I’m here today to talk to you about a transformation that’s happening all
transformation that’s happening all
transformation that’s happening all around the world it’s a transformation
around the world it’s a transformation
around the world it’s a transformation that’s been going in fits and starts
that’s been going in fits and starts
that’s been going in fits and starts over the last thirty years
over the last thirty years
over the last thirty years and so in some places it goes unnoticed
and so in some places it goes unnoticed
and so in some places it goes unnoticed this transformation is both a
this transformation is both a
this transformation is both a consequence as well as a driver of
consequence as well as a driver of
consequence as well as a driver of urbanization that’s the link to today’s
urbanization that’s the link to today’s
urbanization that’s the link to today’s theme I’m referring to the
theme I’m referring to the
theme I’m referring to the transformation in the way that people
transformation in the way that people
transformation in the way that people work and it’s happening fastest in
work and it’s happening fastest in
work and it’s happening fastest in cities I’m an economist which to quote
cities I’m an economist which to quote
cities I’m an economist which to quote one of our best ken Galbraith can mean
one of our best ken Galbraith can mean
one of our best ken Galbraith can mean that I exist mainly to make astrology
that I exist mainly to make astrology
that I exist mainly to make astrology look scientific and respectable but it
look scientific and respectable but it
look scientific and respectable but it also means that when it comes to
also means that when it comes to
also means that when it comes to urbanization and the quality of cities
urbanization and the quality of cities
urbanization and the quality of cities I’m particularly interested in the
I’m particularly interested in the
I’m particularly interested in the promise of agglomeration the word
promise of agglomeration the word
promise of agglomeration the word agglomeration conjures up a slightly
agglomeration conjures up a slightly
agglomeration conjures up a slightly different set of expectations and
different set of expectations and
different set of expectations and economists than a dozen normal people we
economists than a dozen normal people we
economists than a dozen normal people we excitedly anticipate things like
excitedly anticipate things like
excitedly anticipate things like declining production costs and network
declining production costs and network
declining production costs and network effects increasing returns and economies
effects increasing returns and economies
effects increasing returns and economies of scale in plain English we expect that
of scale in plain English we expect that
of scale in plain English we expect that when clustered densely together what we
when clustered densely together what we
when clustered densely together what we call the factors of production land
call the factors of production land
call the factors of production land labor talent and capital are going to
labor talent and capital are going to
labor talent and capital are going to achieve a greater productivity than just
achieve a greater productivity than just
achieve a greater productivity than just the sum of each part and that this
the sum of each part and that this
the sum of each part and that this superior productivity will at some point
superior productivity will at some point
superior productivity will at some point become self-perpetuating an engine of
become self-perpetuating an engine of
become self-perpetuating an engine of growth and development this is about as
growth and development this is about as
growth and development this is about as close as economists get to waxing poetic
close as economists get to waxing poetic
close as economists get to waxing poetic or a pretty dismal and dry Bunch after
or a pretty dismal and dry Bunch after
or a pretty dismal and dry Bunch after all one of the best-known urban
all one of the best-known urban
all one of the best-known urban economists Edward Glaeser of howl of
economists Edward Glaeser of howl of
economists Edward Glaeser of howl of Harvard University proclaimed
Harvard University proclaimed
Harvard University proclaimed agglomeration to be a triumph of cities
agglomeration to be a triumph of cities
agglomeration to be a triumph of cities but this triumphant outcome is by no
but this triumphant outcome is by no
but this triumphant outcome is by no means guaranteed plenty of things can
means guaranteed plenty of things can
means guaranteed plenty of things can get in the way
get in the way
get in the way as any of you know that has spent time
as any of you know that has spent time
as any of you know that has spent time stuck in a taxi in the clogged roads of
stuck in a taxi in the clogged roads of
stuck in a taxi in the clogged roads of Mexico City Bangkok Salle Paulo Jakarta
Mexico City Bangkok Salle Paulo Jakarta
Mexico City Bangkok Salle Paulo Jakarta and even Manhattan congestion can also
and even Manhattan congestion can also
and even Manhattan congestion can also result from urbanization and can raise
result from urbanization and can raise
result from urbanization and can raise the cost of doing business
the cost of doing business
the cost of doing business agglomeration is not automatic other
agglomeration is not automatic other
agglomeration is not automatic other speakers in this series have no doubt
speakers in this series have no doubt
speakers in this series have no doubt highlighted the importance of connective
highlighted the importance of connective
highlighted the importance of connective infrastructure such as freight and
infrastructure such as freight and
infrastructure such as freight and commuter rail bridges roads
commuter rail bridges roads
commuter rail bridges roads bicycle lanes pedestrianised areas
bicycle lanes pedestrianised areas
bicycle lanes pedestrianised areas sidewalks to other overcoming barriers
sidewalks to other overcoming barriers
sidewalks to other overcoming barriers and keeping transportation costs within
and keeping transportation costs within
and keeping transportation costs within and between cities low the people of El
and between cities low the people of El
and between cities low the people of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez know better than
Paso and Ciudad Juarez know better than
Paso and Ciudad Juarez know better than anybody why it’s important to bridge
anybody why it’s important to bridge
anybody why it’s important to bridge Geographic political and cultural
Geographic political and cultural
Geographic political and cultural barriers in order to sustain and share
barriers in order to sustain and share
barriers in order to sustain and share prosperity but I want to talk to you
prosperity but I want to talk to you
prosperity but I want to talk to you today about a very different sort of
today about a very different sort of
today about a very different sort of infrastructure it’s less visible and
infrastructure it’s less visible and
infrastructure it’s less visible and less tangible but no less important this
less tangible but no less important this
less tangible but no less important this is the policy and regulatory
is the policy and regulatory
is the policy and regulatory infrastructure and particular labor
infrastructure and particular labor
infrastructure and particular labor regulation and social protection
regulation and social protection
regulation and social protection policies by labor regulation and social
policies by labor regulation and social
policies by labor regulation and social protection I’m referring broadly to the
protection I’m referring broadly to the
protection I’m referring broadly to the legislated definitions of the rights and
legislated definitions of the rights and
legislated definitions of the rights and responsibilities of firms as employers
responsibilities of firms as employers
responsibilities of firms as employers of individuals as workers and of
of individuals as workers and of
of individuals as workers and of government as the agent of our common
government as the agent of our common
government as the agent of our common greater good in the United States as in
greater good in the United States as in
greater good in the United States as in many countries this policy
many countries this policy
many countries this policy infrastructure was put in place in the
infrastructure was put in place in the
infrastructure was put in place in the late stages of the industrialization
late stages of the industrialization
late stages of the industrialization process or during the interwar period
process or during the interwar period
process or during the interwar period think of Roosevelt’s New Deal and was
think of Roosevelt’s New Deal and was
think of Roosevelt’s New Deal and was fortified in the decade after the Second
fortified in the decade after the Second
fortified in the decade after the Second World War like home ownership a white
World War like home ownership a white
World War like home ownership a white picket fence and 2.4 kids the
picket fence and 2.4 kids the
picket fence and 2.4 kids the aspirations norms and institutions that
aspirations norms and institutions that
aspirations norms and institutions that took hold during this period remain a
took hold during this period remain a
took hold during this period remain a powerful point of reference
powerful point of reference
powerful point of reference even today intended to achieve a greater
even today intended to achieve a greater
even today intended to achieve a greater balance between working people and firms
balance between working people and firms
balance between working people and firms and to correct many of the market
and to correct many of the market
and to correct many of the market failures that economists write about
failures that economists write about
failures that economists write about this policy infrastructure was designed
this policy infrastructure was designed
this policy infrastructure was designed to support the way that people worked
to support the way that people worked
to support the way that people worked back then at the time the common path
back then at the time the common path
back then at the time the common path that most people followed went directly
that most people followed went directly
that most people followed went directly from school sometimes through vocational
from school sometimes through vocational
from school sometimes through vocational training or university into full-time
training or university into full-time
training or university into full-time work usually for someone else for those
work usually for someone else for those
work usually for someone else for those who detoured off this path there were
who detoured off this path there were
who detoured off this path there were few clear ways of rejoining by their
few clear ways of rejoining by their
few clear ways of rejoining by their late teens and early 20s most people
late teens and early 20s most people
late teens and early 20s most people were looking for an entry into factories
were looking for an entry into factories
were looking for an entry into factories and firms that would provide a long
and firms that would provide a long
and firms that would provide a long employment ladder that they could climb
employment ladder that they could climb
employment ladder that they could climb steadily rung by rung although rarely
steadily rung by rung although rarely
steadily rung by rung although rarely stated explicitly the implicit
stated explicitly the implicit
stated explicitly the implicit expectation both held by workers as well
expectation both held by workers as well
expectation both held by workers as well as employers was that if they worked
as employers was that if they worked
as employers was that if they worked diligently they would remain inside of
diligently they would remain inside of
diligently they would remain inside of the firm
the firm
the firm and rely on what economists call
and rely on what economists call
and rely on what economists call internal labor markets for their career
internal labor markets for their career
internal labor markets for their career advancement the labor regulations and
advancement the labor regulations and
advancement the labor regulations and social protection that societies put in
social protection that societies put in
social protection that societies put in place at that time supported this model
place at that time supported this model
place at that time supported this model fairly well unionization and the
fairly well unionization and the
fairly well unionization and the strength of collective bargaining
strength of collective bargaining
strength of collective bargaining agreements were based on enduring
agreements were based on enduring
agreements were based on enduring occupational categories such as welder
occupational categories such as welder
occupational categories such as welder machinist service employee cabin crew
machinist service employee cabin crew
machinist service employee cabin crew unemployment was a rare relatively rare
unemployment was a rare relatively rare
unemployment was a rare relatively rare loss for which workers and firms could
loss for which workers and firms could
loss for which workers and firms could pool risk and insurance schemes with the
pool risk and insurance schemes with the
pool risk and insurance schemes with the help of government pension plans
help of government pension plans
help of government pension plans rewarded long tenure and the firm was
rewarded long tenure and the firm was
rewarded long tenure and the firm was assigned enormous responsibility for
assigned enormous responsibility for
assigned enormous responsibility for implementing social policy in the United
implementing social policy in the United
implementing social policy in the United States this is especially the case with
States this is especially the case with
States this is especially the case with health insurance in other countries the
health insurance in other countries the
health insurance in other countries the delegation of agency by governments to
delegation of agency by governments to
delegation of agency by governments to firms can be seen in the financing
firms can be seen in the financing
firms can be seen in the financing channels and the eligibility conditions
channels and the eligibility conditions
channels and the eligibility conditions and monitoring of national social
and monitoring of national social
and monitoring of national social security systems designed to protect
security systems designed to protect
security systems designed to protect people from losses associated with death
people from losses associated with death
people from losses associated with death disability in old age but all of this
disability in old age but all of this
disability in old age but all of this rested on three foundational assumptions
rested on three foundational assumptions
rested on three foundational assumptions the first that most people have a single
the first that most people have a single
the first that most people have a single economic activity throughout their lives
economic activity throughout their lives
economic activity throughout their lives a job
a job
a job second that most people work full-time
second that most people work full-time
second that most people work full-time in a subordinate relationship for a firm
in a subordinate relationship for a firm
in a subordinate relationship for a firm and third that their occupation and
and third that their occupation and
and third that their occupation and employment will be stable over a long
employment will be stable over a long
employment will be stable over a long term the relevance of this resulting
term the relevance of this resulting
term the relevance of this resulting policy evidence as edifice as well as
policy evidence as edifice as well as
policy evidence as edifice as well as the foundations upon which it is built
the foundations upon which it is built
the foundations upon which it is built are being threatened by rising tides of
are being threatened by rising tides of
are being threatened by rising tides of change technological innovations and
change technological innovations and
change technological innovations and automation regional and global economic
automation regional and global economic
automation regional and global economic integration with production chains whose
integration with production chains whose
integration with production chains whose links cross vast Geographic expanses or
links cross vast Geographic expanses or
links cross vast Geographic expanses or like here in El Paso even national
like here in El Paso even national
like here in El Paso even national borders and population ageing which
borders and population ageing which
borders and population ageing which demands that we remain productive for a
demands that we remain productive for a
demands that we remain productive for a longer portion of our lives and as I
longer portion of our lives and as I
longer portion of our lives and as I suggested before these tides of change
suggested before these tides of change
suggested before these tides of change are rising fastest in our cities we
are rising fastest in our cities we
are rising fastest in our cities we observe their impact in the day to day
observe their impact in the day to day
observe their impact in the day to day experience and perceptions of businesses
experience and perceptions of businesses
experience and perceptions of businesses and working people alike it’s less
and working people alike it’s less
and working people alike it’s less viable for firms to encourage long
viable for firms to encourage long
viable for firms to encourage long tenure or to explicitly offer people the
tenure or to explicitly offer people the
tenure or to explicitly offer people the security of clearly
security of clearly
security of clearly and career progression digital
and career progression digital
and career progression digital technology and Internet platforms drive
technology and Internet platforms drive
technology and Internet platforms drive down the cost of organizing production
down the cost of organizing production
down the cost of organizing production through markets of many small
through markets of many small
through markets of many small specialized providers market based
specialized providers market based
specialized providers market based production models of this sort looked
production models of this sort looked
production models of this sort looked cheaper when compared to the cost of
cheaper when compared to the cost of
cheaper when compared to the cost of relying on large vertically integrated
relying on large vertically integrated
relying on large vertically integrated hierarchical firms employment disruption
hierarchical firms employment disruption
hierarchical firms employment disruption is becoming more frequently people are
is becoming more frequently people are
is becoming more frequently people are moving within and across industries in
moving within and across industries in
moving within and across industries in and out of occupational categories in
and out of occupational categories in
and out of occupational categories in far greater numbers career change
far greater numbers career change
far greater numbers career change occupational fluidity and holding a
occupational fluidity and holding a
occupational fluidity and holding a portfolio of income rather than just one
portfolio of income rather than just one
portfolio of income rather than just one full-time job is becoming the new normal
full-time job is becoming the new normal
full-time job is becoming the new normal for many people in setting aspirations
for many people in setting aspirations
for many people in setting aspirations particularly for young people and cities
particularly for young people and cities
particularly for young people and cities let me bring this back to the promise of
let me bring this back to the promise of
let me bring this back to the promise of agglomeration and the threat of
agglomeration and the threat of
agglomeration and the threat of congestion cities work best when people
congestion cities work best when people
congestion cities work best when people and goods can move around easy easily
and goods can move around easy easily
and goods can move around easy easily quickly and at low cost in the same
quickly and at low cost in the same
quickly and at low cost in the same spirit agglomeration is more likely to
spirit agglomeration is more likely to
spirit agglomeration is more likely to be the outcome of urbanization if the
be the outcome of urbanization if the
be the outcome of urbanization if the economic factors land capital labor and
economic factors land capital labor and
economic factors land capital labor and talent remain dynamic capital is very
talent remain dynamic capital is very
talent remain dynamic capital is very mobile we don’t have to worry about that
mobile we don’t have to worry about that
mobile we don’t have to worry about that so much anymore city planning urban
so much anymore city planning urban
so much anymore city planning urban design and engineering have made
design and engineering have made
design and engineering have made enormous advances and improving
enormous advances and improving
enormous advances and improving connectivity permeability and to lower
connectivity permeability and to lower
connectivity permeability and to lower transportation costs and more flexible
transportation costs and more flexible
transportation costs and more flexible zoning and planning laws can accommodate
zoning and planning laws can accommodate
zoning and planning laws can accommodate changing demands for the use of land
changing demands for the use of land
changing demands for the use of land which would otherwise be immobile
which would otherwise be immobile
which would otherwise be immobile however prevailing labor regulation and
however prevailing labor regulation and
however prevailing labor regulation and social protection still assume the
social protection still assume the
social protection still assume the stable mainly subordinate employment
stable mainly subordinate employment
stable mainly subordinate employment relationships of the past and that once
relationships of the past and that once
relationships of the past and that once in a particular occupation or in on a
in a particular occupation or in on a
in a particular occupation or in on a particular job ladder few people will
particular job ladder few people will
particular job ladder few people will move to another but in doing so they are
move to another but in doing so they are
move to another but in doing so they are holding cities at a lower level of
holding cities at a lower level of
holding cities at a lower level of productivity than they otherwise would
productivity than they otherwise would
productivity than they otherwise would find to achieve abomination people that
find to achieve abomination people that
find to achieve abomination people that are clustered together in cities need to
are clustered together in cities need to
are clustered together in cities need to associate around a shared enterprise
associate around a shared enterprise
associate around a shared enterprise carry out that pursuit be free to
carry out that pursuit be free to
carry out that pursuit be free to disassociate and to reassociate with
disassociate and to reassociate with
disassociate and to reassociate with others on the next project in the most
others on the next project in the most
others on the next project in the most economically vibrant cities San
economically vibrant cities San
economically vibrant cities San Francisco London New York a working
Francisco London New York a working
Francisco London New York a working person can have several such productive
person can have several such productive
person can have several such productive associations and in several
associations and in several
associations and in several different capacities sole trader equity
different capacities sole trader equity
different capacities sole trader equity partner employer employee freelancer by
partner employer employee freelancer by
partner employer employee freelancer by defining legal roles rights and the
defining legal roles rights and the
defining legal roles rights and the responsibilities of government to
responsibilities of government to
responsibilities of government to citizens based on where and how a person
citizens based on where and how a person
citizens based on where and how a person works labor market regulations and
works labor market regulations and
works labor market regulations and Social Protection can get in the way of
Social Protection can get in the way of
Social Protection can get in the way of this dynamic process the current code
this dynamic process the current code
this dynamic process the current code assumes labor and talent will stay in
assumes labor and talent will stay in
assumes labor and talent will stay in place which is just the sort of
place which is just the sort of
place which is just the sort of stagnation that can keep a glom eration
stagnation that can keep a glom eration
stagnation that can keep a glom eration from ever taking hold and by delegating
from ever taking hold and by delegating
from ever taking hold and by delegating too many responsibilities for
too many responsibilities for
too many responsibilities for implementing social policy to employers
implementing social policy to employers
implementing social policy to employers businesses can be burdened with
businesses can be burdened with
businesses can be burdened with unnecessary cost and people are
unnecessary cost and people are
unnecessary cost and people are constrained from moving or taking on
constrained from moving or taking on
constrained from moving or taking on several different productive roles in
several different productive roles in
several different productive roles in the u.s. we observe job lock as
the u.s. we observe job lock as
the u.s. we observe job lock as individuals depend on employers for the
individuals depend on employers for the
individuals depend on employers for the quality of their health care in other
quality of their health care in other
quality of their health care in other countries movement can be similarly
countries movement can be similarly
countries movement can be similarly discouraged by industry specific wage
discouraged by industry specific wage
discouraged by industry specific wage scales or pension plans or firm based
scales or pension plans or firm based
scales or pension plans or firm based income support schemes in the case of
income support schemes in the case of
income support schemes in the case of dismissal in a path-breaking book from
dismissal in a path-breaking book from
dismissal in a path-breaking book from widgets to digits employment regulation
widgets to digits employment regulation
widgets to digits employment regulation for the changing workplace catherine
for the changing workplace catherine
for the changing workplace catherine stone a leading professor of labor law
stone a leading professor of labor law
stone a leading professor of labor law at the university of california los
at the university of california los
at the university of california los angeles argues that the fundamental
angeles argues that the fundamental
angeles argues that the fundamental problem is that labor regulation has not
problem is that labor regulation has not
problem is that labor regulation has not kept pace with the transformation in the
kept pace with the transformation in the
kept pace with the transformation in the way that people work this might be less
way that people work this might be less
way that people work this might be less a problem in countries like the United
a problem in countries like the United
a problem in countries like the United States in the United Kingdom than in
States in the United Kingdom than in
States in the United Kingdom than in other countries where government has a
other countries where government has a
other countries where government has a heavier hand in the labor market however
heavier hand in the labor market however
heavier hand in the labor market however even if less acutely the contradictions
even if less acutely the contradictions
even if less acutely the contradictions between what is written in the code and
between what is written in the code and
between what is written in the code and what is economically viable for
what is economically viable for
what is economically viable for businesses and how people need or indeed
businesses and how people need or indeed
businesses and how people need or indeed prefer to work are creating growing gaps
prefer to work are creating growing gaps
prefer to work are creating growing gaps in coverage that contribute to economic
in coverage that contribute to economic
in coverage that contribute to economic inequality anecdotal accounts of firms
inequality anecdotal accounts of firms
inequality anecdotal accounts of firms offering people only less than full-time
offering people only less than full-time
offering people only less than full-time employment to escape mandated worker
employment to escape mandated worker
employment to escape mandated worker protections people hired and kept on as
protections people hired and kept on as
protections people hired and kept on as freelancers performing the same tasks
freelancers performing the same tasks
freelancers performing the same tasks and working the same hours as regular
and working the same hours as regular
and working the same hours as regular employees and the growing discontent
employees and the growing discontent
employees and the growing discontent Amend many who work through digital
Amend many who work through digital
Amend many who work through digital platforms such as TaskRabbit or uber
platforms such as TaskRabbit or uber
platforms such as TaskRabbit or uber these are just the tip of what could be
these are just the tip of what could be
these are just the tip of what could be a very large iceberg we’re moving fast
a very large iceberg we’re moving fast
a very large iceberg we’re moving fast through the fourth Industrial Revolution
through the fourth Industrial Revolution
through the fourth Industrial Revolution of digital technologies and
of digital technologies and
of digital technologies and cyber-physical
cyber-physical
cyber-physical systems but equipped with regulation and
systems but equipped with regulation and
systems but equipped with regulation and social protection policies that were
social protection policies that were
social protection policies that were written for the age of the mass
written for the age of the mass
written for the age of the mass production assembly line the
production assembly line the
production assembly line the inconsistency between prevailing
inconsistency between prevailing
inconsistency between prevailing policies in the way that most people
policies in the way that most people
policies in the way that most people actually work is even greater and more
actually work is even greater and more
actually work is even greater and more problematic in the emerging market
problematic in the emerging market
problematic in the emerging market countries of Latin America Asia and
countries of Latin America Asia and
countries of Latin America Asia and Africa in these countries the labor
Africa in these countries the labor
Africa in these countries the labor regulation and social protection models
regulation and social protection models
regulation and social protection models of the industrialized economies were
of the industrialized economies were
of the industrialized economies were adopted when most people were still
adopted when most people were still
adopted when most people were still working on farms in rural areas and only
working on farms in rural areas and only
working on farms in rural areas and only very few were working in factories and
very few were working in factories and
very few were working in factories and firms these policies fit poorly the
firms these policies fit poorly the
firms these policies fit poorly the diverse world of work in emerging market
diverse world of work in emerging market
diverse world of work in emerging market countries that poor that poor fit may
countries that poor that poor fit may
countries that poor that poor fit may partly explain why so many businesses
partly explain why so many businesses
partly explain why so many businesses and people in these countries work
and people in these countries work
and people in these countries work beyond the reach of regulation in
beyond the reach of regulation in
beyond the reach of regulation in taxation in the so called shadow or
taxation in the so called shadow or
taxation in the so called shadow or informal economy some scholars argue
informal economy some scholars argue
informal economy some scholars argue that imposing late industrial era labor
that imposing late industrial era labor
that imposing late industrial era labor regulation in pre-industrial economies
regulation in pre-industrial economies
regulation in pre-industrial economies may be a culprit for slowing down their
may be a culprit for slowing down their
may be a culprit for slowing down their transition out of predominantly low
transition out of predominantly low
transition out of predominantly low value-added agriculture and propelling
value-added agriculture and propelling
value-added agriculture and propelling the growth of cities that suffer more
the growth of cities that suffer more
the growth of cities that suffer more from congestion than they benefit from
from congestion than they benefit from
from congestion than they benefit from or glommer ation so what is the way
or glommer ation so what is the way
or glommer ation so what is the way forward what are the labor regulations
forward what are the labor regulations
forward what are the labor regulations and social protection policies that will
and social protection policies that will
and social protection policies that will support successful cities I argue for a
support successful cities I argue for a
support successful cities I argue for a new policy infrastructure built on the
new policy infrastructure built on the
new policy infrastructure built on the assumption that throughout their lives
assumption that throughout their lives
assumption that throughout their lives people will work in lots of different
people will work in lots of different
people will work in lots of different ways in which supports these people as
ways in which supports these people as
ways in which supports these people as they move from one productive
they move from one productive
they move from one productive Association to the next this shift in
Association to the next this shift in
Association to the next this shift in policy approach is needed in countries
policy approach is needed in countries
policy approach is needed in countries all around the world the shift will be
all around the world the shift will be
all around the world the shift will be harder in places like France where the
harder in places like France where the
harder in places like France where the labor code is longer and more
labor code is longer and more
labor code is longer and more prescriptive than it is in the United
prescriptive than it is in the United
prescriptive than it is in the United States but there are common steps that
States but there are common steps that
States but there are common steps that need to be taken to bring the shift
need to be taken to bring the shift
need to be taken to bring the shift about the first is to recognize that
about the first is to recognize that
about the first is to recognize that successful cities require policy action
successful cities require policy action
successful cities require policy action across a lot of different policy agent
across a lot of different policy agent
across a lot of different policy agent areas dynamic labor markets are just one
areas dynamic labor markets are just one
areas dynamic labor markets are just one ingredient of agglomeration the second
ingredient of agglomeration the second
ingredient of agglomeration the second step is to scrutinize labor laws and
step is to scrutinize labor laws and
step is to scrutinize labor laws and social protection for any intended or
social protection for any intended or
social protection for any intended or unintended biases that favor some forms
unintended biases that favor some forms
unintended biases that favor some forms of work over others and for possible
of work over others and for possible
of work over others and for possible emissions and even exclusions of new
emissions and even exclusions of new
emissions and even exclusions of new working forms from the rights and
working forms from the rights and
working forms from the rights and protections that we’ve put in place
protections that we’ve put in place
protections that we’ve put in place the third step is to amend these
the third step is to amend these
the third step is to amend these policies or indeed to replace them
policies or indeed to replace them
policies or indeed to replace them outright so that the hand governments
outright so that the hand governments
outright so that the hand governments extend to help working people to
extend to help working people to
extend to help working people to overcome market failures is there for
overcome market failures is there for
overcome market failures is there for everyone and does not intentionally or
everyone and does not intentionally or
everyone and does not intentionally or unintentionally hold back anyone back
unintentionally hold back anyone back
unintentionally hold back anyone back from may then making their next move
from may then making their next move
from may then making their next move this more neutral policy stance that I’m
this more neutral policy stance that I’m
this more neutral policy stance that I’m describing can sound to many like a
describing can sound to many like a
describing can sound to many like a retreat of government from intervening
retreat of government from intervening
retreat of government from intervening in the labor market that’s not the case
in the labor market that’s not the case
in the labor market that’s not the case effectively supporting an Occupational
effectively supporting an Occupational
effectively supporting an Occupational eMobile labor force with probably and
eMobile labor force with probably and
eMobile labor force with probably and will probably entail more policy action
will probably entail more policy action
will probably entail more policy action and more public resources not less
and more public resources not less
and more public resources not less including in partnership with businesses
including in partnership with businesses
including in partnership with businesses and community organizations this is an
and community organizations this is an
and community organizations this is an agenda for policy action mainly at the
agenda for policy action mainly at the
agenda for policy action mainly at the national and the state level where
national and the state level where
national and the state level where responsibility for labor market and
responsibility for labor market and
responsibility for labor market and regulation and social protection usually
regulation and social protection usually
regulation and social protection usually lies but there is a role that cities can
lies but there is a role that cities can
lies but there is a role that cities can play particularly in supporting moves
play particularly in supporting moves
play particularly in supporting moves people’s moves from one productive
people’s moves from one productive
people’s moves from one productive activity to the next offering what
activity to the next offering what
activity to the next offering what economists call active labor market
economists call active labor market
economists call active labor market support these are job search assistance
support these are job search assistance
support these are job search assistance services intermediation services
services intermediation services
services intermediation services incubator and entrepreneurship training
incubator and entrepreneurship training
incubator and entrepreneurship training services coaching and mentoring a new
services coaching and mentoring a new
services coaching and mentoring a new policy framework can and should be set
policy framework can and should be set
policy framework can and should be set up at the national and state level but
up at the national and state level but
up at the national and state level but few things beat the deep local knowledge
few things beat the deep local knowledge
few things beat the deep local knowledge of city leadership and community members
of city leadership and community members
of city leadership and community members in exploiting local assets to provide
in exploiting local assets to provide
in exploiting local assets to provide these transition support services
these transition support services
these transition support services effectively and efficiently to borrow a
effectively and efficiently to borrow a
effectively and efficiently to borrow a metaphor from mining the people of this
metaphor from mining the people of this
metaphor from mining the people of this border Plex region are at the coalface
border Plex region are at the coalface
border Plex region are at the coalface of globalization the transformations in
of globalization the transformations in
of globalization the transformations in the world of work that I’ve talked about
the world of work that I’ve talked about
the world of work that I’ve talked about today are the life experience of many of
today are the life experience of many of
today are the life experience of many of you in the audience you feel this
you in the audience you feel this
you in the audience you feel this transformation sooner and keener than
transformation sooner and keener than
transformation sooner and keener than other people in this country your choice
other people in this country your choice
other people in this country your choice as a community is to support dynamic
as a community is to support dynamic
as a community is to support dynamic working people to harness that
working people to harness that
working people to harness that transformation for shared prosperity and
transformation for shared prosperity and
transformation for shared prosperity and not stand in its way thank you very much
not stand in its way thank you very much
not stand in its way thank you very much you
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