[Music] thank you so much for inviting me here
thank you so much for inviting me here
thank you so much for inviting me here and also Amy thank you for that amazing
and also Amy thank you for that amazing
and also Amy thank you for that amazing introduction so it’s such a pleasure and
introduction so it’s such a pleasure and
introduction so it’s such a pleasure and an honor and a little surreal to be
an honor and a little surreal to be
an honor and a little surreal to be already back at high school and sharing
already back at high school and sharing
already back at high school and sharing with you the research experiences I’ve
with you the research experiences I’ve
with you the research experiences I’ve had since I graduated so today as my
had since I graduated so today as my
had since I graduated so today as my talks title suggests I will be speaking
talks title suggests I will be speaking
talks title suggests I will be speaking about microbes and their growing
about microbes and their growing
about microbes and their growing relationship with artworks and cultural
relationship with artworks and cultural
relationship with artworks and cultural heritage but before I get there
heritage but before I get there
heritage but before I get there given my research interests in memory
given my research interests in memory
given my research interests in memory and memorialization and also given the
and memorialization and also given the
and memorialization and also given the topic of this event growth I thought I
topic of this event growth I thought I
topic of this event growth I thought I would reminisce a little bit I want to
would reminisce a little bit I want to
would reminisce a little bit I want to recall and perhaps speculate on how NCS
recall and perhaps speculate on how NCS
recall and perhaps speculate on how NCS SN shaped the research that I’m doing
SN shaped the research that I’m doing
SN shaped the research that I’m doing today in particular my current research
today in particular my current research
today in particular my current research draws on ethnographic fieldwork that I
draws on ethnographic fieldwork that I
draws on ethnographic fieldwork that I conducted in the United States and Italy
conducted in the United States and Italy
conducted in the United States and Italy with scientists from different
with scientists from different
with scientists from different backgrounds scientists like physicists
backgrounds scientists like physicists
backgrounds scientists like physicists chemists and biologists to understand
chemists and biologists to understand
chemists and biologists to understand how they brought their perspectives on
how they brought their perspectives on
how they brought their perspectives on how nature works in order to develop new
how nature works in order to develop new
how nature works in order to develop new technologies for restoring art and
technologies for restoring art and
technologies for restoring art and cultural heritage and these objects
cultural heritage and these objects
cultural heritage and these objects range from the Milan Cathedral to
range from the Milan Cathedral to
range from the Milan Cathedral to paintings by Jackson Pollock and this
paintings by Jackson Pollock and this
paintings by Jackson Pollock and this morning I will demonstrate how Italian
morning I will demonstrate how Italian
morning I will demonstrate how Italian scientists are using microbiology logics
scientists are using microbiology logics
scientists are using microbiology logics and practices to reshape what art works
and practices to reshape what art works
and practices to reshape what art works and cultural heritage can look like but
and cultural heritage can look like but
and cultural heritage can look like but before art and microbes entered in my
before art and microbes entered in my
before art and microbes entered in my life there was a sea slug called a
life there was a sea slug called a
life there was a sea slug called a pleased iya California
my very first independent research
my very first independent research project was conceived and executed while
project was conceived and executed while
project was conceived and executed while I was a student here at science and math
I was a student here at science and math
I was a student here at science and math I was just accepted into dr. Scheck’s
I was just accepted into dr. Scheck’s
I was just accepted into dr. Scheck’s research in biology class and I was
research in biology class and I was
research in biology class and I was cramming my head to figure out what I
cramming my head to figure out what I
cramming my head to figure out what I was going to do all I knew was that I
was going to do all I knew was that I
was going to do all I knew was that I didn’t want to do what I said I was
didn’t want to do what I said I was
didn’t want to do what I said I was going to do in my application so I
going to do in my application so I
going to do in my application so I remember wandering around campus
remember wandering around campus
remember wandering around campus bouncing ideas off of my senior mentor
bouncing ideas off of my senior mentor
bouncing ideas off of my senior mentor and I had this brief moment of pseudo
and I had this brief moment of pseudo
and I had this brief moment of pseudo clarity where I decided that what I
clarity where I decided that what I
clarity where I decided that what I wanted to study was the act of
wanted to study was the act of
wanted to study was the act of misremembering I had this kind of
misremembering I had this kind of
misremembering I had this kind of embarrassingly naive notion that if I
embarrassingly naive notion that if I
embarrassingly naive notion that if I could solve the problem of
could solve the problem of
could solve the problem of misremembering
misremembering
misremembering I could help solve many of the world’s
I could help solve many of the world’s
I could help solve many of the world’s social conflicts social conflicts that I
social conflicts social conflicts that I
social conflicts social conflicts that I imagined ranged from disagreements
imagined ranged from disagreements
imagined ranged from disagreements between individual friends and
between individual friends and
between individual friends and disagreements among entire nations this
disagreements among entire nations this
disagreements among entire nations this is super embarrassing to admit but it is
is super embarrassing to admit but it is
is super embarrassing to admit but it is true that I think many people are
true that I think many people are
true that I think many people are heavily heavily invested in the question
heavily heavily invested in the question
heavily heavily invested in the question of what really happened right all the
of what really happened right all the
of what really happened right all the time and in all kinds of frames and
time and in all kinds of frames and
time and in all kinds of frames and contexts one of which I will relate in a
contexts one of which I will relate in a
contexts one of which I will relate in a little while so I’m rummaging through
little while so I’m rummaging through
little while so I’m rummaging through all these all this biological literature
all these all this biological literature
all these all this biological literature on memory and here comes a please eeeh a
on memory and here comes a please eeeh a
on memory and here comes a please eeeh a sea slug which turns out to be a model
sea slug which turns out to be a model
sea slug which turns out to be a model organism for neurobiological research
organism for neurobiological research
organism for neurobiological research and memory formation they exhibit this
and memory formation they exhibit this
and memory formation they exhibit this behavior called the gill and siphon
behavior called the gill and siphon
behavior called the gill and siphon withdraw reflex and scientists from the
withdraw reflex and scientists from the
withdraw reflex and scientists from the 60s and 70s are most notably led by an
60s and 70s are most notably led by an
60s and 70s are most notably led by an ear scientist and Nobel laureate Eric
ear scientist and Nobel laureate Eric
ear scientist and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel found that they varied the
Kandel found that they varied the
Kandel found that they varied the duration of their reflex according to
duration of their reflex according to
duration of their reflex according to different kinds of stimuli and what was
different kinds of stimuli and what was
different kinds of stimuli and what was really amazing was that they retained
really amazing was that they retained
really amazing was that they retained memories of the lessons that the
memories of the lessons that the
memories of the lessons that the scientist gave them long after the
scientist gave them long after the
scientist gave them long after the training sessions were over and what
training sessions were over and what
training sessions were over and what really stuck out to me was the fact that
really stuck out to me was the fact that
really stuck out to me was the fact that their behavioral changes correlated to
their behavioral changes correlated to
their behavioral changes correlated to physical changes in these sea slugs
physical changes in these sea slugs
physical changes in these sea slugs neurons
neurons
neurons and this concreteness was what really
and this concreteness was what our
and this concreteness was what our really caught my eye I loved this that
really caught my eye I loved this that
really caught my eye I loved this that memory something as intangible and
memory something as intangible and
memory something as intangible and elusive something as intangible an
elusive something as intangible an
elusive something as intangible an elusive as memory could be made as
elusive as memory could be made as
elusive as memory could be made as material as visible and as hard of a
material as visible and as hard of a
material as visible and as hard of a fact as the increasing and decreasing
fact as the increasing and decreasing
fact as the increasing and decreasing number of synaptic connections that one
number of synaptic connections that one
number of synaptic connections that one could actually count on a macroscopic
could actually count on a macroscopic
could actually count on a macroscopic slide so this revelation led me to do
slide so this revelation led me to do
slide so this revelation led me to do many absurd things I actually raised sea
many absurd things I actually raised sea
many absurd things I actually raised sea slugs in saltwater tanks and fed them
slugs in saltwater tanks and fed them
slugs in saltwater tanks and fed them pieces of romaine lettuce I squirted
pieces of romaine lettuce I squirted
pieces of romaine lettuce I squirted them with Jets of water with a Waterpik
them with Jets of water with a Waterpik
them with Jets of water with a Waterpik which is a water flosser device that
which is a water flosser device that
which is a water flosser device that you’re supposed to use to clean your
you’re supposed to use to clean your
you’re supposed to use to clean your teeth I timed the duration of their
teeth I timed the duration of their
teeth I timed the duration of their withdrawal reflex and I dissected them
withdrawal reflex and I dissected them
withdrawal reflex and I dissected them and mounted their neuronal game neuronal
and mounted their neuronal game neuronal
and mounted their neuronal game neuronal ganglia on microscope slides things I
ganglia on microscope slides things I
ganglia on microscope slides things I cannot believe that I actually did and
cannot believe that I actually did and
cannot believe that I actually did and to and to this day whenever I see
to and to this day whenever I see
to and to this day whenever I see romaine lettuce I think about the smell
romaine lettuce I think about the smell
romaine lettuce I think about the smell of salt water I think about stress and I
of salt water I think about stress and I
of salt water I think about stress and I think about general textures of slime
think about general textures of slime
think about general textures of slime enos in slipperiness it’s terrible and
enos in slipperiness it’s terrible and
enos in slipperiness it’s terrible and in the end because of this experience I
in the end because of this experience I
in the end because of this experience I graduated science and math and I entered
graduated science and math and I entered
graduated science and math and I entered college with the aim of becoming a
college with the aim of becoming a
college with the aim of becoming a neurobiologist it was going to be the
neurobiologist it was going to be the
neurobiologist it was going to be the brain I was convinced that told me why
brain I was convinced that told me why
brain I was convinced that told me why and how people remembered and forgot as
and how people remembered and forgot as
and how people remembered and forgot as a cultural anthropologist now as an
a cultural anthropologist now as an
a cultural anthropologist now as an anthropologist of Science and Technology
anthropologist of Science and Technology
anthropologist of Science and Technology I think about memory a little
I think about memory a little
I think about memory a little differently so the questions are
differently so the questions are
differently so the questions are basically what makes time hold still
basically what makes time hold still
basically what makes time hold still how do certain histories persist while
how do certain histories persist while
how do certain histories persist while others are forgotten ignored or
others are forgotten ignored or
others are forgotten ignored or intentionally or unintentionally
intentionally or unintentionally
intentionally or unintentionally distorted rather than think about
distorted rather than think about
distorted rather than think about electric signals
electric signals
electric signals and the in the travel of
and the in the travel of
and the in the travel of neurotransmitters in the tiny gaps
neurotransmitters in the tiny gaps
neurotransmitters in the tiny gaps between neurons I instead think about
between neurons I instead think about
between neurons I instead think about how memory formation happened in the
how memory formation happened in the
how memory formation happened in the conversations and practices everyday
conversations and practices everyday
conversations and practices everyday practices of people if as a aspiring
practices of people if as a aspiring
practices of people if as a aspiring neuroscientist I wanted to think about
neuroscientist I wanted to think about
neuroscientist I wanted to think about the biological process that made people
the biological process that made people
the biological process that made people remember and forget I am now interested
remember and forget I am now interested
remember and forget I am now interested in the cultural processes that lead to
in the cultural processes that lead to
in the cultural processes that lead to social memory and like I stumbled upon
social memory and like I stumbled upon
social memory and like I stumbled upon the sea slugs I stumbled upon a group of
the sea slugs I stumbled upon a group of
the sea slugs I stumbled upon a group of microbiologists at the university of
microbiologists at the university of
microbiologists at the university of milan in milan italy and this was a team
milan in milan italy and this was a team
milan in milan italy and this was a team led by francesca Cappotelli and she was
led by francesca Cappotelli and she was
led by francesca Cappotelli and she was interested in how microbes are growing
interested in how microbes are growing
interested in how microbes are growing on objects of art and cultural heritage
on objects of art and cultural heritage
on objects of art and cultural heritage and how she could contribute to
and how she could contribute to
and how she could contribute to practices of conservation and
practices of conservation and
practices of conservation and restoration so here are a couple of
restoration so here are a couple of
restoration so here are a couple of examples of what these microbiologists
examples of what these microbiologists
examples of what these microbiologists were doing this isn’t callaghan bina i
were doing this isn’t callaghan bina i
were doing this isn’t callaghan bina i went to the monumental cemetery of milan
went to the monumental cemetery of milan
went to the monumental cemetery of milan with her and we went because she had
with her and we went because she had
with her and we went because she had been tracking the growth of a layer of
been tracking the growth of a layer of
been tracking the growth of a layer of microbial communities called biofilm on
microbial communities called biofilm on
microbial communities called biofilm on the stone monuments and tombs and the
the stone monuments and tombs and the
the stone monuments and tombs and the statues that were in them in the
statues that were in them in the
statues that were in them in the cemetery she was particularly interested
cemetery she was particularly interested
cemetery she was particularly interested in how microbial growth changed over the
in how microbial growth changed over the
in how microbial growth changed over the course of the year because she was
course of the year because she was
course of the year because she was interested in any effects of seasonal
interested in any effects of seasonal
interested in any effects of seasonal change she was using a particular
change she was using a particular
change she was using a particular technique whereby she wanted to measure
technique whereby she wanted to measure
technique whereby she wanted to measure microbial growth by measuring the color
microbial growth by measuring the color
microbial growth by measuring the color of the microbes on the surfaces of these
of the microbes on the surfaces of these
of the microbes on the surfaces of these artifacts and this is really amazing the
artifacts and this is really amazing the
artifacts and this is really amazing the idea came from watching leaves change
idea came from watching leaves change
idea came from watching leaves change color in the fall right so just as
color in the fall right so just as
color in the fall right so just as leaves lose chlorophyll with the
leaves lose chlorophyll with the
leaves lose chlorophyll with the changing seasons the argument went
changing seasons the argument went
changing seasons the argument went microbes photosynthetic bacteria would
microbes photosynthetic bacteria would
microbes photosynthetic bacteria would also change color
also change color
also change color in response to changes in humidity
in response to changes in humidity
in response to changes in humidity temperature nutrient availability right
temperature nutrient availability right
temperature nutrient availability right so we went around with this color
so we went around with this color
so we went around with this color emitter and measured color the color of
emitter and measured color the color of
emitter and measured color the color of microbes might prove to be a dependable
microbes might prove to be a dependable
microbes might prove to be a dependable natural signifier of these artifacts
natural signifier of these artifacts
natural signifier of these artifacts deterioration Michaela argued and it was
deterioration Michaela argued and it was
deterioration Michaela argued and it was it would be potentially very helpful for
it would be potentially very helpful for
it would be potentially very helpful for conservators because by hovering this
conservators because by hovering this
conservators because by hovering this device over the surface it was a very
device over the surface it was a very
device over the surface it was a very minimally invasive procedure especially
minimally invasive procedure especially
minimally invasive procedure especially compared to for example taking samples
compared to for example taking samples
compared to for example taking samples from the stone artifact to rightly so
from the stone artifact to rightly so
from the stone artifact to rightly so conservators have long battled what they
conservators have long battled what they
conservators have long battled what they considered to be the destructive actions
considered to be the destructive actions
considered to be the destructive actions of microbes they reach out to
of microbes they reach out to
of microbes they reach out to microbiologist to identify which
microbiologist to identify which
microbiologist to identify which microbes and how they do damage to the
microbes and how they do damage to the
microbes and how they do damage to the surface of artifacts and for instance it
surface of artifacts and for instance it
surface of artifacts and for instance it can cause reddish brown spots on paper
can cause reddish brown spots on paper
can cause reddish brown spots on paper they can cause pits on the surfaces of
they can cause pits on the surfaces of
they can cause pits on the surfaces of stone and tracking the color of microbes
stone and tracking the color of microbes
stone and tracking the color of microbes in on the statuary is one effort one
in on the statuary is one effort one
in on the statuary is one effort one example of this effort to figure out
example of this effort to figure out
example of this effort to figure out whether and how microbes are harming the
whether and how microbes are harming the
whether and how microbes are harming the surface the artifacts of art and
surface the artifacts of art and
surface the artifacts of art and cultural heritage but Francesca and her
cultural heritage but Francesca and her
cultural heritage but Francesca and her team are interested in not only doing
team are interested in not only doing
team are interested in not only doing that but also in this idea of using
that but also in this idea of using
that but also in this idea of using microbes to help conservators actually
microbes to help conservators actually
microbes to help conservators actually save these artifacts so a few weeks
save these artifacts so a few weeks
save these artifacts so a few weeks after my trip to the cemetery I followed
after my trip to the cemetery I followed
after my trip to the cemetery I followed an ELISA about LOI who’s another
an ELISA about LOI who’s another
an ELISA about LOI who’s another collaborator Francesca to saloon toe
collaborator Francesca to saloon toe
collaborator Francesca to saloon toe which is an ancient Phoenician city on
which is an ancient Phoenician city on
which is an ancient Phoenician city on the northern coast of Sicily and the
the northern coast of Sicily and the
the northern coast of Sicily and the caretakers of salento had reached out to
caretakers of salento had reached out to
caretakers of salento had reached out to annalisa
annalisa
annalisa because they’re fragile they’re ancient
because they’re fragile they’re ancient
because they’re fragile they’re ancient fragile terraces which you see pictured
fragile terraces which you see pictured
fragile terraces which you see pictured under these I’m sort of glass cases
under these I’m sort of glass cases
under these I’m sort of glass cases we’re crumbling and annalisa had a
we’re crumbling and annalisa had a
we’re crumbling and annalisa had a bacteria that they wanted her to try
bacteria that they wanted her to try
bacteria that they wanted her to try which would precipitate calcium
which would precipitate calcium
which would precipitate calcium carbonate and actually helped to
carbonate and actually helped to
carbonate and actually helped to consolidate
consolidate
consolidate stone and according to an ELISA right
stone and according to an ELISA right
stone and according to an ELISA right the since microbes are natural objects
the since microbes are natural objects
the since microbes are natural objects themselves this was also the most
themselves this was also the most
themselves this was also the most effective on least invasive and most
effective on least invasive and most
effective on least invasive and most natural solution to deterioration so
natural solution to deterioration so
natural solution to deterioration so what do these practices on art and
what do these practices on art and
what do these practices on art and culture and cultural heritage have to do
culture and cultural heritage have to do
culture and cultural heritage have to do with memory preservation and
with memory preservation and
with memory preservation and conservation restoration can mean
conservation restoration can mean
conservation restoration can mean different things to different people and
different things to different people and
different things to different people and it depends on also not only who you ask
it depends on also not only who you ask
it depends on also not only who you ask but when and where in general the
but when and where in general the
but when and where in general the conservators are pretty committed to the
conservators are pretty committed to the
conservators are pretty committed to the idea that artifacts contain very
idea that artifacts contain very
idea that artifacts contain very important information and represents
important information and represents
important information and represents stories that are worth transmitting to
stories that are worth transmitting to
stories that are worth transmitting to future generations that and I find and
future generations that and I find and
future generations that and I find and as a result I find the work of
as a result I find the work of
as a result I find the work of conserving and restoring artifacts
conserving and restoring artifacts
conserving and restoring artifacts really fascinating because it navigates
really fascinating because it navigates
really fascinating because it navigates a kind of paradox a paradox if you will
a kind of paradox a paradox if you will
a kind of paradox a paradox if you will of memory keeping so on one hand at its
of memory keeping so on one hand at its
of memory keeping so on one hand at its heart conservation restoration at least
heart conservation restoration at least
heart conservation restoration at least in its Western tradition wants to
in its Western tradition wants to
in its Western tradition wants to preserve the material aspects of an
preserve the material aspects of an
preserve the material aspects of an artifact that are supposed to represent
artifact that are supposed to represent
artifact that are supposed to represent its to represent the artifacts
its to represent the artifacts
its to represent the artifacts originality or to recover them right if
originality or to recover them right if
originality or to recover them right if those material aspects have been lost
those material aspects have been lost
those material aspects have been lost but they struggle conservators struggle
but they struggle conservators struggle
but they struggle conservators struggle with the fact that time inevitably
with the fact that time inevitably
with the fact that time inevitably passes and not only do the materials of
passes and not only do the materials of
passes and not only do the materials of the artifacts change over time but also
the artifacts change over time but also
the artifacts change over time but also the social meanings that are attached to
the social meanings that are attached to
the social meanings that are attached to those material aspects change over time
those material aspects change over time
those material aspects change over time and as a result practitioners are
and as a result practitioners are
and as a result practitioners are constantly negotiating what being
constantly negotiating what being
constantly negotiating what being faithful to that original artifact means
faithful to that original artifact means
faithful to that original artifact means and I find conservators remarkable for
and I find conservators remarkable for
and I find conservators remarkable for the ways in which they have to work on a
the ways in which they have to work on a
the ways in which they have to work on a tangible object at the same time that
tangible object at the same time that
tangible object at the same time that they deliberate these intangible
they deliberate these intangible
they deliberate these intangible philosophical questions about what
philosophical questions about what
philosophical questions about what authenticity is a notion that is as
authenticity is a notion that is as
authenticity is a notion that is as complex as interpreting an artist intent
complex as interpreting an artist intent
complex as interpreting an artist intent or deciding how clean or beautiful an
or deciding how clean or beautiful an
or deciding how clean or beautiful an artifact should be
artifact should be
artifact should be and at the end of the day conservation
and at the end of the day conservation
and at the end of the day conservation restoration is controversial
restoration is controversial
restoration is controversial controversial and the cleaning of the
controversial and the cleaning of the
controversial and the cleaning of the Sistine Chapel right is just one example
Sistine Chapel right is just one example
Sistine Chapel right is just one example controversial because the practice the
controversial because the practice the
controversial because the practice the practice are based the practices are
practice are based the practices are
practice are based the practices are based upon claims of expertise right who
based upon claims of expertise right who
based upon claims of expertise right who has the right kinds of knowledge to
has the right kinds of knowledge to
has the right kinds of knowledge to decide or to contribute to decisions
decide or to contribute to decisions
decide or to contribute to decisions about what should last what is
about what should last what is
about what should last what is interesting about this from an
interesting about this from an
interesting about this from an anthropological perspective is that it
anthropological perspective is that it
anthropological perspective is that it is not self-evident that one expert is
is not self-evident that one expert is
is not self-evident that one expert is privileged in these decisions over
privileged in these decisions over
privileged in these decisions over another why and how do scientists make
another why and how do scientists make
another why and how do scientists make themselves relevant to these
themselves relevant to these
themselves relevant to these conversations and because these
conversations and because these
conversations and because these artifacts have traditionally been the
artifacts have traditionally been the
artifacts have traditionally been the domain of people like artists and
domain of people like artists and
domain of people like artists and historians conservators and artisans and
historians conservators and artisans and
historians conservators and artisans and I argue that microbiologists are
I argue that microbiologists are
I argue that microbiologists are changing the terms of artifacts
changing the terms of artifacts
changing the terms of artifacts deterioration and recovery according to
deterioration and recovery according to
deterioration and recovery according to the logic of their discipline according
the logic of their discipline according
the logic of their discipline according to the logics and practices of
to the logics and practices of
to the logics and practices of microbiology their knowledge and passion
microbiology their knowledge and passion
microbiology their knowledge and passion for microbial life actually reconfigures
for microbial life actually reconfigures
for microbial life actually reconfigures what artworks and cultural heritage are
what artworks and cultural heritage are
what artworks and cultural heritage are supposed to look like by simply for
supposed to look like by simply for
supposed to look like by simply for instance just highlighting that
instance just highlighting that
instance just highlighting that microbial presence exists that microbes
microbial presence exists that microbes
microbial presence exists that microbes are there they can inform conservators
are there they can inform conservators
are there they can inform conservators on how to get rid of microbes or they
on how to get rid of microbes or they
on how to get rid of microbes or they can even show conservators how microbes
can even show conservators how microbes
can even show conservators how microbes can help them when Mikaela sent me this
can help them when Mikaela sent me this
can help them when Mikaela sent me this watercolor sketch she wrote to me that
watercolor sketch she wrote to me that
watercolor sketch she wrote to me that she had painted a summary of her
she had painted a summary of her
she had painted a summary of her proposal to study how microorganisms
proposal to study how microorganisms
proposal to study how microorganisms contributed to biodiversity Michaela’s
contributed to biodiversity Michaela’s
contributed to biodiversity Michaela’s an illustration captures how in addition
an illustration captures how in addition
an illustration captures how in addition to using microbiology to understand
to using microbiology to understand
to using microbiology to understand cultural heritage scientists can also
cultural heritage scientists can also
cultural heritage scientists can also use cultural heritage to understand a
use cultural heritage to understand a
use cultural heritage to understand a larger a larger picture about natural
larger a larger picture about natural
larger a larger picture about natural ecosystems so here she has painted a
ecosystems so here she has painted a
ecosystems so here she has painted a land
land
land gave of C and H on the left which stands
gave of C and H on the left which stands
gave of C and H on the left which stands for a cultural and natural heritage
for a cultural and natural heritage
for a cultural and natural heritage which is supposed to play host to these
which is supposed to play host to these
which is supposed to play host to these SA bees which are sub-aerial biofilms at
SA bees which are sub-aerial biofilms at
SA bees which are sub-aerial biofilms at the microbial communities that grow and
the microbial communities that grow and
the microbial communities that grow and thrive at the interface of solid and air
thrive at the interface of solid and air
thrive at the interface of solid and air and Michaela is pointing out right like
and Michaela is pointing out right like
and Michaela is pointing out right like as we learn in high school that like
as we learn in high school that like
as we learn in high school that like nitrogen like water microbes can travel
nitrogen like water microbes can travel
nitrogen like water microbes can travel between earth and sky and contribute to
between earth and sky and contribute to
between earth and sky and contribute to biodiversity it’s these movements she
biodiversity it’s these movements she
biodiversity it’s these movements she suggests that may explain otherwise
suggests that may explain otherwise
suggests that may explain otherwise invisible dispersal and invasion
invisible dispersal and invasion
invisible dispersal and invasion mechanisms that help to maintain
mechanisms that help to maintain
mechanisms that help to maintain microbial diversity in the environment
microbial diversity in the environment
microbial diversity in the environment and on this view the rock cliff or rock
and on this view the rock cliff or rock
and on this view the rock cliff or rock monument is just one piece of a complex
monument is just one piece of a complex
monument is just one piece of a complex system that selects four particular
system that selects four particular
system that selects four particular forms of microbial life so I’ll end with
forms of microbial life so I’ll end with
forms of microbial life so I’ll end with two summarizing comments first memory
two summarizing comments first memory
two summarizing comments first memory formation is material not only because
formation is material not only because
formation is material not only because the neurobiological processes behind
the neurobiological processes behind
the neurobiological processes behind them can be material but but because how
them can be material but but because how
them can be material but but because how people remember isn’t confined to what
people remember isn’t confined to what
people remember isn’t confined to what happens inside their heads I think that
happens inside their heads I think that
happens inside their heads I think that what we remember is inextricable from
what we remember is inextricable from
what we remember is inextricable from the material artifacts that are set to
the material artifacts that are set to
the material artifacts that are set to stand in for the past as well as the
stand in for the past as well as the
stand in for the past as well as the everyday material practices such as
everyday material practices such as
everyday material practices such as using a color color imager to measure
using a color color imager to measure
using a color color imager to measure deterioration or using microbial bodies
deterioration or using microbial bodies
deterioration or using microbial bodies themselves to restore artifacts second
themselves to restore artifacts second
themselves to restore artifacts second and relatedly
and relatedly
and relatedly memory formation is social this
memory formation is social this
memory formation is social this microbiological research on art and
microbiological research on art and
microbiological research on art and cultural heritage didn’t happen didn’t
cultural heritage didn’t happen didn’t
cultural heritage didn’t happen didn’t emerge from a vacuum seemingly novel
emerge from a vacuum seemingly novel
emerge from a vacuum seemingly novel connections between art and microbes are
connections between art and microbes are
connections between art and microbes are entangled in historical economic
entangled in historical economic
entangled in historical economic political and cultural conditions in
political and cultural conditions in
political and cultural conditions in which certain commitments have already
which certain commitments have already
which certain commitments have already been made we are living in a world in
been made we are living in a world in
been made we are living in a world in which the microbe is increasingly feared
which the microbe is increasingly feared
which the microbe is increasingly feared and we are also fascinated by their
and we are also fascinated by their
and we are also fascinated by their potential benefits so on one new
potential benefits so on one new
potential benefits so on one new research direction
research direction
research direction merging are not only antibiotic
merging are not only antibiotic
merging are not only antibiotic resistance but also the human micro
resistance but also the human micro
resistance but also the human micro microbiome or the hope that bacterial
microbiome or the hope that bacterial
microbiome or the hope that bacterial genes might become the next data storage
genes might become the next data storage
genes might become the next data storage device
device
device the latest microbiological interventions
the latest microbiological interventions
the latest microbiological interventions and conservation restoration is just the
and conservation restoration is just the
and conservation restoration is just the part of this larger dialogue and
part of this larger dialogue and
part of this larger dialogue and moreover just as my research with
moreover just as my research with
moreover just as my research with Aplysia from the get-go relied on the
Aplysia from the get-go relied on the
Aplysia from the get-go relied on the generosity of the community at science
generosity of the community at science
generosity of the community at science and math the practices I observed Italy
and math the practices I observed Italy
and math the practices I observed Italy called
called
called on a vast network of different kinds of
on a vast network of different kinds of
on a vast network of different kinds of experts not just scientists and
experts not just scientists and
experts not just scientists and engineers but also social scientists
engineers but also social scientists
engineers but also social scientists humans humanists artists memory
humans humanists artists memory
humans humanists artists memory formation is social and it should be
formation is social and it should be
formation is social and it should be diversely so meanwhile it’s important to
diversely so meanwhile it’s important to
diversely so meanwhile it’s important to track the different voices that assure
track the different voices that assure
track the different voices that assure these paths into the future who and what
these paths into the future who and what
these paths into the future who and what counts and who and what gets left out is
counts and who and what gets left out is
counts and who and what gets left out is something really important to keep in
something really important to keep in
something really important to keep in mind history is just as heavily edited
mind history is just as heavily edited
mind history is just as heavily edited as the short reminiscences of a TEDx
as the short reminiscences of a TEDx
as the short reminiscences of a TEDx talk thank you very much
talk thank you very much
talk thank you very much [Applause]
”
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