from
from over a hundred years ago
1800 cases
1 men and women started
to move around the world a lot more
many than before
there were a lot of reasons that
were political but also
economic reasons that explain that this
mobility
this entry into mobility of the world this
that was called the first big wave
migratory
my great grandfather we did
party he left russia the states
Baltics more precisely and he has
decided to migrate first to France
then in south america they
work in the railways
he was from German culture he
belonged to Russia and he has
decided to dedicate his life
to the railways between
Brazil and Argentina
my grandfather himself was
educated in German having a mother
French living in argentine
my father was educated
primary and secondary school
in argentina while having a mother
French by being highly educated
in German language and so we have
always juggle the languages the
country the nationality issues the
naturalization issues the
discrimination issues too is a
subject very present in my family and
I do not know if that’s the reason for
which I devoted myself to cnrs
to international migration but I
think that this sensitivity to all
these themes
maybe explain my path
scientist
when I started working
on it all early 80s
it was a tiny research topic
especially in political science that is
my discipline
whereas today it has become a
global topic and today we talk
sometimes even rightly and rightly
of these questions by mixing a lot
of things and I will try to you
explain a whole series of things that
happened
not in 1880 even if I’m going back
quickly but also today
first of all the migrations they have
they came massive
from the end of the 19th century because
we did not change the means of transport
we went into the second half
19th century sailing boat in
steamboat which required
make the boats profitable so Europe
In particular, there were
touts who sought to find
customers for that big boats
steamboats that went to the
united states to south america to
Asia do not leave empty and he
had to fill these boats and that
was the first big wave
migratory 31 million Italian
example went to europe but also
in the united states in south america the
Germans who were very numerous
not only in what was not
still Germany but the countries of
German culture are gone too
very many towards the united states to
Brazil to Argentina
we also had migrations linked to
colonization at the counters at the
trade
so the world starts to move to
that time
then we had both wars
some important waves of
refugees from people who had lost
their nationality that had come from
stateless and today since the
1990s especially we are on we are
entered a second big wave
of mass migration this is what
you see on the map we have the world
whole today they meet the
world with migrations even though
some regions of the world
europe japan gulf countries have
hard to accept that they have become
immigration lands and this is one of
big misunderstandings that we have
today migrations are not
so many because it does not correspond
that 3 to 5% of the world population
240 million international migrants
on seven billion inhabitants but 740
millions of intel migrants on the other hand
what we see is that all
the regions of the world are concerned
by migrations
today we have moreover
of migration to the south of the planet
that towards the north we hardly speak
that migrations north north since this
are the ones that concern us the most and
we also have north-south migrations
south north north so in this context we have
quantities of migrant varieties
we often forget that women
make up half of the migrants
international than among these migrants one
has refugees of whom we have many
spoken especially since 2015 with this
that we called the refugee crisis
them but also we have minors not
accompanied by migrations of people
very qualified
we have environmental migrations we
has a whole series of new figures
of migrants who have appeared since 1990
what has happened since 1990
we had a sort of generalization of the
right of exit that’s very very
important
for a very long time he was very
difficult to leave home
once upon a time a century ago
because a lot of countries of departure
were powerful countries they
considered that their population
was a wealth a wealth
agricultural a military wealth a
also tax wealth so they
often kept relatively closed
and all the more firm and they
were authoritarian regimes their
border it was powerful countries
the countries where the migrants went
were weak countries on the
international scene that were
obliged to accept the country rule
of departure and these weak countries were
countries that was looking for the population
to work from the workforce but
also to settle for a
stand migration this is the case of
united states 2 of canada of america
from south australia and amount of
regions of the world
today the opposite that happened
product it has become since years
90 since the fall of the Iron Curtain
a lot easier to get out of
today in almost every country
of the world
we can go out except perhaps the korea
from the north today of cuba on
can go out today
on the other hand he became very
difficult to enter somewhere so the
sense of migration has reversed it
is difficult to input but it is
easy to get out the starting countries on
weak countries on the scene
international host countries are
powerful countries that through their
migration policies enacts
global rules of migration
international
so we are in a couple a context
completely reversed compared to
that of the 1880s the one to which
my great example has decided to
leave the Baltic states that was at
the time russia
these migrations they became
structural, that is, during
In particular, we tend to consider
that migration is something that
has come back from time to time and that he
have to accept because we signed
some agreements including
retirees
the Geneva convention of 1951
for asylum and therefore European countries
at various times since the
cold war since it was war
cold 1951 have hosted waves of
refugees more or less well with more
or less of chilliness but be
welcome refugees
at the same time there have been periods
where lack of manpower was the
period called the glorious thirty in
europe 1945 1974 we needed a hand
we brought people but
Europe has realized that many
these people who were welcomed do
do not leave when we thought that
would be cyclical today the
migration she is structural she
corresponds to major trends in
world who are the particular ones
inequalities of human development
that we see on this map that shows
especially africa
sub-Saharan one of the largest
regions of inequality
human development that crosses three
essential criteria which are those of a
Nobel Prize for Economics said
one called amartya sen
life expectancy at birth the
level of education the standard of living is
so today people are no longer
in the fatality of the ancients they
are waiting for better days
happens they tell themselves if I want
realize my life project
there is only migration people are
more and more educated more and
more urban more and more informed
they are connected very often not
only on the television but on
internet and on the cell phone
and so they know that elsewhere we can
live differently so the migration she
is in all the heads of the countries of
south if he considers that there is no
has no hope of living otherwise and
even sometimes at home it’s war
and so we have to leave so we got this
phenomenon that accelerated
for the last 30 years of
structural way with others
phenomena that added to this
structural trend of the world that is
demographics
we are in a world where in the north we have
an aging population as we
sees countries that often in glass or in
pale yellow
this is also the case of russia this is the
japan case also not just of
europe
and then to the south we have countries that are
yellows that are what’s called the
demographic transition into a
generation
in most countries around the world
Mediterranean including in countries
Islam
contrary to a widespread idea one
had a very fast transition from the
family size we went from 6
children per woman to 2.5 children per
woman around the euro perimeter
Mediterranean especially Mediterranean
from South
which completely changes the situation
since today we have a population
young in this region of the age
median the average age that splits in two
equal groups the population its 25 years
in sub-Saharan Africa 19 years old and in
europe is
forty years so that’s a given
very deep which also explains this
Willingness to leave from people
poor from young people who
are healthier better informed
another structural element is the
big inequalities outlines
of fracturing the world every time we have
political fracture lines
the social cultural economic
migration mitigates by its mobility
it ‘s fracture line and therefore proposes
a new deal is the case of the
Mediterranean is the case of the
border between the united states and the
Mexico between the countries of Europe and its
neighbors between rich countries and
poor countries of asia and then the
context in which one migrates is very
different according to his passport and that
this is one of the great inequalities of
world today there is a movement
a whole series of attempts at forums
who tries to say we have to promote the
right to mobility as rights of
the man of the twentieth century if you are
European or American you can
traveling for three months in 174 countries
in the world where 173 according to your
passport
if you are Russian in 91 countries if you
are Eritrean Somali you or under
delay for that if you represent this
called a migration risk and it
only the smugglers can you
allow to circulate because you do not
can not enter anywhere so a moment
where today we consider that the
mobility is part of modernity
only a very small part of the
population of the world can move then
that two-thirds of the population of
the planet are finally assigned to
residence at home in countries where he
is not very good live in general
with civil wars with crises
with a whole series of form of
economic predation
and then with a population that is of
more and more aware that the only
way out
these two parts
draws so here’s a little context in
which it is now with
migrations and you have to try to
understand this phenomenon which is a
reality we can be could we can
to be against but it’s a reality
which is one of the major issues of this
century
”
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