to do science openly
it’s really much more efficient and
that’s the way it should be
basic science that’s how she
was at the base right now there is a
movement that for a few years
for free access we go
inexorably the question is how
I’m going to start with you
speak of common so what is a
common to these three things
it’s a resource that can be
material or immaterial
if a mode of access to the resource and
rules of his sharing and finally this is the
governance of this resource
the purpose of governance of a resource
it’s a common thing to try to
keep the common to make it perennial
and to keep its existence okay
so it’s a bit abstract so I
plant an example right away
orchard of a village okay so there the
resource and apples ok mode
of access we are going to pick the apples in
the tree everyone can go to serve them
rules it’s going to be what are we entitled to
take only two tons per person and
per week
and when we go we have to water and
that removes weeds
participated a little bit we stay half
hour it’s a walk and that’s it
and governance it can be assured
by an association the municipal council
so there is no cheating
that’s a material friend so it’s up to
to say that I take an apple in
the tree is no longer there now I
you spoke in our as a
material that you already know
and all
it is wikipedia so there the resource
it is immaterial it is knowledge
encyclopaedia the way of access it’s by
Internet
we access it by a copy say that when I
go look for a page on wikipedia I
recover it but it’s still on
wikipedia for someone else
can take it and the rules then he
there is a very formal rule this is the
creative license commons who used
by wikipedia that is to say that you
can retrieve the content on
wikipedia or how to do what you
want to reuse the remix and the
translate on terms that you quote the
does it come from wikipedia moment
you redistribute it and governance
wikipedia is a bit complex
first there is the wikimedia foundation which
try to ensure so you all have
already seen donations campaigns by
example the resources in terms of
bandwidth servers on the network
etc.
then every encyclopedia so they
are by lang is handled so
autonomous at level 2
its representatives the administrators
moderators so they go
collectively define roles how
people are elected and how long
he remains in office
and what are their powers etc and
then there is still governance
more decentralized for example against the
vandalism and that’s it’s every one of
we when we go on the on a page
wikipedia can correct small
errors
and then each article to a page of
discussion that allows to discuss is
what this page really deserves
to be on wikipedia what content she
must have and so is the governance
is assured like that there is something that
is called the tragedy of the commons a
cheater in this system there it is
always win so if I resume
the example of the orchard says someone
winter while there is no apple
comes needs to heat up and cut
the common wood he dies that’s why
that governance is particularly
important to imagine others
situations for example someone who
take all the apples to make the
compote and sell it so there are plenty
many situations envisaged but
it’s easy very easy to imagine
how can we kill one like a
material but for an intangible common
it may seem less obvious and
yet it is possible
so I’m going to introduce you to a universe
alternative where it’s another wikipedia
you changed engineering logo a euro
you’ll see why so these are a
prince and another universe where ben on
can all write articles
it’s like on the current wikipedia
but we have a kind of duty as
that citizen to correct articles
when we see mistakes not always
but we like it’s part of our
role one is supposed to at least time in
time participate in that when we want
to access an article one has to pay 30
euros we can say it’s not too much
expensive and super good items
quality it’s worth nothing is also
where we would have liked to see what
it was before paying 30 euros 1 then
the problem we mostly have is that
when we access an article for the
understand we must understand also
articles of the concepts he uses him
even so we will have to pay full
of items do not worry it’s not
crooks either there are some
subscriptions why it’s possible
it could really be
pass like that why it’s possible
because something that exists is called
intellectual property and our
terror prize of intellectuals lucrative
and so that allows you to have a
private ownership of a job
collective and in passing to create
artificially scarcity and therefore
fall back on an economy like on
something material or when I
see someone me me the most and ben
that’s how it works in the
search in our really not in
the padd online
alternative and that’s a real problem
so like not everyone here has
priori does not know the functioning of
the research was very quickly
explain to you how it works then
it’s very global operation etc.
okay it’s in every area
particulars and small differences
obviously but basically we start with
search a question first step
it assumes we have access to piles of
art and the idea is to say to oneself that
what is it going to be the next good
little step to advance our
field
that supposes that we know our state of
the art and state of neighboring domains
so we have access to the articles
especially
then we do research at
look for an answer that can be
collected data the analyzes and
create software that can be full of
things according to the areas
and then at some point we have
results be it what was expected
or no we have and when we want
communicate its results because we
do is write an article so
a research article and then this
article it is submitted to a review a
conference a newspaper I just want to say
seen for the rest it’s easier
time we submit this review so
what is a magazine?
quite the opposite it’s a whole
other researchers in our field who
will retrieve the article be the
evaluate it yourself or send it to
evaluate to people who are more expert
that them from the domain and if this article it
is judged to be quite innovative
rigorous relevance to the
thematic of the journal down there is going to be
published ok otherwise it is rejected where there is
back and forth to improve it I
know what they are published so I
put quotation marks back from
publication is not for nothing since
Norman publication that means rendering
public and we’ll see that it’s a bit
more complicated because it is this
step there where the houses come in
of publishing and at that time what they
actually ask is that we
transfer the copyrights or the
copyright according to the laws of
the article so that she can
commercially exploit it in exchange
of what she sells the distribute and so
So we end up with money
public who funds the research a
privatization of the results of
search in exchange for nothing and
the public money that buys this
search there is also money
public who evaluated it and that’s when I
talk a lot about public research
there is also private research but
during a share in the private most
time is published – and then
know that for example in France via
tax credit mechanisms etc
industrial research and
heavily subsidized by
public money also just a few
numbers very quickly the nsc in
institution that is quite small in
cut
it’s a million euros a year
documentary expenses knowing that they
greatly benefit in particular from
access from cnrs who spend annually
a little over 30 million of which
almost 40 million that year and
takes advantage of university access around
there are mixed research units
so for example Jussieu just for her
that’s saying so I’m having a party that
is right next to nsc a million
euros a year also just for a
publisher so a big subscription one can
also look at the evolution of these
price there so for example to telecom
paristech where I did my thesis that’s it
was getting too expensive so we reduced the
number of magazine subscriptions in the format
paper
more than half in exchange for what
so that researchers can
continue to work we still
took a third web subscription
in addition we have not only reduced the
number of subscriptions and then more
takes the web that means that one
just download the pdf that we have
need we do not get the paper by the
post under clothes flesh that slab it
cost more and then not a little bit
more expensive and so echoing this
ruin of university libraries
you benefit them from the head of
file reed elsevier so the numbers there
it’s in billions of US dollars
you see the earnings-to-figure rate
of business he is monstrous then
how did we get there
why there is this situation is that
publishing houses they have a role
so historically what happened
she was in charge of putting
on page of the articles to distribute them
as widely as possible
obviously it’s private stuff
give money and then do
know the researchers they have
deserved a little bit too what happened
actually happened is that at the moment when the
dissemination of science is structured
around early low newspapers these
newspapers he was detained by the
academies and learned associations
and then there was a need
to industrialize the diffusion of
newspapers and that’s where houses
of editing came into play
concentrated and privatized the research
saying we take control of
newspapers are asking for rights
of exploitation for distribution in
the world and it was a service that we
needed was not internet to
the time
and then I was doing the implementation
page of articles etc
good then it turns out that more and
more
the layout of the articles she is
made by the researchers themselves it
is a researcher herself of one of the tools
like tech etc template for them
two word processors so that
was made by us to find the most
largely sabah items
internet does it very well
we do not need publishing houses anymore
which physically brings in the countries of
whole world
the papers make money like that
we saw that it was going pretty well the
question is it’s legitimate
to make money on the
knowledge and then make known the
researchers that’s a role they
have inherited and which they have
themselves also via bibliometrics
very quickly bibliometrics is
the idea that we will evaluate the researchers
quantitatively about their number
of publications so obviously a
incentive to publish what makes
that when the publishing houses were
appropriate the journals the researchers
have lost their means of production
they are more masters and biometrics
it’s a little management methods
or in their son we fix them
objectives that empties the meaning of what they
mean that now the goal
when you want a university career
it’s going to be a publication in
more is not a discovery more
obviously bibliometric tools
are sold by publishing houses and
it is they who make the rival
scopus and that’s that they also sell
very dear to the means agencies I you
speak from below just now
is in a rich country
So we could say good well we pay
and then it’s okay what’s not really the
main problem
the problem is the citizens access
equality among students the
researchers and universities in the
whole world
that of course you can imagine that in
France we can afford it but there is
many countries where this is not the case
okay and where do we have any
missed opportunities that can be
colossal of researchers who could
have great ideas but do not have
access to the state of the art and the blow
can not and then we can think so too
just to all the startups who
could benefit from the results of
latest search results
fundamental and who do not have access to
andré coup in response to that the free
access arises as a species of
solutions we will put the results of
accessible online search
free
it’s a very broad definition
far too wide
welcome to many implementations
possible so I ‘ll introduced them to them
very quickly 3 then poured the way
green self archiving or the idea is
that it is the researchers themselves who
will put a copy of their articles
online on perennial deposits
I insist on permanent deposits all
the dot academies is hard and serge
gates and all that that they do
try to do good
it does not work so the advantage is that
these parallels to the circuits
traditional publications can be
also put old articles in
line and then it makes you aware
to researchers the importance of everything
that also in the passage then we have this
that we called the golden voice gave way 107
to restore its 107 well because we
said manager will make the publication
directly in free access the dream is
that publishing houses very
quickly took hold of that and we
do not see any problem but suddenly we
pay to publish then it would cost
far too expensive for institutions
like the cnrs that produce tremendously
of articles it could not survive
over a year to sion to this model there
knowing that publishing it is very expensive
in this model there many thousands of
dollars in general and in addition we can get
very legitimately ask the question of
is it normal that money
enter into account in the mode
scientist of what is published
or not and so there is a third way
than the one I just defended
today called diamond voice
which is also called platinum or do
open access or the lidc much more
precise and I come back to what I
speaking at the beginning is to make the
research
a common so the idea is to go to
an abolition of lucrative property
of knowledge
okay there is no reason that the
knowledge is a private property
with which we make money and that
researchers are reappropriating their
main means of production which is
the means of disseminating their knowledge and
with which they can build by
above so we will do the exercise is
what the resource well bah we understood
it’s the results of the research the
articles and data the software etc
access mode sharing rules
via Internet
it’s universal as much as we can
to agree always barriers of
the language of access was closed for
the moment has not got better
use of software and licenses
free obviously since it is useless
to get out of a cage to get into
another and governance the idea that
would be that the authors keep their
copyrights and their copyright and
committees of the torrio this tale is endowed with a
legal existence this is not the case
currently and hold journals
so why do the authors keep
their copyright simply because
the interest of an author of an article
scientist is to be read and therefore
interest-free are aligned with those of the
rest of the population
that is to say that in africa is the
more accessible possible it’s an idea
realistic and that has a near zero cost
why because infrastructure
are already there we already have deposits
institutional and disciplinary
in which we can put the
articles and data and software
we already have free platforms of
free software
seen by peers and organization of
newspapers so here I quote it observed
for conferences and open newspaper
system for newspapers the legal framework
there is the license creative commons
nevertheless as they are
used by wikipedia especially and
creative licensing commons attribution
which exactly matches what we
done in search ie sites and
the blogs on which we base ourselves for
do your search for us before the
non-profit associations for
ditorial committees that already exists has
recognized internationally and it is
things that are already in the practices
very quickly one of the worst view is
exactly like a newspaper
classic except that rather than publish
a volume at the end in paper or pdf
published online in a web page with
a list of links to the versions
accept articles and if not everything
goes exactly as before there are just
we no longer have the publisher variable
which takes into account everything else goes
exactly as before and after we can
even imagine going beyond models
current with open evaluation under
the unit of publications would become
the article and it would be accompanied by his
journals that would be signed in that it requires
a little change in mentality of
morals and all that but that for can
imagine going further like that
[Applause]
”
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