[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
I’d like you to remember the number 57
I’d like you to remember the number 57 without in mind I’d like to talk about
without in mind I’d like to talk about
without in mind I’d like to talk about HIV and AIDS there are now 37 million
HIV and AIDS there are now 37 million
HIV and AIDS there are now 37 million people living with HIV and well only
people living with HIV and well only
people living with HIV and well only half of them have access to life-saving
half of them have access to life-saving
half of them have access to life-saving treatment that proportion continues to
treatment that proportion continues to
treatment that proportion continues to rise every single year
rise every single year
rise every single year modern HIV medication means that you can
modern HIV medication means that you can
modern HIV medication means that you can live an almost full lifespan with the
live an almost full lifespan with the
live an almost full lifespan with the virus a far cry from the virtual death
virus a far cry from the virtual death
virus a far cry from the virtual death sentence three decades ago yet the virus
sentence three decades ago yet the virus
sentence three decades ago yet the virus continues to spread infecting nearly 2
continues to spread infecting nearly 2
continues to spread infecting nearly 2 million people last year that’s more
million people last year that’s more
million people last year that’s more than 3 new infections every minute and
than 3 new infections every minute and
than 3 new infections every minute and of course it’s no longer than 1980s or
of course it’s no longer than 1980s or
of course it’s no longer than 1980s or 1990s and yet shamefully stigma and
1990s and yet shamefully stigma and
1990s and yet shamefully stigma and discrimination still surround HIV and
discrimination still surround HIV and
discrimination still surround HIV and AIDS there are myths and inaccurate
AIDS there are myths and inaccurate
AIDS there are myths and inaccurate perceptions about who gets HIV or how
perceptions about who gets HIV or how
perceptions about who gets HIV or how the virus can be transmitted and that
the virus can be transmitted and that
the virus can be transmitted and that can have a major impact on the lives of
can have a major impact on the lives of
can have a major impact on the lives of people living with HIV from being
people living with HIV from being
people living with HIV from being excluded from social or family
excluded from social or family
excluded from social or family activities to being denied health care
activities to being denied health care
activities to being denied health care services in fact the World Health
services in fact the World Health
services in fact the World Health Organization says that fear of stigma
Organization says that fear of stigma
Organization says that fear of stigma and discrimination is the number one
and discrimination is the number one
and discrimination is the number one cause of people being afraid to be
cause of people being afraid to be
cause of people being afraid to be tested for HIV of telling others about
tested for HIV of telling others about
tested for HIV of telling others about their status and of starting to take
their status and of starting to take
their status and of starting to take treatment that means they can go
treatment that means they can go
treatment that means they can go untreated or start treatment too late
untreated or start treatment too late
untreated or start treatment too late putting their own health at risk and
putting their own health at risk and
putting their own health at risk and increasing the chance that they might
increasing the chance that they might
increasing the chance that they might transmit the virus to someone else so
transmit the virus to someone else so
transmit the virus to someone else so even though effective treatment already
even though effective treatment already
even though effective treatment already exists the virus continues to spread and
exists the virus continues to spread and
exists the virus continues to spread and people still face stigma and
people still face stigma and
people still face stigma and discrimination what can be done about
discrimination what can be done about
discrimination what can be done about this imagine if we could cure HIV
this imagine if we could cure HIV
this imagine if we could cure HIV imagine if we could transform this
imagine if we could transform this
imagine if we could transform this lifelong infection into a temporary
lifelong infection into a temporary
lifelong infection into a temporary ailment
ailment
ailment an HIV cure would free individuals from
an HIV cure would free individuals from
an HIV cure would free individuals from a lifetime of infection and treatment
a lifetime of infection and treatment
a lifetime of infection and treatment and it would free society from a major
and it would free society from a major
and it would free society from a major medical and financial burden as people
medical and financial burden as people
medical and financial burden as people learned that HIV is something you can
learned that HIV is something you can
learned that HIV is something you can get rid of stigma and discrimination
get rid of stigma and discrimination
get rid of stigma and discrimination would begin to disappear and that means
would begin to disappear and that means
would begin to disappear and that means people would be more likely to seek
people would be more likely to seek
people would be more likely to seek testing and treatment and there are now
testing and treatment and there are now
testing and treatment and there are now thousands of scientists and others
thousands of scientists and others
thousands of scientists and others around the world hard at work trying to
around the world hard at work trying to
around the world hard at work trying to develop a cure for HIV I’ve been
develop a cure for HIV I’ve been
develop a cure for HIV I’ve been fascinated by viruses since I was a
fascinated by viruses since I was a
fascinated by viruses since I was a teenager and I read the hot zone which
teenager and I read the hot zone which
teenager and I read the hot zone which tells the story of an Ebola outbreak and
tells the story of an Ebola outbreak and
tells the story of an Ebola outbreak and the search for the origins of Ebola in
the search for the origins of Ebola in
the search for the origins of Ebola in the rainforests of Eastern Africa when I
the rainforests of Eastern Africa when I
the rainforests of Eastern Africa when I started University I wanted to get
started University I wanted to get
started University I wanted to get involved in biomedical research that
involved in biomedical research that
involved in biomedical research that might one day have an impact on people’s
might one day have an impact on people’s
might one day have an impact on people’s lives no matter how small I also wanted
lives no matter how small I also wanted
lives no matter how small I also wanted to work on something that was a little
to work on something that was a little
to work on something that was a little bit less scary than Ebola when I started
bit less scary than Ebola when I started
bit less scary than Ebola when I started my graduate studies in Montreal I joined
my graduate studies in Montreal I joined
my graduate studies in Montreal I joined the lab of dr. mark Weinberger an AIDS
the lab of dr. mark Weinberger an AIDS
the lab of dr. mark Weinberger an AIDS activist and pioneer of HIV research who
activist and pioneer of HIV research who
activist and pioneer of HIV research who sadly passed away earlier this year
sadly passed away earlier this year
sadly passed away earlier this year during my first project in his lab we
during my first project in his lab we
during my first project in his lab we studied a new type of drug that was able
studied a new type of drug that was able
studied a new type of drug that was able to stop HIV from inserting its DNA into
to stop HIV from inserting its DNA into
to stop HIV from inserting its DNA into the cells own DNA so we helped explain
the cells own DNA so we helped explain
the cells own DNA so we helped explain why this drug was even more effective
why this drug was even more effective
why this drug was even more effective than anticipated when it was first used
than anticipated when it was first used
than anticipated when it was first used in the clinic I then switched gears to a
in the clinic I then switched gears to a
in the clinic I then switched gears to a proof-of-concept HIV cure project we
proof-of-concept HIV cure project we
proof-of-concept HIV cure project we took a small component of the virus
took a small component of the virus
took a small component of the virus manipulated it in the lab and used it as
manipulated it in the lab and used it as
manipulated it in the lab and used it as a weapon against the virus to stop it
a weapon against the virus to stop it
a weapon against the virus to stop it from becoming dormant and this dormant
from becoming dormant and this dormant
from becoming dormant and this dormant virus is the key to curing HIV when I
virus is the key to curing HIV when I
virus is the key to curing HIV when I finished my PhD four years ago I moved
finished my PhD four years ago I moved
finished my PhD four years ago I moved to the Pasteur Institute in Paris where
to the Pasteur Institute in Paris where
to the Pasteur Institute in Paris where HIV was discovered in 1983 I’ve spent
HIV was discovered in 1983 I’ve spent
HIV was discovered in 1983 I’ve spent most of my time there trying to better
most of my time there trying to better
most of my time there trying to better understand the molecular details of what
understand the molecular details of what
understand the molecular details of what happens after HIV gets inside a cell
happens after HIV gets inside a cell
happens after HIV gets inside a cell for HIV to successfully infect a cell it
for HIV to successfully infect a cell it
for HIV to successfully infect a cell it must gain access to the nucleus where
must gain access to the nucleus where
must gain access to the nucleus where the cell’s chromosomes are found we
the cell’s chromosomes are found we
the cell’s chromosomes are found we uncovered a region of the virus that can
uncovered a region of the virus that can
uncovered a region of the virus that can be targeted in the lab to stop it from
be targeted in the lab to stop it from
be targeted in the lab to stop it from getting into the nucleus this both
getting into the nucleus this both
getting into the nucleus this both prevents the cell from becoming infected
prevents the cell from becoming infected
prevents the cell from becoming infected and stops the virus from being able to
and stops the virus from being able to
and stops the virus from being able to become dormant I also helped set up an
become dormant I also helped set up an
become dormant I also helped set up an antibody based HIV cure project that my
antibody based HIV cure project that my
antibody based HIV cure project that my colleagues at Pasteur are working on you
colleagues at Pasteur are working on you
colleagues at Pasteur are working on you might be wondering why don’t we already
might be wondering why don’t we already
might be wondering why don’t we already have a cure for HIV why is the virus so
have a cure for HIV why is the virus so
have a cure for HIV why is the virus so hard to get rid of once you get it
HIV infects helper t-cells which are
HIV infects helper t-cells which are like the air traffic controllers of the
like the air traffic controllers of the
like the air traffic controllers of the immune system most of the time when a
immune system most of the time when a
immune system most of the time when a cell gets infected HIV will produce
cell gets infected HIV will produce
cell gets infected HIV will produce thousands of copies of itself before
thousands of copies of itself before
thousands of copies of itself before killing that cell and if too many helper
killing that cell and if too many helper
killing that cell and if too many helper t-cells have been killed there’s nothing
t-cells have been killed there’s nothing
t-cells have been killed there’s nothing left to control the immune system
left to control the immune system
left to control the immune system causing AIDS but a tiny fraction of
causing AIDS but a tiny fraction of
causing AIDS but a tiny fraction of helper t-cells around one and a million
helper t-cells around one and a million
helper t-cells around one and a million have dormant virus rather than
have dormant virus rather than
have dormant virus rather than replicating the HIV will insert its DNA
replicating the HIV will insert its DNA
replicating the HIV will insert its DNA into the cells own DNA but it won’t
into the cells own DNA but it won’t
into the cells own DNA but it won’t produce anything this dormant virus
produce anything this dormant virus
produce anything this dormant virus doesn’t harm the cell and it’s invisible
doesn’t harm the cell and it’s invisible
doesn’t harm the cell and it’s invisible to the immune system and to HIV
to the immune system and to HIV
to the immune system and to HIV medication well so what if the dormant
medication well so what if the dormant
medication well so what if the dormant virus is just a piece of DNA sitting
virus is just a piece of DNA sitting
virus is just a piece of DNA sitting there not doing it doing anything what’s
there not doing it doing anything what’s
there not doing it doing anything what’s the problem the problem is helper
the problem the problem is helper
the problem the problem is helper t-cells live as long as you do and
t-cells live as long as you do and
t-cells live as long as you do and months years even decades later the
months years even decades later the
months years even decades later the dormant virus can come out of hiding and
dormant virus can come out of hiding and
dormant virus can come out of hiding and start replicating which means that if
start replicating which means that if
start replicating which means that if you aren’t taking HIV medication it will
you aren’t taking HIV medication it will
you aren’t taking HIV medication it will spread throughout your body think of a
spread throughout your body think of a
spread throughout your body think of a fire that’s almost out but a spark
fire that’s almost out but a spark
fire that’s almost out but a spark escapes and ignites
escapes and ignites
escapes and ignites a forest fire this is why HIV is
a forest fire this is why HIV is
a forest fire this is why HIV is incurable today because of the dormant
incurable today because of the dormant
incurable today because of the dormant virus once you have HIV you have it for
virus once you have HIV you have it for
virus once you have HIV you have it for life
life
life so to cure HIV we need to get rid of all
so to cure HIV we need to get rid of all
so to cure HIV we need to get rid of all this dormant virus but that’s actually
this dormant virus but that’s actually
this dormant virus but that’s actually really difficult because the cells with
really difficult because the cells with
really difficult because the cells with the dormant virus are so rare and they
the dormant virus are so rare and they
the dormant virus are so rare and they look pretty much like other healthy
look pretty much like other healthy
look pretty much like other healthy cells it’s not even like looking for a
cells it’s not even like looking for a
cells it’s not even like looking for a needle in a haystack
needle in a haystack
needle in a haystack it’s almost like looking for one
it’s almost like looking for one
it’s almost like looking for one particular piece of hay in a haystack
Timothy Ray Brown also known as the
Timothy Ray Brown also known as the Berlin patient is the first and so far
Berlin patient is the first and so far
Berlin patient is the first and so far only person ever to be cured of HIV he
only person ever to be cured of HIV he
only person ever to be cured of HIV he had both HIV and cancer and ten years
had both HIV and cancer and ten years
had both HIV and cancer and ten years ago he underwent an intensive cancer
ago he underwent an intensive cancer
ago he underwent an intensive cancer treatment that his doctors in Berlin
treatment that his doctors in Berlin
treatment that his doctors in Berlin modified in the hopes of curing his HIV
modified in the hopes of curing his HIV
modified in the hopes of curing his HIV at the same time and while this was
at the same time and while this was
at the same time and while this was successful and it proves that it is
successful and it proves that it is
successful and it proves that it is possible to cure HIV the treatment that
possible to cure HIV the treatment that
possible to cure HIV the treatment that he underwent is extremely invasive and
he underwent is extremely invasive and
he underwent is extremely invasive and dangerous and can only be attempted in
dangerous and can only be attempted in
dangerous and can only be attempted in cases of life-threatening cancer a more
cases of life-threatening cancer a more
cases of life-threatening cancer a more widespread cure would require a
widespread cure would require a
widespread cure would require a completely different approach and I’d
completely different approach and I’d
completely different approach and I’d like to tell you about two of the most
like to tell you about two of the most
like to tell you about two of the most promising and fascinating approaches to
promising and fascinating approaches to
promising and fascinating approaches to curing HIV that are now being developed
curing HIV that are now being developed
curing HIV that are now being developed the first of these uses antibodies to
the first of these uses antibodies to
the first of these uses antibodies to kill the cells with dormant virus and
kill the cells with dormant virus and
kill the cells with dormant virus and this is work being done by scientists
this is work being done by scientists
this is work being done by scientists all around the world including my
all around the world including my
all around the world including my colleagues at Pasteur an antibody is a
colleagues at Pasteur an antibody is a
colleagues at Pasteur an antibody is a protein produced by the immune system
protein produced by the immune system
protein produced by the immune system that has a particular three-dimensional
that has a particular three-dimensional
that has a particular three-dimensional shape and electrical charge think of a
shape and electrical charge think of a
shape and electrical charge think of a mountain range where the peaks and
mountain range where the peaks and
mountain range where the peaks and valleys are overlaid with positive and
valleys are overlaid with positive and
valleys are overlaid with positive and negative electrical charges and a
negative electrical charges and a
negative electrical charges and a specific combination of Peaks valleys
specific combination of Peaks valleys
specific combination of Peaks valleys and charges gives the antibody the
and charges gives the antibody the
and charges gives the antibody the ability to recognize a particular target
ability to recognize a particular target
ability to recognize a particular target and to lock onto it like a magnet and
and to lock onto it like a magnet and
and to lock onto it like a magnet and that target could be cells that are
that target could be cells that are
that target could be cells that are infected with HIV everybody infected
infected with HIV everybody infected
infected with HIV everybody infected with HIV actually produces antibodies
with HIV actually produces antibodies
with HIV actually produces antibodies that recognize the virus but these are
that recognize the virus but these are
that recognize the virus but these are almost always too weak fortunately a few
almost always too weak fortunately a few
almost always too weak fortunately a few very rare HIV
very rare HIV
very rare HIV infected individuals produce
infected individuals produce
infected individuals produce exceptionally powerful antibodies and
exceptionally powerful antibodies and
exceptionally powerful antibodies and the genetic information from these
the genetic information from these
the genetic information from these people can be used to produce large
people can be used to produce large
people can be used to produce large amounts of these super antibodies in the
amounts of these super antibodies in the
amounts of these super antibodies in the lab and once in the lab these can even
lab and once in the lab these can even
lab and once in the lab these can even be engineered to become more powerful so
be engineered to become more powerful so
be engineered to become more powerful so let’s take a look at what actually
let’s take a look at what actually
let’s take a look at what actually happens when we try to cure HIV using
happens when we try to cure HIV using
happens when we try to cure HIV using these specially engineered super
these specially engineered super
these specially engineered super antibodies if somebody has HIV and we
antibodies if somebody has HIV and we
antibodies if somebody has HIV and we treat them with these antibodies well
treat them with these antibodies well
treat them with these antibodies well actually nothing happens
actually nothing happens
actually nothing happens remember the dormant virus doesn’t
remember the dormant virus doesn’t
remember the dormant virus doesn’t produce anything and the HIV medication
produce anything and the HIV medication
produce anything and the HIV medication this person is taking will stop other
this person is taking will stop other
this person is taking will stop other virus from replicating so there’s
virus from replicating so there’s
virus from replicating so there’s nothing for the antibodies to recognize
nothing for the antibodies to recognize
nothing for the antibodies to recognize they have no targets to lock on to what
they have no targets to lock on to what
they have no targets to lock on to what we first need to do is activate the
we first need to do is activate the
we first need to do is activate the dormant virus using special drugs that
dormant virus using special drugs that
dormant virus using special drugs that will force the DNA of the dormant virus
will force the DNA of the dormant virus
will force the DNA of the dormant virus to become active causing the virus to
to become active causing the virus to
to become active causing the virus to begin replicating and that will create
begin replicating and that will create
begin replicating and that will create targets for the antibodies so now we can
targets for the antibodies so now we can
targets for the antibodies so now we can come in and treat this person with super
come in and treat this person with super
come in and treat this person with super antibodies and these will recognize
antibodies and these will recognize
antibodies and these will recognize these will recognize these cells and
these will recognize these cells and
these will recognize these cells and lock on to them like powerful magnets
lock on to them like powerful magnets
lock on to them like powerful magnets and once logged on to their targets
and once logged on to their targets
and once logged on to their targets these antibodies will recruit other
these antibodies will recruit other
these antibodies will recruit other specialized killing cells of the immune
specialized killing cells of the immune
specialized killing cells of the immune system that act like assassins and these
system that act like assassins and these
system that act like assassins and these will seek out and destroy any cells that
will seek out and destroy any cells that
will seek out and destroy any cells that are covered with super antibodies so if
are covered with super antibodies so if
are covered with super antibodies so if we are able to activate all the dormant
we are able to activate all the dormant
we are able to activate all the dormant virus and if the super antibodies and
virus and if the super antibodies and
virus and if the super antibodies and the immune assassins are strong enough
the immune assassins are strong enough
the immune assassins are strong enough we can remove all the dormant virus from
we can remove all the dormant virus from
we can remove all the dormant virus from the body and here HIV we already know
the body and here HIV we already know
the body and here HIV we already know this works in principle in laboratory
this works in principle in laboratory
this works in principle in laboratory experiments and this is now in the very
experiments and this is now in the very
experiments and this is now in the very early stages of testing in clinical
early stages of testing in clinical
early stages of testing in clinical trials with hiv-positive volunteers so
trials with hiv-positive volunteers so
trials with hiv-positive volunteers so that’s how we might one day hope to cure
that’s how we might one day hope to cure
that’s how we might one day hope to cure HIV with antibodies but there’s another
HIV with antibodies but there’s another
HIV with antibodies but there’s another very different approach to curing HIV
very different approach to curing HIV
very different approach to curing HIV also being developed and it’s based on a
also being developed and it’s based on a
also being developed and it’s based on a powerful new technology called CRISPR
powerful new technology called CRISPR
powerful new technology called CRISPR the goal here is not to kill the cell
the goal here is not to kill the cell
the goal here is not to kill the cell with dormant virus but rather to
with dormant virus but rather to
with dormant virus but rather to directly remove the dormant virus
directly remove the dormant virus
directly remove the dormant virus without harming the cell
without harming the cell
without harming the cell CRISPR is a form of gene editing where
CRISPR is a form of gene editing where
CRISPR is a form of gene editing where special proteins act like molecular
special proteins act like molecular
special proteins act like molecular scissors to cut particular sequences of
scissors to cut particular sequences of
scissors to cut particular sequences of DNA gene editing is actually a pretty
DNA gene editing is actually a pretty
DNA gene editing is actually a pretty old technology as far as molecular
old technology as far as molecular
old technology as far as molecular biology goes it’s been around in the lab
biology goes it’s been around in the lab
biology goes it’s been around in the lab for a few decades
for a few decades
for a few decades but to edit DNA in living cells has
but to edit DNA in living cells has
but to edit DNA in living cells has traditionally been very cumbersome and
traditionally been very cumbersome and
traditionally been very cumbersome and labor-intensive
labor-intensive
labor-intensive it’s a little bit like learning to
it’s a little bit like learning to
it’s a little bit like learning to develop negatives in a homemade
develop negatives in a homemade
develop negatives in a homemade photography darkroom where it’s as much
photography darkroom where it’s as much
photography darkroom where it’s as much an art as a science and you don’t always
an art as a science and you don’t always
an art as a science and you don’t always get the result that you want with CRISPR
get the result that you want with CRISPR
get the result that you want with CRISPR it’s like we now have Photoshop for
it’s like we now have Photoshop for
it’s like we now have Photoshop for chromosomes CRISPR lets us make very
chromosomes CRISPR lets us make very
chromosomes CRISPR lets us make very specific changes to a DNA sequence at
specific changes to a DNA sequence at
specific changes to a DNA sequence at precise locations inside each cell of
precise locations inside each cell of
precise locations inside each cell of your body are three billion DNA letters
your body are three billion DNA letters
your body are three billion DNA letters and dormant HIV is only nine thousand of
and dormant HIV is only nine thousand of
and dormant HIV is only nine thousand of these letters hidden somewhere among the
these letters hidden somewhere among the
these letters hidden somewhere among the three billion of the cell so by using
three billion of the cell so by using
three billion of the cell so by using CRISPR to target precise DNA sequences
CRISPR to target precise DNA sequences
CRISPR to target precise DNA sequences that are only found in dormant HIV and
that are only found in dormant HIV and
that are only found in dormant HIV and nowhere else we can inactivate or
nowhere else we can inactivate or
nowhere else we can inactivate or directly delete the dormant virus from
directly delete the dormant virus from
directly delete the dormant virus from the cell this is relatively
the cell this is relatively
the cell this is relatively straightforward to do in the lab but for
straightforward to do in the lab but for
straightforward to do in the lab but for this to work in people we need an
this to work in people we need an
this to work in people we need an efficient way to get the CRISPR system
efficient way to get the CRISPR system
efficient way to get the CRISPR system into their bodies earlier this year this
into their bodies earlier this year this
into their bodies earlier this year this was tested in mice that had dormant HIV
was tested in mice that had dormant HIV
was tested in mice that had dormant HIV scientists took a harmless virus that
scientists took a harmless virus that
scientists took a harmless virus that they modified and used it to infect the
they modified and used it to infect the
they modified and used it to infect the mice and once inside this virus actually
mice and once inside this virus actually
mice and once inside this virus actually produced copies of the CRISPR system
produced copies of the CRISPR system
produced copies of the CRISPR system inside each cell of the mice and
inside each cell of the mice and
inside each cell of the mice and incredibly almost all of the dormant
incredibly almost all of the dormant
incredibly almost all of the dormant virus was cut from their bodies giving
virus was cut from their bodies giving
virus was cut from their bodies giving hope that a similar approach might one
hope that a similar approach might one
hope that a similar approach might one day work in people the two strategies
day work in people the two strategies
day work in people the two strategies that I’ve just talked about using
that I’ve just talked about using
that I’ve just talked about using antibodies to kill the cells with
antibodies to kill the cells with
antibodies to kill the cells with dormant virus and using CRISPR to remove
dormant virus and using CRISPR to remove
dormant virus and using CRISPR to remove the dormant virus without harming the
the dormant virus without harming the
the dormant virus without harming the cell these are two of the most promising
cell these are two of the most promising
cell these are two of the most promising Keir approaches being developed by
Keir approaches being developed by
Keir approaches being developed by thousands of scientists around the world
thousands of scientists around the world
thousands of scientists around the world but it’s not only basic scientists
but it’s not only basic scientists
but it’s not only basic scientists leading the way
leading the way
leading the way there’s a crucial role being played by
there’s a crucial role being played by
there’s a crucial role being played by clinicians and others involved in
clinicians and others involved in
clinicians and others involved in clinical trials by taking experimental
clinical trials by taking experimental
clinical trials by taking experimental treatments developed in the lab and
treatments developed in the lab and
treatments developed in the lab and testing them for the first time in
testing them for the first time in
testing them for the first time in clinical trials with hiv-positive
clinical trials with hiv-positive
clinical trials with hiv-positive volunteers there’s also a role for a
volunteers there’s also a role for a
volunteers there’s also a role for a variety of social scientists from
variety of social scientists from
variety of social scientists from running stigma reduction programs to
running stigma reduction programs to
running stigma reduction programs to addressing social and economic barriers
addressing social and economic barriers
addressing social and economic barriers that limit the access of some HIV
that limit the access of some HIV
that limit the access of some HIV populations from participating in
populations from participating in
populations from participating in clinical trials and of course the HIV
clinical trials and of course the HIV
clinical trials and of course the HIV community are an invaluable piece of
community are an invaluable piece of
community are an invaluable piece of this puzzle we have to remember that for
this puzzle we have to remember that for
this puzzle we have to remember that for people living with HIV who take part in
people living with HIV who take part in
people living with HIV who take part in early clinical trials of experimental
early clinical trials of experimental
early clinical trials of experimental cured treatments there’s likely to be
cured treatments there’s likely to be
cured treatments there’s likely to be very little personal benefit and
very little personal benefit and
very little personal benefit and certainly some level of risk and yet
certainly some level of risk and yet
certainly some level of risk and yet many people with HIV continue to
many people with HIV continue to
many people with HIV continue to volunteer for these trials because of
volunteer for these trials because of
volunteer for these trials because of the massive social benefit that could
the massive social benefit that could
the massive social benefit that could result who remembers the number that I
result who remembers the number that I
result who remembers the number that I asked you to keep in mind 57 this is how
asked you to keep in mind 57 this is how
asked you to keep in mind 57 this is how many people have become infected with
many people have become infected with
many people have become infected with HIV since the start of this presentation
HIV since the start of this presentation
HIV since the start of this presentation and that’s happening all day every day
and that’s happening all day every day
and that’s happening all day every day it’s 57 too many you don’t have to be a
it’s 57 too many you don’t have to be a
it’s 57 too many you don’t have to be a scientist to help in the fight against
scientist to help in the fight against
scientist to help in the fight against HIV and the drive for a cure you can
HIV and the drive for a cure you can
HIV and the drive for a cure you can also help make a difference yes this
also help make a difference yes this
also help make a difference yes this could be through financial support like
could be through financial support like
could be through financial support like making a donation to a group that
making a donation to a group that
making a donation to a group that supports cure research but you can also
supports cure research but you can also
supports cure research but you can also help make a difference without spending
help make a difference without spending
help make a difference without spending anything learn about stigma and
anything learn about stigma and
anything learn about stigma and discrimination and speak with someone
discrimination and speak with someone
discrimination and speak with someone you know who might be living with HIV or
you know who might be living with HIV or
you know who might be living with HIV or do your part and helping to end HIV
do your part and helping to end HIV
do your part and helping to end HIV transmission and go get tested take a
transmission and go get tested take a
transmission and go get tested take a colleague a neighbor a friend heck even
colleague a neighbor a friend heck even
colleague a neighbor a friend heck even your grandma it’s quick it’s easy and
your grandma it’s quick it’s easy and
your grandma it’s quick it’s easy and it’s free for the 37 million people
it’s free for the 37 million people
it’s free for the 37 million people living with HIV today and the 2 million
living with HIV today and the 2 million
living with HIV today and the 2 million more who are becoming infected
more who are becoming infected
more who are becoming infected every single year the development of an
every single year the development of an
every single year the development of an HIV cure would be nothing less than the
HIV cure would be nothing less than the
HIV cure would be nothing less than the realization of a dream a dream of a
realization of a dream a dream of a
realization of a dream a dream of a lifetime free of infection and treatment
lifetime free of infection and treatment
lifetime free of infection and treatment free of the fear that they might one day
free of the fear that they might one day
free of the fear that they might one day develop AIDS free of the stigma and
develop AIDS free of the stigma and
develop AIDS free of the stigma and discrimination of being HIV positive
discrimination of being HIV positive
discrimination of being HIV positive let’s be realistic
let’s be realistic
let’s be realistic there are substantial challenges to be
there are substantial challenges to be
there are substantial challenges to be overcome but progress is accelerating
overcome but progress is accelerating
overcome but progress is accelerating and we are on the path to making an HIV
and we are on the path to making an HIV
and we are on the path to making an HIV cure a reality
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