it was in a draftee community center in st. Pauls area of Bristol in 1999 when I
st. Pauls area of Bristol in 1999 when I
st. Pauls area of Bristol in 1999 when I informed the largely black audience
informed the largely black audience
informed the largely black audience there that Edward Colston Bristol’s most
there that Edward Colston Bristol’s most
there that Edward Colston Bristol’s most famous philanthropist had been a major
famous philanthropist had been a major
famous philanthropist had been a major player in the slave trade the very next
player in the slave trade the very next
player in the slave trade the very next morning f off slave trader was slashed
morning f off slave trader was slashed
morning f off slave trader was slashed in red paint across his statue in the
in red paint across his statue in the
in red paint across his statue in the city centre this began a civic Rauh
city centre this began a civic Rauh
city centre this began a civic Rauh which has rumbled on ever since I live
which has rumbled on ever since I live
which has rumbled on ever since I live in Bristol and I’ve taught about slavery
in Bristol and I’ve taught about slavery
in Bristol and I’ve taught about slavery in Virginia the heartland of the
in Virginia the heartland of the
in Virginia the heartland of the Confederacy so I’ve seen firsthand how
Confederacy so I’ve seen firsthand how
Confederacy so I’ve seen firsthand how statues can become a lightning rod for
statues can become a lightning rod for
statues can become a lightning rod for racial division and social tension in in
racial division and social tension in in
racial division and social tension in in the country now as a recovering
the country now as a recovering
the country now as a recovering historian who spent most of my
historian who spent most of my
historian who spent most of my professional life studying slavery and
professional life studying slavery and
professional life studying slavery and racism and trying to make good research
racism and trying to make good research
racism and trying to make good research more widely available to the public
more widely available to the public
more widely available to the public right now I’m dismayed I’m just reeling
right now I’m dismayed I’m just reeling
right now I’m dismayed I’m just reeling from the explosion of bile
from the explosion of bile
from the explosion of bile misinformation righteous indignation in
misinformation righteous indignation in
misinformation righteous indignation in silo thinking that’s characterizing the
silo thinking that’s characterizing the
silo thinking that’s characterizing the current controversy over public
current controversy over public
current controversy over public monuments so tonight I want to see if we
monuments so tonight I want to see if we
monuments so tonight I want to see if we can go beyond the simple polarities and
can go beyond the simple polarities and
can go beyond the simple polarities and that characterized the public debate and
that characterized the public debate and
that characterized the public debate and to do so I want to tell you a tale of
to do so I want to tell you a tale of
to do so I want to tell you a tale of two statues the first is of Edward
two statues the first is of Edward
two statues the first is of Edward Colston that 17th century Bristol
Colston that 17th century Bristol
Colston that 17th century Bristol merchant who was the city’s most
merchant who was the city’s most
merchant who was the city’s most generous benefactor and the second is
generous benefactor and the second is
generous benefactor and the second is dedicated to robert e lee the general
dedicated to robert e lee the general
dedicated to robert e lee the general who led the South against the north in
who led the South against the north in
who led the South against the north in the American Civil War during the 1860s
the American Civil War during the 1860s
the American Civil War during the 1860s now the statue of Lee I want to talk
now the statue of Lee I want to talk
now the statue of Lee I want to talk about is in Charlottesville Virginia and
about is in Charlottesville Virginia and
about is in Charlottesville Virginia and it’s become the site this summer of a
it’s become the site this summer of a
it’s become the site this summer of a serious battle and what’s become known
serious battle and what’s become known
serious battle and what’s become known throughout the globe as a statue Wars so
throughout the globe as a statue Wars so
throughout the globe as a statue Wars so what might a fair-minded historical
what might a fair-minded historical
what might a fair-minded historical perspective do to help us better
perspective do to help us better
perspective do to help us better understand what’s really at the root of
understand what’s really at the root of
understand what’s really at the root of these bitter and sometimes violent
these bitter and sometimes violent
these bitter and sometimes violent disputes and my contention is that many
disputes and my contention is that many
disputes and my contention is that many of the people who want to defend the
of the people who want to defend the
of the people who want to defend the memorials erected in the honor these two
memorials erected in the honor these two
memorials erected in the honor these two figures have been sold up up they’ve
figures have been sold up up they’ve
figures have been sold up up they’ve been sold a phony
been sold a phony
been sold a phony version of their own actual history but
version of their own actual history but
version of their own actual history but debunking such fake history isn’t enough
debunking such fake history isn’t enough
debunking such fake history isn’t enough because I’m gonna argue that the
because I’m gonna argue that the
because I’m gonna argue that the suppression and removal of such statue
suppression and removal of such statue
suppression and removal of such statue so it may will win short-term victories
so it may will win short-term victories
so it may will win short-term victories against racism could be
against racism could be
against racism could be counterproductive in the longer run so
counterproductive in the longer run so
counterproductive in the longer run so what does Charlottesville it’s hard for
what does Charlottesville it’s hard for
what does Charlottesville it’s hard for people who care about racism to see how
people who care about racism to see how
people who care about racism to see how Trump’s very fine people as you call
Trump’s very fine people as you call
Trump’s very fine people as you call them would be happy to march alongside
them would be happy to march alongside
them would be happy to march alongside neo-nazis and Klansmen in defense of
neo-nazis and Klansmen in defense of
neo-nazis and Klansmen in defense of that Monument but many of the whites who
that Monument but many of the whites who
that Monument but many of the whites who want to keep that Monument have
want to keep that Monument have
want to keep that Monument have ancestors who fought and died for the
ancestors who fought and died for the
ancestors who fought and died for the Confederacy and many of them are now
Confederacy and many of them are now
Confederacy and many of them are now sincerely convinced that the Confederacy
sincerely convinced that the Confederacy
sincerely convinced that the Confederacy stood not for slavery but for the rights
stood not for slavery but for the rights
stood not for slavery but for the rights of the southern states to run their own
of the southern states to run their own
of the southern states to run their own affairs and to defy centralized
affairs and to defy centralized
affairs and to defy centralized government control they see themselves
government control they see themselves
government control they see themselves as freedom fighters for them robert e
as freedom fighters for them robert e
as freedom fighters for them robert e lee the commander of the Confederate
lee the commander of the Confederate
lee the commander of the Confederate forces is still an exemplar of southern
forces is still an exemplar of southern
forces is still an exemplar of southern manhood they see him as brave in battle
manhood they see him as brave in battle
manhood they see him as brave in battle and gallant in defeat a refined
and gallant in defeat a refined
and gallant in defeat a refined humanitarian who so the narrative now
humanitarian who so the narrative now
humanitarian who so the narrative now goes saw slavery as an evil this is
goes saw slavery as an evil this is
goes saw slavery as an evil this is phony history the ideology aside the
phony history the ideology aside the
phony history the ideology aside the facts are that the monument in
facts are that the monument in
facts are that the monument in Charlottesville like so many others was
Charlottesville like so many others was
Charlottesville like so many others was put up a generation after the Civil War
put up a generation after the Civil War
put up a generation after the Civil War ended to serve a new political agenda it
ended to serve a new political agenda it
ended to serve a new political agenda it was an agenda put forward by a resurgent
was an agenda put forward by a resurgent
was an agenda put forward by a resurgent southern elite whose aim was to promote
southern elite whose aim was to promote
southern elite whose aim was to promote Jim Crow to promote racial segregation
Jim Crow to promote racial segregation
Jim Crow to promote racial segregation and to rollback the racial reforms of
and to rollback the racial reforms of
and to rollback the racial reforms of the immediate post Civil War era from
the immediate post Civil War era from
the immediate post Civil War era from the 1890s influential groups like the
the 1890s influential groups like the
the 1890s influential groups like the hundred thousand strong Daughters of the
hundred thousand strong Daughters of the
hundred thousand strong Daughters of the Confederacy promoted this new version of
Confederacy promoted this new version of
Confederacy promoted this new version of history throughout the south in school
history throughout the south in school
history throughout the south in school textbooks in after-school clubs in
textbooks in after-school clubs in
textbooks in after-school clubs in colorful pageants and beautiful plaques
colorful pageants and beautiful plaques
colorful pageants and beautiful plaques and impressive public monuments the
and impressive public monuments the
and impressive public monuments the circle of empathy that these were
circle of empathy that these were
circle of empathy that these were designed to promote encompass the
designed to promote encompass the
designed to promote encompass the undoubted suffering of the white
undoubted suffering of the white
undoubted suffering of the white Southerners during the Civil War but it
Southerners during the Civil War but it
Southerners during the Civil War but it didn’t extend
didn’t extend
didn’t extend to the pain of those enslaved according
to the pain of those enslaved according
to the pain of those enslaved according to the new Gone with the Wind version of
to the new Gone with the Wind version of
to the new Gone with the Wind version of the past that they were promoting black
the past that they were promoting black
the past that they were promoting black people were happiest slaves and the
people were happiest slaves and the
people were happiest slaves and the civil war was fought to preserve a
civil war was fought to preserve a
civil war was fought to preserve a gracious southern way of life not to
gracious southern way of life not to
gracious southern way of life not to preserve slavery and over the next 70
preserve slavery and over the next 70
preserve slavery and over the next 70 years in the 1890s onwards at least 700
years in the 1890s onwards at least 700
years in the 1890s onwards at least 700 monuments were thus reportedly erected
monuments were thus reportedly erected
monuments were thus reportedly erected to back up this revisionist view of the
to back up this revisionist view of the
to back up this revisionist view of the past the Charlottesville monument which
past the Charlottesville monument which
past the Charlottesville monument which was erected in 1924 is a case in point
was erected in 1924 is a case in point
was erected in 1924 is a case in point it recast the charismatic Lee as a man
it recast the charismatic Lee as a man
it recast the charismatic Lee as a man of benign sensibility who fought for the
of benign sensibility who fought for the
of benign sensibility who fought for the right of the south to rule itself and
right of the south to rule itself and
right of the south to rule itself and not to defend slavery and whilst it’s
not to defend slavery and whilst it’s
not to defend slavery and whilst it’s true that Lee did say he saw slavery as
true that Lee did say he saw slavery as
true that Lee did say he saw slavery as an evil he was a slave owner he saw
an evil he was a slave owner he saw
an evil he was a slave owner he saw abolitionists as troublemakers and
abolitionists as troublemakers and
abolitionists as troublemakers and revolutionaries he whipped his slaves
revolutionaries he whipped his slaves
revolutionaries he whipped his slaves it was also under his watch during the
it was also under his watch during the
it was also under his watch during the war that the Confederate troops
war that the Confederate troops
war that the Confederate troops kidnapped slaves and freed blacks who
kidnapped slaves and freed blacks who
kidnapped slaves and freed blacks who had fled to the north and forcibly
had fled to the north and forcibly
had fled to the north and forcibly returned them to the solvent to slavery
returned them to the solvent to slavery
returned them to the solvent to slavery more to the point
more to the point
more to the point Lee’s much vaunted reservations about
Lee’s much vaunted reservations about
Lee’s much vaunted reservations about slavery had more to do with the way he
slavery had more to do with the way he
slavery had more to do with the way he thought it undermined white morality and
thought it undermined white morality and
thought it undermined white morality and not with the suffering it caused to
not with the suffering it caused to
not with the suffering it caused to black people Lee considered black people
black people Lee considered black people
black people Lee considered black people as inferior to whites and unready for
as inferior to whites and unready for
as inferior to whites and unready for political equality but the violence
political equality but the violence
political equality but the violence erupting over Charlotte’s fields
erupting over Charlotte’s fields
erupting over Charlotte’s fields monument to Lee and elsewhere in the USA
monument to Lee and elsewhere in the USA
monument to Lee and elsewhere in the USA also points to deeper divides regarding
also points to deeper divides regarding
also points to deeper divides regarding the way both politics and the past are
the way both politics and the past are
the way both politics and the past are perceived as we know from brexit
perceived as we know from brexit
perceived as we know from brexit evidence based arguments founded on
evidence based arguments founded on
evidence based arguments founded on logic and notions of universal truth cut
logic and notions of universal truth cut
logic and notions of universal truth cut little ice when set against deeply felt
little ice when set against deeply felt
little ice when set against deeply felt emotions about place in tradition for
emotions about place in tradition for
emotions about place in tradition for white Southerners who grew up with them
white Southerners who grew up with them
white Southerners who grew up with them such statues embodied their own memories
such statues embodied their own memories
such statues embodied their own memories and those of their families they confirm
and those of their families they confirm
and those of their families they confirm their sense of place and belonging which
their sense of place and belonging which
their sense of place and belonging which is partly why they evoke such loyalty
is partly why they evoke such loyalty
is partly why they evoke such loyalty now if their stance in this current
now if their stance in this current
now if their stance in this current controversy reveals an
sensibilities of their black
sensibilities of their black fellow-citizens racism isn’t the whole
fellow-citizens racism isn’t the whole
fellow-citizens racism isn’t the whole story it’s part of a wider story it’s
story it’s part of a wider story it’s
story it’s part of a wider story it’s part of a revolt against the imposition
part of a revolt against the imposition
part of a revolt against the imposition of liberal values per se for many whites
of liberal values per se for many whites
of liberal values per se for many whites in the south
in the south
in the south liberalism represents an intrusive and
liberalism represents an intrusive and
liberalism represents an intrusive and sweeping impulse to homogenize and
sweeping impulse to homogenize and
sweeping impulse to homogenize and intellectualize to impose abstract
intellectualize to impose abstract
intellectualize to impose abstract values on them regardless of their own
values on them regardless of their own
values on them regardless of their own patriotic sentiments or local loyalties
patriotic sentiments or local loyalties
patriotic sentiments or local loyalties such cosmopolitanism cosmopolitanism is
such cosmopolitanism cosmopolitanism is
such cosmopolitanism cosmopolitanism is identified with New Yorkers often code
identified with New Yorkers often code
identified with New Yorkers often code for Jews or the Washington political
for Jews or the Washington political
for Jews or the Washington political elite a group of both groups are seen as
elite a group of both groups are seen as
elite a group of both groups are seen as divorced from the visceral concerns of
divorced from the visceral concerns of
divorced from the visceral concerns of ordinary everyday people’s lives it’s
ordinary everyday people’s lives it’s
ordinary everyday people’s lives it’s why so many in the self and the Rust
why so many in the self and the Rust
why so many in the self and the Rust Belt voted for Trump they perceive the
Belt voted for Trump they perceive the
Belt voted for Trump they perceive the campaign against the Confederate statues
campaign against the Confederate statues
campaign against the Confederate statues to be part of this whole thing they see
to be part of this whole thing they see
to be part of this whole thing they see it as at odds with their own attachment
it as at odds with their own attachment
it as at odds with their own attachment to place family honor and local
to place family honor and local
to place family honor and local traditions it may not be a rational
traditions it may not be a rational
traditions it may not be a rational response but it is perilous simply to
response but it is perilous simply to
response but it is perilous simply to ignore it indeed the democratic process
ignore it indeed the democratic process
ignore it indeed the democratic process itself is at stake here if we are not
itself is at stake here if we are not
itself is at stake here if we are not simply to drive white resentment
simply to drive white resentment
simply to drive white resentment underground for to re-emerge somewhere
underground for to re-emerge somewhere
underground for to re-emerge somewhere else in a more virulent form at present
else in a more virulent form at present
else in a more virulent form at present it has proved untenable simply to Bree
it has proved untenable simply to Bree
it has proved untenable simply to Bree Brown the Charlottesville monument with
Brown the Charlottesville monument with
Brown the Charlottesville monument with a new plaque and a renaming of the
a new plaque and a renaming of the
a new plaque and a renaming of the squares emancipation square which is
squares emancipation square which is
squares emancipation square which is what the city’s liberal mayor initially
what the city’s liberal mayor initially
what the city’s liberal mayor initially attempted to do the atmosphere became
attempted to do the atmosphere became
attempted to do the atmosphere became too toxic for compromise in
too toxic for compromise in
too toxic for compromise in Charlottesville because the monument
Charlottesville because the monument
Charlottesville because the monument began to serve as a rallying point for
began to serve as a rallying point for
began to serve as a rallying point for the most extremist racist elements in
the most extremist racist elements in
the most extremist racist elements in society Lee had to be removed in that
society Lee had to be removed in that
society Lee had to be removed in that case in the interest of public safety
case in the interest of public safety
case in the interest of public safety yet if the removal of that monument
yet if the removal of that monument
yet if the removal of that monument alone will not heal the deep division
alone will not heal the deep division
alone will not heal the deep division within American society the dilemma is
within American society the dilemma is
within American society the dilemma is grave the Enlightenment values of
grave the Enlightenment values of
grave the Enlightenment values of critical thought of a reverence for
critical thought of a reverence for
critical thought of a reverence for facts of universalism are crucial to
facts of universalism are crucial to
facts of universalism are crucial to democracy but the terms of the debate
democracy but the terms of the debate
democracy but the terms of the debate also need to be widened to take account
also need to be widened to take account
also need to be widened to take account of people’s emotional needs how we do
of people’s emotional needs how we do
of people’s emotional needs how we do that without pandering to out of Vista
that without pandering to out of Vista
that without pandering to out of Vista Crace ISM and exclusionary ideas of
Crace ISM and exclusionary ideas of
Crace ISM and exclusionary ideas of national identity is a challenge of our
national identity is a challenge of our
national identity is a challenge of our times but what can Britain learn from
times but what can Britain learn from
times but what can Britain learn from the American experience how analogous is
the American experience how analogous is
the American experience how analogous is a controversy over Bristol’s Colston
a controversy over Bristol’s Colston
a controversy over Bristol’s Colston statue with that over robert e lee’s
statue with that over robert e lee’s
statue with that over robert e lee’s monument in Charlottesville today
monument in Charlottesville today
monument in Charlottesville today Colston statue is hailed by some as an
Colston statue is hailed by some as an
Colston statue is hailed by some as an icon of Bristol’s unique and particular
icon of Bristol’s unique and particular
icon of Bristol’s unique and particular identity to be preserved against the
identity to be preserved against the
identity to be preserved against the forces of political correctness the
forces of political correctness the
forces of political correctness the fondness for the statue is not entirely
fondness for the statue is not entirely
fondness for the statue is not entirely down to racism or insensitivity people
down to racism or insensitivity people
down to racism or insensitivity people held hands kissed got drunk met friends
held hands kissed got drunk met friends
held hands kissed got drunk met friends under that statue it’s part of their
under that statue it’s part of their
under that statue it’s part of their identification with the city it is a
identification with the city it is a
identification with the city it is a constant in a bewildering ly fast
constant in a bewildering ly fast
constant in a bewildering ly fast changing urban landscape and most do not
changing urban landscape and most do not
changing urban landscape and most do not know that Colston twas a sectarian
know that Colston twas a sectarian
know that Colston twas a sectarian figure his charity did not extend to
figure his charity did not extend to
figure his charity did not extend to those who were not members of the Church
those who were not members of the Church
those who were not members of the Church of England he didn’t give charity to
of England he didn’t give charity to
of England he didn’t give charity to those who would not subscribe to his
those who would not subscribe to his
those who would not subscribe to his high Tory politics nor do people know
high Tory politics nor do people know
high Tory politics nor do people know that the statue was erected in 1895 way
that the statue was erected in 1895 way
that the statue was erected in 1895 way after his death in 1721
after his death in 1721
after his death in 1721 because 1895 was a time of growing
because 1895 was a time of growing
because 1895 was a time of growing working-class unrest in Bristol it was
working-class unrest in Bristol it was
working-class unrest in Bristol it was the statue was intended in part as a way
the statue was intended in part as a way
the statue was intended in part as a way to rally the workers to identify with
to rally the workers to identify with
to rally the workers to identify with the bristol elite all in it together as
the bristol elite all in it together as
the bristol elite all in it together as Bristol Ian’s rather than with the
Bristol Ian’s rather than with the
Bristol Ian’s rather than with the labour movement and at the time it was
labour movement and at the time it was
labour movement and at the time it was not a popular project now as it stands
not a popular project now as it stands
not a popular project now as it stands today the statue proclaims Colston to be
today the statue proclaims Colston to be
today the statue proclaims Colston to be a wise and virtuous son of the city it
a wise and virtuous son of the city it
a wise and virtuous son of the city it is fulsome about his philanthropic
is fulsome about his philanthropic
is fulsome about his philanthropic generosity to the city which is
generosity to the city which is
generosity to the city which is undoubted but it’s silent about the fact
undoubted but it’s silent about the fact
undoubted but it’s silent about the fact that he personally presided over the
that he personally presided over the
that he personally presided over the organization of slave trading and that
organization of slave trading and that
organization of slave trading and that he made money from the proceeds of slave
he made money from the proceeds of slave
he made money from the proceeds of slave produce sugar how insulting this is to
produce sugar how insulting this is to
produce sugar how insulting this is to Bristow Lien’s whose ancestors had been
Bristow Lien’s whose ancestors had been
Bristow Lien’s whose ancestors had been enslaved should be manifest
enslaved should be manifest
enslaved should be manifest yet many white Bristow lian’s field
yet many white Bristow lian’s field
yet many white Bristow lian’s field detractors are too sensitive some make
detractors are too sensitive some make
detractors are too sensitive some make the point that the city also made a fail
the point that the city also made a fail
the point that the city also made a fail to acknowledge that another forgotten
to acknowledge that another forgotten
to acknowledge that another forgotten piece of history was that of Bristol’s
piece of history was that of Bristol’s
piece of history was that of Bristol’s white wage slaves their own ancestors
white wage slaves their own ancestors
white wage slaves their own ancestors now most white Brazilians have little
now most white Brazilians have little
now most white Brazilians have little idea about the size scale and relentless
idea about the size scale and relentless
idea about the size scale and relentless intensity of the Atlantic slave trade
intensity of the Atlantic slave trade
intensity of the Atlantic slave trade its continuing legacy of economic
its continuing legacy of economic
its continuing legacy of economic exploitation right up into the late 20th
exploitation right up into the late 20th
exploitation right up into the late 20th century or the psychological damage that
century or the psychological damage that
century or the psychological damage that to this day still exercises in the minds
to this day still exercises in the minds
to this day still exercises in the minds of the young young black people there
of the young young black people there
of the young young black people there what about us argument ignores the fact
what about us argument ignores the fact
what about us argument ignores the fact that wage slaves
that wage slaves
that wage slaves unlike enslaved Africans had human
unlike enslaved Africans had human
unlike enslaved Africans had human status under the law and theoretical
status under the law and theoretical
status under the law and theoretical protection but their argument about the
protection but their argument about the
protection but their argument about the omission of white working-class a
omission of white working-class a
omission of white working-class a commemoration in the city even if it’s
commemoration in the city even if it’s
commemoration in the city even if it’s made to deflect criticism of Colston
made to deflect criticism of Colston
made to deflect criticism of Colston still needs to be addressed if we don’t
still needs to be addressed if we don’t
still needs to be addressed if we don’t we are deepening the divide which became
we are deepening the divide which became
we are deepening the divide which became evident with brexit and which threatens
evident with brexit and which threatens
evident with brexit and which threatens to become deeper still we do not yet
to become deeper still we do not yet
to become deeper still we do not yet have neo-nazis marching in our street
have neo-nazis marching in our street
have neo-nazis marching in our street and using Colston as a rallying point
and using Colston as a rallying point
and using Colston as a rallying point but extremist groups do parade in our
but extremist groups do parade in our
but extremist groups do parade in our streets and just 60 years ago oswald
streets and just 60 years ago oswald
streets and just 60 years ago oswald mosley the charismatic leader of the
mosley the charismatic leader of the
mosley the charismatic leader of the british fascist party attracted huge
british fascist party attracted huge
british fascist party attracted huge crowds at the Colston Hall the crucial
crowds at the Colston Hall the crucial
crowds at the Colston Hall the crucial crucial questions now are how do we
crucial questions now are how do we
crucial questions now are how do we acknowledge all this without pandering
acknowledge all this without pandering
acknowledge all this without pandering to racism and implicitly excluding black
to racism and implicitly excluding black
to racism and implicitly excluding black Risto lian’s from a sense of civic
Risto lian’s from a sense of civic
Risto lian’s from a sense of civic belonging and do we have the time to
belonging and do we have the time to
belonging and do we have the time to reinterpret such statues in a way that
reinterpret such statues in a way that
reinterpret such statues in a way that invites informed historical discussion
invites informed historical discussion
invites informed historical discussion rather than foreclosing on it I think we
rather than foreclosing on it I think we
rather than foreclosing on it I think we still have time but it is running out we
still have time but it is running out we
still have time but it is running out we must decide what sort of City and what
must decide what sort of City and what
must decide what sort of City and what sort of paths we wish to commemorate how
sort of paths we wish to commemorate how
sort of paths we wish to commemorate how to do this without driving resentment
to do this without driving resentment
to do this without driving resentment underground is a challenge and that’s
underground is a challenge and that’s
underground is a challenge and that’s why we must we must listen to all of
why we must we must listen to all of
why we must we must listen to all of those who feel excluded
those who feel excluded
those who feel excluded we must engage artists and imaginative
we must engage artists and imaginative
we must engage artists and imaginative new ways to foster difficult civic
new ways to foster difficult civic
new ways to foster difficult civic conversations we need to talk thank you
”
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