hello everyone I am teacher a professor here at UMKC and I have a lab in which
here at UMKC and I have a lab in which
here at UMKC and I have a lab in which we and an i and my graduate students
we and an i and my graduate students
we and an i and my graduate students work on what we work on a lot of things
work on what we work on a lot of things
work on what we work on a lot of things one of the things we work on is insulin
one of the things we work on is insulin
one of the things we work on is insulin and trying to make it come up with new
and trying to make it come up with new
and trying to make it come up with new ways of delivering insulin and so I’m
ways of delivering insulin and so I’m
ways of delivering insulin and so I’m really a chemist chemist who works at
really a chemist chemist who works at
really a chemist chemist who works at the interface of chemistry and biology
the interface of chemistry and biology
the interface of chemistry and biology and that process started a long time ago
and that process started a long time ago
and that process started a long time ago for me over 30 years ago this is when I
for me over 30 years ago this is when I
for me over 30 years ago this is when I was young and naive freshman at MIT as a
was young and naive freshman at MIT as a
was young and naive freshman at MIT as a chemistry major and in my they told me
chemistry major and in my they told me
chemistry major and in my they told me to be patient and I had this sort of
to be patient and I had this sort of
to be patient and I had this sort of blissful expression on my face this is a
blissful expression on my face this is a
blissful expression on my face this is a my food service is a card I had this
my food service is a card I had this
my food service is a card I had this blissful expression my face I think it’s
blissful expression my face I think it’s
blissful expression my face I think it’s because I was becoming enamored with
because I was becoming enamored with
because I was becoming enamored with experimental science so when I was in
experimental science so when I was in
experimental science so when I was in high school I discovered this book
high school I discovered this book
high school I discovered this book called the chemical rubber company
called the chemical rubber company
called the chemical rubber company handbook of chemistry and physics and in
handbook of chemistry and physics and in
handbook of chemistry and physics and in the CRC Handbook of chemistry and
the CRC Handbook of chemistry and
the CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics I know there are few of you in
physics I know there are few of you in
physics I know there are few of you in the audience have your very own they
the audience have your very own they
the audience have your very own they have pages and pages of these chemical
have pages and pages of these chemical
have pages and pages of these chemical structures and I used to look at these
structures and I used to look at these
structures and I used to look at these and just wonder at them the beauty of
and just wonder at them the beauty of
and just wonder at them the beauty of them the symmetry of them I had no idea
them the symmetry of them I had no idea
them the symmetry of them I had no idea what they were I no idea who made them
what they were I no idea who made them
what they were I no idea who made them how these things were made or what they
how these things were made or what they
how these things were made or what they were used for but I knew they were
were used for but I knew they were
were used for but I knew they were beautiful and I wanted to know something
beautiful and I wanted to know something
beautiful and I wanted to know something about him so oh and that’s that’s the
about him so oh and that’s that’s the
about him so oh and that’s that’s the cover of my book and so within about a
cover of my book and so within about a
cover of my book and so within about a year of getting to college I got into a
year of getting to college I got into a
year of getting to college I got into a lab and I would definitely recommend any
lab and I would definitely recommend any
lab and I would definitely recommend any young budding scientist who’s interested
young budding scientist who’s interested
young budding scientist who’s interested in science really should get into a lab
in science really should get into a lab
in science really should get into a lab because it’s very different what I found
because it’s very different what I found
because it’s very different what I found was all those things I had learned that
was all those things I had learned that
was all those things I had learned that two-dimensional stuff in books the very
two-dimensional stuff in books the very
two-dimensional stuff in books the very flat information really came alive in in
flat information really came alive in in
flat information really came alive in in the lab why because all that stuff
the lab why because all that stuff
the lab why because all that stuff that’s in the books is really describing
that’s in the books is really describing
that’s in the books is really describing physical reality and when you get into
physical reality and when you get into
physical reality and when you get into lab you’re interacting with physical
lab you’re interacting with physical
lab you’re interacting with physical reality and turns out if you understand
reality and turns out if you understand
reality and turns out if you understand those concepts you can you can interact
those concepts you can you can interact
those concepts you can you can interact with it more
with it more
with it more effectively and so at the end of those
effectively and so at the end of those
effectively and so at the end of those three years in that lab I was kind of
three years in that lab I was kind of
three years in that lab I was kind of successful I had a few patents under my
successful I had a few patents under my
successful I had a few patents under my belt here’s my name and above me is
belt here’s my name and above me is
belt here’s my name and above me is another named John Thompson and we all
another named John Thompson and we all
another named John Thompson and we all have individuals in our lives who are
have individuals in our lives who are
have individuals in our lives who are played critical roles and John Thompson
played critical roles and John Thompson
played critical roles and John Thompson was my was my mentor he was an amazing
was my was my mentor he was an amazing
was my was my mentor he was an amazing guy and this is much later in life but
guy and this is much later in life but
guy and this is much later in life but back then he was in his late 20s he had
back then he was in his late 20s he had
back then he was in his late 20s he had come from Australia he was a protein
come from Australia he was a protein
come from Australia he was a protein biochemist and he was everything you
biochemist and he was everything you
biochemist and he was everything you really want in a mentor it was just pure
really want in a mentor it was just pure
really want in a mentor it was just pure dumb luck on my part to run into the guy
dumb luck on my part to run into the guy
dumb luck on my part to run into the guy you know I say you should choose your
you know I say you should choose your
you know I say you should choose your mentors like you carefully choose your
mentors like you carefully choose your
mentors like you carefully choose your parents and it’s just pure dumb luck and
parents and it’s just pure dumb luck and
parents and it’s just pure dumb luck and in his case he was skillful and he was
in his case he was skillful and he was
in his case he was skillful and he was smart but he’s also a great teacher and
smart but he’s also a great teacher and
smart but he’s also a great teacher and had a great sense of humor which he had
had a great sense of humor which he had
had a great sense of humor which he had to have dealing with all these
to have dealing with all these
to have dealing with all these undergrads running around the lab
undergrads running around the lab
undergrads running around the lab breaking things and part of our process
breaking things and part of our process
breaking things and part of our process was to sort of deconstruct what had
was to sort of deconstruct what had
was to sort of deconstruct what had happened in the lab at the end of the
happened in the lab at the end of the
happened in the lab at the end of the day usually in a pub over a picture of
day usually in a pub over a picture of
day usually in a pub over a picture of Guinness and during one of these
Guinness and during one of these
Guinness and during one of these philosophy sessions I asked John you
philosophy sessions I asked John you
philosophy sessions I asked John you know why did you come to the United
know why did you come to the United
know why did you come to the United States and you know it’s a long way to
States and you know it’s a long way to
States and you know it’s a long way to go to get from Australia here and you’re
go to get from Australia here and you’re
go to get from Australia here and you’re very successful there and he said well
very successful there and he said well
very successful there and he said well Simon it’s because American science is
Simon it’s because American science is
Simon it’s because American science is the best in the world and two it kind of
the best in the world and two it kind of
the best in the world and two it kind of took me by surprise as 19 years old at
took me by surprise as 19 years old at
took me by surprise as 19 years old at the time I never really thought about it
the time I never really thought about it
the time I never really thought about it I think you know it’s like the water
I think you know it’s like the water
I think you know it’s like the water that surrounds the fish it’s not really
that surrounds the fish it’s not really
that surrounds the fish it’s not really aware of it but as I looked around I
aware of it but as I looked around I
aware of it but as I looked around I realized that everybody
realized that everybody
realized that everybody well not everybody but a large number of
well not everybody but a large number of
well not everybody but a large number of the other postdocs besides John were
the other postdocs besides John were
the other postdocs besides John were from all different countries and I just
from all different countries and I just
from all different countries and I just for fun for this talk I pulled those old
for fun for this talk I pulled those old
for fun for this talk I pulled those old papers from that time period and these
papers from that time period and these
papers from that time period and these are names that I can see their faces and
are names that I can see their faces and
are names that I can see their faces and hear their voices
hear their voices
hear their voices Peter was from Switzerland John was from
Peter was from Switzerland John was from
Peter was from Switzerland John was from Australia Mamoru wrote on his back of
Australia Mamoru wrote on his back of
Australia Mamoru wrote on his back of his motorcycle to get food he’s from
his motorcycle to get food he’s from
his motorcycle to get food he’s from Japan
Japan
Japan Jonte was from India Daniel was from
Jonte was from India Daniel was from
Jonte was from India Daniel was from Israel Lange was from China
Israel Lange was from China
Israel Lange was from China Victor was from Russia and Andreas was
Victor was from Russia and Andreas was
Victor was from Russia and Andreas was from Germany
from Germany
from Germany so this is one small lab this
so this is one small lab this
so this is one small lab this amazing range of people from all over
amazing range of people from all over
amazing range of people from all over the world and you know I thought well
the world and you know I thought well
the world and you know I thought well maybe that’s just our lab but it wasn’t
maybe that’s just our lab but it wasn’t
maybe that’s just our lab but it wasn’t I looked at my dorm and this is an old
I looked at my dorm and this is an old
I looked at my dorm and this is an old dorm photograph it’s on the roof the
dorm photograph it’s on the roof the
dorm photograph it’s on the roof the place is called random Hall was the
place is called random Hall was the
place is called random Hall was the smallest dorm was across from a
smallest dorm was across from a
smallest dorm was across from a chocolate factory called the neckl
chocolate factory called the neckl
chocolate factory called the neckl factory so if you’ve ever had an echo
factory so if you’ve ever had an echo
factory so if you’ve ever had an echo wafer I lived within a few yards of that
wafer I lived within a few yards of that
wafer I lived within a few yards of that there I am on the end next to me Joe
there I am on the end next to me Joe
there I am on the end next to me Joe cherian from Malaysia next Tim Shanker
cherian from Malaysia next Tim Shanker
cherian from Malaysia next Tim Shanker from India down there’s Ricky from Peru
from India down there’s Ricky from Peru
from India down there’s Ricky from Peru Jillian from Trinidad
Jillian from Trinidad
Jillian from Trinidad Issac from Ghana yen’s from Sweden and
Issac from Ghana yen’s from Sweden and
Issac from Ghana yen’s from Sweden and you know when I just some of the names
you know when I just some of the names
you know when I just some of the names but when I went through all the
but when I went through all the
but when I went through all the countries just for this talk I realized
countries just for this talk I realized
countries just for this talk I realized it’s a huge range is a small group of
it’s a huge range is a small group of
it’s a huge range is a small group of people and an incredible variety of
people and an incredible variety of
people and an incredible variety of people represented of countries
people represented of countries
people represented of countries represented and you know I in thinking
represented and you know I in thinking
represented and you know I in thinking about this was this was this you know mi
about this was this was this you know mi
about this was this was this you know mi t–‘s sort of experiment to make a Model
t–‘s sort of experiment to make a Model
t–‘s sort of experiment to make a Model UN of nerds
UN of nerds
UN of nerds no no what MIT was doing on a small
no no what MIT was doing on a small
no no what MIT was doing on a small scale u.s. science has been doing for
scale u.s. science has been doing for
scale u.s. science has been doing for the better part of a century on a large
the better part of a century on a large
the better part of a century on a large scale and that is identified the best
scale and that is identified the best
scale and that is identified the best people wherever they are in the world
people wherever they are in the world
people wherever they are in the world and bringing them into the environment
and bringing them into the environment
and bringing them into the environment of American science where they get the
of American science where they get the
of American science where they get the advantage of the environment and we get
advantage of the environment and we get
advantage of the environment and we get the advantage of their their intellect
the advantage of their their intellect
the advantage of their their intellect and it doesn’t just happen at MIT it
and it doesn’t just happen at MIT it
and it doesn’t just happen at MIT it happens everywhere this is my own
happens everywhere this is my own
happens everywhere this is my own division we have eight faculty it’s a
division we have eight faculty it’s a
division we have eight faculty it’s a very small division we have six
very small division we have six
very small division we have six countries represented this is a pretty
countries represented this is a pretty
countries represented this is a pretty standard throughout academia so I would
standard throughout academia so I would
standard throughout academia so I would say this is the u.s. formula for science
say this is the u.s. formula for science
say this is the u.s. formula for science success you get the best people wherever
success you get the best people wherever
success you get the best people wherever they are in the world where they’re from
they are in the world where they’re from
they are in the world where they’re from you add money that’s the water and you
you add money that’s the water and you
you add money that’s the water and you get the best science in the world and so
get the best science in the world and so
get the best science in the world and so you know I keep saying the best science
you know I keep saying the best science
you know I keep saying the best science in the world because that’s what my
in the world because that’s what my
in the world because that’s what my mentor called it but does it actually
mentor called it but does it actually
mentor called it but does it actually work do you get the best science in the
work do you get the best science in the
work do you get the best science in the world how do we even assess that well
world how do we even assess that well
world how do we even assess that well you know we can argue about that but one
you know we can argue about that but one
you know we can argue about that but one one way in the way I’m gonna do it today
one way in the way I’m gonna do it today
one way in the way I’m gonna do it today is by looking at Nobel Prizes by country
is by looking at Nobel Prizes by country
is by looking at Nobel Prizes by country and and we can discuss you know whether
and and we can discuss you know whether
and and we can discuss you know whether a Nobel Prize by country is the best way
a Nobel Prize by country is the best way
a Nobel Prize by country is the best way of assessing science overall quality but
of assessing science overall quality but
of assessing science overall quality but you know it’s not a bad proxy for the
you know it’s not a bad proxy for the
you know it’s not a bad proxy for the highest achievement in science and when
highest achievement in science and when
highest achievement in science and when we do that it’s pretty clear the United
we do that it’s pretty clear the United
we do that it’s pretty clear the United States just blows the rest of the world
States just blows the rest of the world
States just blows the rest of the world out of the water about three times as
out of the water about three times as
out of the water about three times as much as the next country not only that
much as the next country not only that
much as the next country not only that we’re probably more than the summation
we’re probably more than the summation
we’re probably more than the summation of all the other countries combined
of all the other countries combined
of all the other countries combined that’s about over 350 Nobel lists so
that’s about over 350 Nobel lists so
that’s about over 350 Nobel lists so that’s great but let’s look a little bit
that’s great but let’s look a little bit
that’s great but let’s look a little bit more closely at that impressive bar on
more closely at that impressive bar on
more closely at that impressive bar on the bar graph if we ask the country from
the bar graph if we ask the country from
the bar graph if we ask the country from the country they were in when they won
the country they were in when they won
the country they were in when they won the prize when we asked the question of
the prize when we asked the question of
the prize when we asked the question of those people how many of them were not
those people how many of them were not
those people how many of them were not born in this country turns out over a
born in this country turns out over a
born in this country turns out over a hundred of them a quarter to a third of
hundred of them a quarter to a third of
hundred of them a quarter to a third of us noblest came from they were that
us noblest came from they were that
us noblest came from they were that group they were immigrants they came to
group they were immigrants they came to
group they were immigrants they came to this country to pursue science so and
this country to pursue science so and
this country to pursue science so and that’s what made American sign so great
that’s what made American sign so great
that’s what made American sign so great so you know why should I know I care
so you know why should I know I care
so you know why should I know I care because I love science but why should an
because I love science but why should an
because I love science but why should an average person or anyone care about
average person or anyone care about
average person or anyone care about America having the best science well you
America having the best science well you
America having the best science well you know you can have sort of a national
know you can have sort of a national
know you can have sort of a national pride thing like in the same way that
pride thing like in the same way that
pride thing like in the same way that you follow the Olympics how many gold
you follow the Olympics how many gold
you follow the Olympics how many gold medals each country won and that’s fine
medals each country won and that’s fine
medals each country won and that’s fine but there’s some really practical
but there’s some really practical
but there’s some really practical reasons to care about achievement in
reasons to care about achievement in
reasons to care about achievement in science it’s one is that science and
science it’s one is that science and
science it’s one is that science and technology are an engine or you know I
technology are an engine or you know I
technology are an engine or you know I would argue the engine of the economy
would argue the engine of the economy
would argue the engine of the economy currently and the products of science
currently and the products of science
currently and the products of science and technology can really improve life
and technology can really improve life
and technology can really improve life now I’m I’m not a believer in in
now I’m I’m not a believer in in
now I’m I’m not a believer in in technology being a universal panacea for
technology being a universal panacea for
technology being a universal panacea for our problems there’s plenty of problems
our problems there’s plenty of problems
our problems there’s plenty of problems with it as well but I think on average
with it as well but I think on average
with it as well but I think on average that that is the case and so I thought I
that that is the case and so I thought I
that that is the case and so I thought I would give as an example of this idea a
would give as an example of this idea a
would give as an example of this idea a one sort of small slender chunk a wedge
one sort of small slender chunk a wedge
one sort of small slender chunk a wedge of science and that’s the field of
of science and that’s the field of
of science and that’s the field of biotechnology and biotechnology is a
biotechnology and biotechnology is a
biotechnology and biotechnology is a really American
really American
really American a branch of science it came out of
a branch of science it came out of
a branch of science it came out of California came out of near Silicon
California came out of near Silicon
California came out of near Silicon Valley essentially and it didn’t exist
Valley essentially and it didn’t exist
Valley essentially and it didn’t exist until 50 years ago and it’s using the
until 50 years ago and it’s using the
until 50 years ago and it’s using the tools of biology to make interesting
tools of biology to make interesting
tools of biology to make interesting useful biological products that can for
useful biological products that can for
useful biological products that can for example aid human health so if you’ve
example aid human health so if you’ve
example aid human health so if you’ve ever taken protein based drug there you
ever taken protein based drug there you
ever taken protein based drug there you made using the tools of biotechnology
made using the tools of biotechnology
made using the tools of biotechnology and again it’s a field that didn’t exist
and again it’s a field that didn’t exist
and again it’s a field that didn’t exist 50 years ago now why should you care
50 years ago now why should you care
50 years ago now why should you care about biotechnology well there’s a few
about biotechnology well there’s a few
about biotechnology well there’s a few reasons to care about biotechnology the
reasons to care about biotechnology the
reasons to care about biotechnology the first is if you’re you know really into
first is if you’re you know really into
first is if you’re you know really into money biotechnology has created
money biotechnology has created
money biotechnology has created trillions of dollars of economic
trillions of dollars of economic
trillions of dollars of economic activity in this potential E growing and
activity in this potential E growing and
activity in this potential E growing and you know that’s impressive
you know that’s impressive
you know that’s impressive and it does spread out and affect more
and it does spread out and affect more
and it does spread out and affect more than just the people who own these
than just the people who own these
than just the people who own these companies the second reason to care is
companies the second reason to care is
companies the second reason to care is that and part of the reason that
that and part of the reason that
that and part of the reason that biotechnology has made that money or is
biotechnology has made that money or is
biotechnology has made that money or is can had that economic activity is
can had that economic activity is
can had that economic activity is because the products work so if you’ve
because the products work so if you’ve
because the products work so if you’ve ever you know had a loved one who had
ever you know had a loved one who had
ever you know had a loved one who had breast cancer they might have been
breast cancer they might have been
breast cancer they might have been giving Herceptin if you know somebody
giving Herceptin if you know somebody
giving Herceptin if you know somebody who takes insulin for for diabetes all
who takes insulin for for diabetes all
who takes insulin for for diabetes all essentially all insulin is made using
essentially all insulin is made using
essentially all insulin is made using biotechnology used to be made by
biotechnology used to be made by
biotechnology used to be made by harvesting animal organs if you know
harvesting animal organs if you know
harvesting animal organs if you know someone who has a stroke they probably
someone who has a stroke they probably
someone who has a stroke they probably are they might have gotten TPA or
are they might have gotten TPA or
are they might have gotten TPA or activase and that broke up the clot to
activase and that broke up the clot to
activase and that broke up the clot to prevent it further tissue damage in the
prevent it further tissue damage in the
prevent it further tissue damage in the brain so these are all products of
brain so these are all products of
brain so these are all products of biotechnology and they’ve really touched
biotechnology and they’ve really touched
biotechnology and they’ve really touched and affected positively the lives of
and affected positively the lives of
and affected positively the lives of millions of people and again that came
millions of people and again that came
millions of people and again that came out of that’s one piece of American
out of that’s one piece of American
out of that’s one piece of American science and that truly is in a piece of
science and that truly is in a piece of
science and that truly is in a piece of American science so we can ask the
American science so we can ask the
American science so we can ask the question well where did biotechnology
question well where did biotechnology
question well where did biotechnology itself come from what were the
itself come from what were the
itself come from what were the contribute who invented biotechnology
contribute who invented biotechnology
contribute who invented biotechnology and you know this is one of the great
and you know this is one of the great
and you know this is one of the great problems in science there’s so many
problems in science there’s so many
problems in science there’s so many tributaries that lead to to any
tributaries that lead to to any
tributaries that lead to to any discovery that it’s hard to point to one
discovery that it’s hard to point to one
discovery that it’s hard to point to one person but a reasonable case
person but a reasonable case
person but a reasonable case can be made for these three individuals
can be made for these three individuals
can be made for these three individuals this is Holly Khurana and nirenberg they
this is Holly Khurana and nirenberg they
this is Holly Khurana and nirenberg they won the Nobel Prize in 1968 and what
won the Nobel Prize in 1968 and what
won the Nobel Prize in 1968 and what they won for is what’s called the
they won for is what’s called the
they won for is what’s called the genetic code for determining the genetic
genetic code for determining the genetic
genetic code for determining the genetic code and if you’ve ever what the genetic
code and if you’ve ever what the genetic
code and if you’ve ever what the genetic code is essentially is understanding how
code is essentially is understanding how
code is essentially is understanding how your genes your DNA that’s in your
your genes your DNA that’s in your
your genes your DNA that’s in your chromosomes codes for the proteins that
chromosomes codes for the proteins that
chromosomes codes for the proteins that do all the all the actions or the
do all the all the actions or the
do all the all the actions or the machines that do all the actions in the
machines that do all the actions in the
machines that do all the actions in the body so if you move your arm there’s a
body so if you move your arm there’s a
body so if you move your arm there’s a muscle protein that’s converting energy
muscle protein that’s converting energy
muscle protein that’s converting energy into motion
into motion
into motion if you see something there’s a protein
if you see something there’s a protein
if you see something there’s a protein in your eye that’s gathering light and
in your eye that’s gathering light and
in your eye that’s gathering light and creating a signal those proteins are
creating a signal those proteins are
creating a signal those proteins are coded for by your DNA how that worked
coded for by your DNA how that worked
coded for by your DNA how that worked was unknown until these three
was unknown until these three
was unknown until these three principally determined and so this is
principally determined and so this is
principally determined and so this is really an example and they’re all
really an example and they’re all
really an example and they’re all American citizens so these three neatly
American citizens so these three neatly
American citizens so these three neatly fit into that that night that impressive
fit into that that night that impressive
fit into that that night that impressive column of American novelists three
column of American novelists three
column of American novelists three Americans in that group of 350 but let’s
Americans in that group of 350 but let’s
Americans in that group of 350 but let’s again complexify it to create a word
again complexify it to create a word
again complexify it to create a word they if we look closely at Khurana his
they if we look closely at Khurana his
they if we look closely at Khurana his pathway to to that contribution was more
pathway to to that contribution was more
pathway to to that contribution was more complex Khurana actually started in
complex Khurana actually started in
complex Khurana actually started in India in fact what in a region of India
India in fact what in a region of India
India in fact what in a region of India which is now known which is now Pakistan
which is now known which is now Pakistan
which is now known which is now Pakistan and he was educated first a bachelor’s
and he was educated first a bachelor’s
and he was educated first a bachelor’s degree in India in India and then did
degree in India in India and then did
degree in India in India and then did graduate work in England nurse and
graduate work in England nurse and
graduate work in England nurse and Manchester Post doctor work in
Manchester Post doctor work in
Manchester Post doctor work in Switzerland and then eventually did
Switzerland and then eventually did
Switzerland and then eventually did further training at the University of
further training at the University of
further training at the University of British Columbia and eventually made his
British Columbia and eventually made his
British Columbia and eventually made his way to the University of Wisconsin in
way to the University of Wisconsin in
way to the University of Wisconsin in Madison and so that was where he was on
Madison and so that was where he was on
Madison and so that was where he was on that day when the Nobel Prize Committee
that day when the Nobel Prize Committee
that day when the Nobel Prize Committee contacted him and said congratulations
contacted him and said congratulations
contacted him and said congratulations he won the Nobel Prize and he was at
he won the Nobel Prize and he was at
he won the Nobel Prize and he was at that point an American winner of the
that point an American winner of the
that point an American winner of the Nobel Prize and of course eventually he
Nobel Prize and of course eventually he
Nobel Prize and of course eventually he was recruited by MIT and and that’s
was recruited by MIT and and that’s
was recruited by MIT and and that’s where he was where I bumped into him a
where he was where I bumped into him a
where he was where I bumped into him a few times
few times
few times and to me karana caranas contribution to
and to me karana caranas contribution to
and to me karana caranas contribution to this was even more remarkable because he
this was even more remarkable because he
this was even more remarkable because he was really one of the first people to
was really one of the first people to
was really one of the first people to chemically synthesize genetic material
chemically synthesize genetic material
chemically synthesize genetic material which is impressive and I think I want
which is impressive and I think I want
which is impressive and I think I want to sort of end on the talking about
to sort of end on the talking about
to sort of end on the talking about Khurana
Khurana
Khurana because he’s really to me emblematic of
because he’s really to me emblematic of
because he’s really to me emblematic of the of that group of a hundred plus
the of that group of a hundred plus
the of that group of a hundred plus Nobel Prize winners who American Nobel
Nobel Prize winners who American Nobel
Nobel Prize winners who American Nobel Prize winners who came from other
Prize winners who came from other
Prize winners who came from other countries but even more so he’s
countries but even more so he’s
countries but even more so he’s emblematic of the tens and hundreds of
emblematic of the tens and hundreds of
emblematic of the tens and hundreds of thousands of young scientists and
thousands of young scientists and
thousands of young scientists and engineers who’ve come from overseas to
engineers who’ve come from overseas to
engineers who’ve come from overseas to to take advantage of the amazing
to take advantage of the amazing
to take advantage of the amazing environment of American science but in
environment of American science but in
environment of American science but in so doing contributing their own
so doing contributing their own
so doing contributing their own prodigious talents to the endeavor and I
prodigious talents to the endeavor and I
prodigious talents to the endeavor and I think I think it seems pretty
think I think it seems pretty
think I think it seems pretty straightforward a straightforward idea
straightforward a straightforward idea
straightforward a straightforward idea that we should not impede that process
that we should not impede that process
that we should not impede that process that process because it lies at the root
that process because it lies at the root
that process because it lies at the root of the success of the scientific
of the success of the scientific
of the success of the scientific endeavor in the United States and of
endeavor in the United States and of
endeavor in the United States and of science in general thank you very much
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