water there is life
deserts if there is water there is life and that is what we are looking for in
and that is what we are looking for in
and that is what we are looking for in fact we are so dependent on water that
fact we are so dependent on water that
fact we are so dependent on water that we wouldn’t be able to lift three days
we wouldn’t be able to lift three days
we wouldn’t be able to lift three days without water so these are a set of
without water so these are a set of
without water so these are a set of graphs by famous planetary scientist dr.
graphs by famous planetary scientist dr.
graphs by famous planetary scientist dr. Sean Goldman and I’ve tweaked it in a
Sean Goldman and I’ve tweaked it in a
Sean Goldman and I’ve tweaked it in a way to make it more interesting and it
way to make it more interesting and it
way to make it more interesting and it will basically help us to understand
will basically help us to understand
will basically help us to understand what type of planets are we looking for
what type of planets are we looking for
what type of planets are we looking for out there so as you go up the size of
out there so as you go up the size of
out there so as you go up the size of the planets increases and as you move
the planets increases and as you move
the planets increases and as you move towards the right the distance from its
towards the right the distance from its
towards the right the distance from its star increases so these are some of the
star increases so these are some of the
star increases so these are some of the planets in our solar system so when we
planets in our solar system so when we
planets in our solar system so when we are looking for planets we are usually
are looking for planets we are usually
are looking for planets we are usually looking for those planets that are not
looking for those planets that are not
looking for those planets that are not too far away not too close from the Sun
too far away not too close from the Sun
too far away not too close from the Sun that so they’re just right distances so
that so they’re just right distances so
that so they’re just right distances so that they can hold liquid water and well
that they can hold liquid water and well
that they can hold liquid water and well if a planet is just too close to the Sun
if a planet is just too close to the Sun
if a planet is just too close to the Sun when all the liquid water would
when all the liquid water would
when all the liquid water would eventually evaporate and it would just
eventually evaporate and it would just
eventually evaporate and it would just become too hot for life to exist so
become too hot for life to exist so
become too hot for life to exist so that’s a boundary we have there now a
that’s a boundary we have there now a
that’s a boundary we have there now a planet cannot be too far away from the
planet cannot be too far away from the
planet cannot be too far away from the Sun also because all that liquid water
Sun also because all that liquid water
Sun also because all that liquid water would eventually turn into hard ice
would eventually turn into hard ice
would eventually turn into hard ice which would make it life which would
which would make it life which would
which would make it life which would make life hard to exist again so that is
make life hard to exist again so that is
make life hard to exist again so that is another boundary now all that liquid so
another boundary now all that liquid so
another boundary now all that liquid so a planet cannot be too big again
a planet cannot be too big again
a planet cannot be too big again that’s because if it is then all there
that’s because if it is then all there
that’s because if it is then all there just be too many gases out there in the
just be too many gases out there in the
just be too many gases out there in the atmosphere and with so many gases it
atmosphere and with so many gases it
atmosphere and with so many gases it would just become too dense for a liquid
would just become too dense for a liquid
would just become too dense for a liquid water to exist and that’s another
water to exist and that’s another
water to exist and that’s another boundary and a planet cannot be too
boundary and a planet cannot be too
boundary and a planet cannot be too small that’s because if it is then it
small that’s because if it is then it
small that’s because if it is then it would eventually lose it as with
would eventually lose it as with
would eventually lose it as with atmosphere just like our very moon and
atmosphere just like our very moon and
atmosphere just like our very moon and it would be not possible for a good
it would be not possible for a good
it would be not possible for a good water to stay again so that is another
water to stay again so that is another
water to stay again so that is another wall well these four walls these poor
wall well these four walls these poor
wall well these four walls these poor boundaries create a box inside which is
boundaries create a box inside which is
boundaries create a box inside which is our happy zone or we can say the
our happy zone or we can say the
our happy zone or we can say the habitable zone and these are unplanned
habitable zone and these are unplanned
habitable zone and these are unplanned it’s inside this habitable zone or
it’s inside this habitable zone or
it’s inside this habitable zone or basically those planets which can
basically those planets which can
basically those planets which can support life or probably have liquid
support life or probably have liquid
support life or probably have liquid water existence and as you can see that
water existence and as you can see that
water existence and as you can see that Mars actually falls in this habitable
Mars actually falls in this habitable
Mars actually falls in this habitable zone so let’s have a look at our
zone so let’s have a look at our
zone so let’s have a look at our neighboring planet Mars so Mars is a
neighboring planet Mars so Mars is a
neighboring planet Mars so Mars is a rocky planet about half the size of
rocky planet about half the size of
rocky planet about half the size of Earth it has an atmosphere and falls in
Earth it has an atmosphere and falls in
Earth it has an atmosphere and falls in the habitable zone well everything all
the habitable zone well everything all
the habitable zone well everything all good right but the good thing well the
good right but the good thing well the
good right but the good thing well the disadvantage is that it’s a solute its
disadvantage is that it’s a solute its
disadvantage is that it’s a solute its atmosphere is about 95 percent carbon
atmosphere is about 95 percent carbon
atmosphere is about 95 percent carbon dioxide and temperatures range from 20
dioxide and temperatures range from 20
dioxide and temperatures range from 20 degrees Celsius on summer
degrees Celsius on summer
degrees Celsius on summer to negative 195 degrees Celsius on
to negative 195 degrees Celsius on
to negative 195 degrees Celsius on winter so you can see the difference
winter so you can see the difference
winter so you can see the difference quite a lot well average temperature on
quite a lot well average temperature on
quite a lot well average temperature on earth is about 14 degrees Celsius and in
earth is about 14 degrees Celsius and in
earth is about 14 degrees Celsius and in Bangkok it’s like 27 degrees Celsius so
Bangkok it’s like 27 degrees Celsius so
Bangkok it’s like 27 degrees Celsius so the difference is quite a lot and with
the difference is quite a lot and with
the difference is quite a lot and with such low temperatures it is possible
such low temperatures it is possible
such low temperatures it is possible that life may not be able to exist and
that life may not be able to exist and
that life may not be able to exist and maybe the Mars isn’t the best place to
maybe the Mars isn’t the best place to
maybe the Mars isn’t the best place to look for life but out of all the planets
look for life but out of all the planets
look for life but out of all the planets in our solar system Mars seems to be the
in our solar system Mars seems to be the
in our solar system Mars seems to be the most possible one most promising one
most possible one most promising one
most possible one most promising one which is why there’s so much research
which is why there’s so much research
which is why there’s so much research and discovery into exploring moss so
and discovery into exploring moss so
and discovery into exploring moss so this is a rover that was sent to Mars on
this is a rover that was sent to Mars on
this is a rover that was sent to Mars on 2003 and it landed on 2004 and ha and
2003 and it landed on 2004 and ha and
2003 and it landed on 2004 and ha and explored Mars for quite a long time and
explored Mars for quite a long time and
explored Mars for quite a long time and helped return a lot of data back to
helped return a lot of data back to
helped return a lot of data back to earth about Martian surface and
earth about Martian surface and
earth about Martian surface and chemicals NASA’s Spirit rover and this
chemicals NASA’s Spirit rover and this
chemicals NASA’s Spirit rover and this is another Rover that was sent to Mars
is another Rover that was sent to Mars
is another Rover that was sent to Mars NASA’s Curiosity rover which was sent to
NASA’s Curiosity rover which was sent to
NASA’s Curiosity rover which was sent to Mars in 2011 had landed on 2012 and has
Mars in 2011 had landed on 2012 and has
Mars in 2011 had landed on 2012 and has been operating till now and this was a
been operating till now and this was a
been operating till now and this was a really successful mission because it
really successful mission because it
really successful mission because it helped to discover that water did exist
helped to discover that water did exist
helped to discover that water did exist on Mars millions of years ago and it
on Mars millions of years ago and it
on Mars millions of years ago and it could have supported microbial life well
could have supported microbial life well
could have supported microbial life well recently NASA defined water on Mars
recently NASA defined water on Mars
recently NASA defined water on Mars which is a quite exciting discovery
which is a quite exciting discovery
which is a quite exciting discovery knowing that water is the source of all
knowing that water is the source of all
knowing that water is the source of all life and a planet holding it just
life and a planet holding it just
life and a planet holding it just happens to be nearby
happens to be nearby
happens to be nearby and although the quantity of water is
and although the quantity of water is
and although the quantity of water is quite less and seasonal it’s surprising
quite less and seasonal it’s surprising
quite less and seasonal it’s surprising that water does exist in such low
that water does exist in such low
that water does exist in such low temperatures so here’s an artist’s
temperatures so here’s an artist’s
temperatures so here’s an artist’s conception of what Mars looked look like
conception of what Mars looked look like
conception of what Mars looked look like now that’s the image to the left and
now that’s the image to the left and
now that’s the image to the left and what it could have looked like millions
what it could have looked like millions
what it could have looked like millions of years ago so did anyone see the news
of years ago so did anyone see the news
of years ago so did anyone see the news recently NASA Spitzer Space Telescope
recently NASA Spitzer Space Telescope
recently NASA Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the first known personal system
revealed the first known personal system
revealed the first known personal system of 7 earth sized planets orbiting around
of 7 earth sized planets orbiting around
of 7 earth sized planets orbiting around a single star just the Trappist one and
a single star just the Trappist one and
a single star just the Trappist one and this is like a record-breaking discovery
this is like a record-breaking discovery
this is like a record-breaking discovery of more the most number of stars the
of more the most number of stars the
of more the most number of stars the most number of planets discovered
most number of planets discovered
most number of planets discovered orbiting around a single star and all of
orbiting around a single star and all of
orbiting around a single star and all of these planets could have liquid water
these planets could have liquid water
these planets could have liquid water but the chances are highest between
but the chances are highest between
but the chances are highest between planet EF and G that’s because they are
planet EF and G that’s because they are
planet EF and G that’s because they are in the most right distances from the Sun
in the most right distances from the Sun
in the most right distances from the Sun so well imagine that you were actually
so well imagine that you were actually
so well imagine that you were actually standing in one of those planets now
standing in one of those planets now
standing in one of those planets now what you would actually see is a large
what you would actually see is a large
what you would actually see is a large star in front of you now this star is
star in front of you now this star is
star in front of you now this star is quite small but I’ll come back to that
quite small but I’ll come back to that
quite small but I’ll come back to that and you would if you actually looked up
and you would if you actually looked up
and you would if you actually looked up to the night sky you would see other
to the night sky you would see other
to the night sky you would see other planets and these neighboring planets
planets and these neighboring planets
planets and these neighboring planets would be so close to Earth that if you
would be so close to Earth that if you
would be so close to Earth that if you were so close to that planet that if you
were so close to that planet that if you
were so close to that planet that if you were actually um if the humans actually
were actually um if the humans actually
were actually um if the humans actually live there then we would already be a
live there then we would already be a
live there then we would already be a multiplanetary species with our current
multiplanetary species with our current
multiplanetary species with our current technology and behind that poster which
technology and behind that poster which
technology and behind that poster which says planet hop from trap is one which
says planet hop from trap is one which
says planet hop from trap is one which is that’s that’s because the planets are
is that’s that’s because the planets are
is that’s that’s because the planets are so close to each other and behind that
so close to each other and behind that
so close to each other and behind that poster is an artist’s conception of what
poster is an artist’s conception of what
poster is an artist’s conception of what it might look like from that planet and
it might look like from that planet and
it might look like from that planet and what the star looks quite big but if we
what the star looks quite big but if we
what the star looks quite big but if we take in to scale then the star is
take in to scale then the star is
take in to scale then the star is actually not quite big well above you
actually not quite big well above you
actually not quite big well above you see our planet our star son and below
see our planet our star son and below
see our planet our star son and below that is trap this one to Jupiter so trap
that is trap this one to Jupiter so trap
that is trap this one to Jupiter so trap is one is just a little bit bigger than
is one is just a little bit bigger than
is one is just a little bit bigger than Jupiter well this is about planets and
Jupiter well this is about planets and
Jupiter well this is about planets and some of the planets we have discovered
some of the planets we have discovered
some of the planets we have discovered and we are looking at but what if we
and we are looking at but what if we
and we are looking at but what if we want to explore those planets in much
want to explore those planets in much
want to explore those planets in much greater precision and detail well at
greater precision and detail well at
greater precision and detail well at least for Mars let me introduce you to
least for Mars let me introduce you to
least for Mars let me introduce you to this man his name is Elon Musk the owner
this man his name is Elon Musk the owner
this man his name is Elon Musk the owner of SpaceX Tesla and SolarCity and some
of SpaceX Tesla and SolarCity and some
of SpaceX Tesla and SolarCity and some other small adventures like you are
other small adventures like you are
other small adventures like you are linked Hyperloop etc so he really aims
linked Hyperloop etc so he really aims
linked Hyperloop etc so he really aims to send humans to Mars and make humans a
to send humans to Mars and make humans a
to send humans to Mars and make humans a multiplanetary species and by setting up
multiplanetary species and by setting up
multiplanetary species and by setting up a self-sustaining civilization on Mars
a self-sustaining civilization on Mars
a self-sustaining civilization on Mars now how cool is that
now how cool is that
now how cool is that well he plans to do this by the year
well he plans to do this by the year
well he plans to do this by the year 2025 which is quite a lot before NASA’s
2025 which is quite a lot before NASA’s
2025 which is quite a lot before NASA’s in which is at the early 2030s so you
in which is at the early 2030s so you
in which is at the early 2030s so you can see the difference that but looking
can see the difference that but looking
can see the difference that but looking at his previous achievements we can see
at his previous achievements we can see
at his previous achievements we can see that he might actually achieve his goal
that he might actually achieve his goal
that he might actually achieve his goal because in seven years he received lots
because in seven years he received lots
because in seven years he received lots of contracts from NASA to deliver cargo
of contracts from NASA to deliver cargo
of contracts from NASA to deliver cargo to the International Space Station and
to the International Space Station and
to the International Space Station and that is quite interesting so the main
that is quite interesting so the main
that is quite interesting so the main way he’s trying to do this is by reusing
way he’s trying to do this is by reusing
way he’s trying to do this is by reusing his resources what he’s trying to do is
his resources what he’s trying to do is
his resources what he’s trying to do is actually young reuse rockets that are
actually young reuse rockets that are
actually young reuse rockets that are actually sent to space he proposed this
actually sent to space he proposed this
actually sent to space he proposed this idea of reusing rockets and recently
idea of reusing rockets and recently
idea of reusing rockets and recently implemented in it in one of his rockets
implemented in it in one of his rockets
implemented in it in one of his rockets called Falcon 9 which recently delivered
called Falcon 9 which recently delivered
called Falcon 9 which recently delivered cargo to the International Space Station
cargo to the International Space Station
cargo to the International Space Station and made it back landed back
and made it back landed back
and made it back landed back successfully now this has helped to
successfully now this has helped to
successfully now this has helped to reduce the cost of space travel
reduce the cost of space travel
reduce the cost of space travel significantly and boost our chances to
significantly and boost our chances to
significantly and boost our chances to reaching Mars even higher well that’s
reaching Mars even higher well that’s
reaching Mars even higher well that’s Elon Musk now what if we want to look
Elon Musk now what if we want to look
Elon Musk now what if we want to look about look for life beyond our solar
about look for life beyond our solar
about look for life beyond our solar system look for planets that are really
system look for planets that are really
system look for planets that are really far away from Earth well to do that
far away from Earth well to do that
far away from Earth well to do that special telescopes such as this Kepler
special telescopes such as this Kepler
special telescopes such as this Kepler space telescopes are being built and
space telescopes are being built and
space telescopes are being built and this was a really
this was a really
this was a really and mission it has helped discovering
and mission it has helped discovering
and mission it has helped discovering thousands of planets and it’s something
thousands of planets and it’s something
thousands of planets and it’s something which has been a really successful
which has been a really successful
which has been a really successful mission so the basic working of this
mission so the basic working of this
mission so the basic working of this telescope is by it monitors distant
telescope is by it monitors distant
telescope is by it monitors distant stars out there and it continuously
stars out there and it continuously
stars out there and it continuously looks at those stars waiting for a
looks at those stars waiting for a
looks at those stars waiting for a planet to pass this pass by and when a
planet to pass this pass by and when a
planet to pass this pass by and when a planet actually passes by it is
planet actually passes by it is
planet actually passes by it is something like that it blocks certain
something like that it blocks certain
something like that it blocks certain amount of light received by that star
amount of light received by that star
amount of light received by that star and the more the telescope actually
and the more the telescope actually
and the more the telescope actually monitors that light the reduction in
monitors that light the reduction in
monitors that light the reduction in light and looks and basically
light and looks and basically
light and looks and basically understands whether how large the planet
understands whether how large the planet
understands whether how large the planet is and what’s its distance from its star
is and what’s its distance from its star
is and what’s its distance from its star so imagine that you were a be standing
so imagine that you were a be standing
so imagine that you were a be standing on one road and one open wide road and
on one road and one open wide road and
on one road and one open wide road and your friend is ten kilometres away and
your friend is ten kilometres away and
your friend is ten kilometres away and you’re trying to look at his ring
you’re trying to look at his ring
you’re trying to look at his ring understand the texture and etc and that
understand the texture and etc and that
understand the texture and etc and that is quite tough it looks simple in theory
is quite tough it looks simple in theory
is quite tough it looks simple in theory but it’s quite hard to understand how
but it’s quite hard to understand how
but it’s quite hard to understand how the reduction in light temperatures well
the reduction in light temperatures well
the reduction in light temperatures well so that helps us to discover earth-like
so that helps us to discover earth-like
so that helps us to discover earth-like planets but if you want to look for
planets but if you want to look for
planets but if you want to look for planets we want to discover earth-like
planets we want to discover earth-like
planets we want to discover earth-like planets right so we need to know the gas
planets right so we need to know the gas
planets right so we need to know the gas composition etc and this is the James
composition etc and this is the James
composition etc and this is the James Webb telescope which is launching in
Webb telescope which is launching in
Webb telescope which is launching in October 2018 and it will help to
October 2018 and it will help to
October 2018 and it will help to discover it will basically look at
discover it will basically look at
discover it will basically look at planet atmospheres and look at the gas
planet atmospheres and look at the gas
planet atmospheres and look at the gas composition and compared to planet Earth
composition and compared to planet Earth
composition and compared to planet Earth and discover signs of life if need be
and discover signs of life if need be
and discover signs of life if need be so technologies like this and those that
so technologies like this and those that
so technologies like this and those that may be developed in the future will
may be developed in the future will
may be developed in the future will significantly help to boost our chances
significantly help to boost our chances
significantly help to boost our chances of finding earth-like planets and
of finding earth-like planets and
of finding earth-like planets and finding a life maybe or intelligent life
finding a life maybe or intelligent life
finding a life maybe or intelligent life and I can say that we may discover
and I can say that we may discover
and I can say that we may discover intelligent life or life in the next
intelligent life or life in the next
intelligent life or life in the next couple of years maybe in the next maybe
couple of years maybe in the next maybe
couple of years maybe in the next maybe in the next few hours or maybe in next
in the next few hours or maybe in next
in the next few hours or maybe in next year next ten years next 50 years well I
year next ten years next 50 years well I
year next ten years next 50 years well I can say we may do that but it’s only a
can say we may do that but it’s only a
can say we may do that but it’s only a matter of time before we do that and a
matter of time before we do that and a
matter of time before we do that and a question of when thank you
question of when thank you
question of when thank you [Applause]
”
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