[Music] so when people ask me what is it that I
so when people ask me what is it that I
so when people ask me what is it that I do I tell them in my work what I try to
do I tell them in my work what I try to
do I tell them in my work what I try to do is I try to get stuff to people so
do is I try to get stuff to people so
do is I try to get stuff to people so you don’t need a PhD in political
you don’t need a PhD in political
you don’t need a PhD in political science to get stuff to people you just
science to get stuff to people you just
science to get stuff to people you just give them stuff then I tell them this is
give them stuff then I tell them this is
give them stuff then I tell them this is really the question that I’m interested
really the question that I’m interested
really the question that I’m interested in how do you deliver vaccines to
in how do you deliver vaccines to
in how do you deliver vaccines to children living in a slum like this we
children living in a slum like this we
children living in a slum like this we know that vaccines can save lives we
know that vaccines can save lives we
know that vaccines can save lives we know how to make vaccines cheaply back
know how to make vaccines cheaply back
know how to make vaccines cheaply back in some cases we even know how to
in some cases we even know how to
in some cases we even know how to provide them for free we know that
provide them for free we know that
provide them for free we know that vaccines will have a disproportionately
vaccines will have a disproportionately
vaccines will have a disproportionately positive impact among children who are
positive impact among children who are
positive impact among children who are the poorest of the poor and yet we
the poorest of the poor and yet we
the poorest of the poor and yet we really don’t know how to deliver these
really don’t know how to deliver these
really don’t know how to deliver these vaccines to people to children living in
vaccines to people to children living in
vaccines to people to children living in slums like this because if you’ve ever
slums like this because if you’ve ever
slums like this because if you’ve ever spent any time in a slum you will know
spent any time in a slum you will know
spent any time in a slum you will know that it’s a physical maze if you are a
that it’s a physical maze if you are a
that it’s a physical maze if you are a child living in a slum chances are you
child living in a slum chances are you
child living in a slum chances are you never had your birth register which
never had your birth register which
never had your birth register which means that you probably don’t have a
means that you probably don’t have a
means that you probably don’t have a birth certificate which means that then
birth certificate which means that then
birth certificate which means that then you don’t have access to the health
you don’t have access to the health
you don’t have access to the health system which is how we deliver vaccines
system which is how we deliver vaccines
system which is how we deliver vaccines if you’re a child living in a slum you
if you’re a child living in a slum you
if you’re a child living in a slum you probably don’t go to school regularly
probably don’t go to school regularly
probably don’t go to school regularly which is how we deliver vaccines here in
which is how we deliver vaccines here in
which is how we deliver vaccines here in Canada and if you live in a slum you
Canada and if you live in a slum you
Canada and if you live in a slum you probably don’t have an address so these
probably don’t have an address so these
probably don’t have an address so these are the kinds of questions that vex me
are the kinds of questions that vex me
are the kinds of questions that vex me in my work because we know what we need
in my work because we know what we need
in my work because we know what we need to do but we don’t know how to get it to
to do but we don’t know how to get it to
to do but we don’t know how to get it to people who need the most and if we’re
people who need the most and if we’re
people who need the most and if we’re serious about the sustainable
serious about the sustainable
serious about the sustainable development goals if we’re serious about
development goals if we’re serious about
development goals if we’re serious about eliminating poverty in all its forms
eliminating poverty in all its forms
eliminating poverty in all its forms everywhere then we have to figure out
everywhere then we have to figure out
everywhere then we have to figure out how to get those vaccines to children
how to get those vaccines to children
how to get those vaccines to children living in slums now the backdrop of my
living in slums now the backdrop of my
living in slums now the backdrop of my work of course are the Sustainable
work of course are the Sustainable
work of course are the Sustainable Development Goals the SDGs which were
Development Goals the SDGs which were
Development Goals the SDGs which were just signed in 2015 but as we look ahead
just signed in 2015 but as we look ahead
just signed in 2015 but as we look ahead to the SDGs it probably makes a little
to the SDGs it probably makes a little
to the SDGs it probably makes a little sense to look retrospectively at their
sense to look retrospectively at their
sense to look retrospectively at their predecessors the Millennium Development
predecessors the Millennium Development
predecessors the Millennium Development Goals or the MDGs which were signed in
Goals or the MDGs which were signed in
Goals or the MDGs which were signed in 2000 now the MDGs by most measures were
2000 now the MDGs by most measures were
2000 now the MDGs by most measures were an extraordinary success
an extraordinary success
an extraordinary success countries around the world improved
countries around the world improved
countries around the world improved health outcomes education outcomes
health outcomes education outcomes
health outcomes education outcomes poverty outcomes the MDGs sparked a
poverty outcomes the MDGs sparked a
poverty outcomes the MDGs sparked a whole generation of innovation new
whole generation of innovation new
whole generation of innovation new partnerships between governments private
partnerships between governments private
partnerships between governments private sector actors partnerships between the
sector actors partnerships between the
sector actors partnerships between the government and the market the MDGs were
government and the market the MDGs were
government and the market the MDGs were the era in which terms like social
the era in which terms like social
the era in which terms like social innovation and social entrepreneurship
innovation and social entrepreneurship
innovation and social entrepreneurship became mainstream but the MDGs were not
became mainstream but the MDGs were not
became mainstream but the MDGs were not an unqualified success because when you
an unqualified success because when you
an unqualified success because when you actually begin to disaggregate the data
actually begin to disaggregate the data
actually begin to disaggregate the data when you begin to unpack these national
when you begin to unpack these national
when you begin to unpack these national success cases we actually see a very
success cases we actually see a very
success cases we actually see a very different story
different story
different story take Chile for example Chile is hailed
take Chile for example Chile is hailed
take Chile for example Chile is hailed around the world as being a national
around the world as being a national
around the world as being a national success in improving maternal child
success in improving maternal child
success in improving maternal child health and in the aggregate it did
health and in the aggregate it did
health and in the aggregate it did improve maternal child health over
improve maternal child health over
improve maternal child health over baseline now if you begin to cut this
baseline now if you begin to cut this
baseline now if you begin to cut this data in different ways if you begin to
data in different ways if you begin to
data in different ways if you begin to disaggregate it say by region and you
disaggregate it say by region and you
disaggregate it say by region and you look at the regions inside Chile 47
look at the regions inside Chile 47
look at the regions inside Chile 47 percent of those regions did improve in
percent of those regions did improve in
percent of those regions did improve in terms of maternal child health outcomes
terms of maternal child health outcomes
terms of maternal child health outcomes but 41 percent of those regions actually
but 41 percent of those regions actually
but 41 percent of those regions actually got worse of the countries that improve
got worse of the countries that improve
got worse of the countries that improve maternal child health outcomes
maternal child health outcomes
maternal child health outcomes two-thirds of them posted growing levels
two-thirds of them posted growing levels
two-thirds of them posted growing levels of inequality the inference being that
of inequality the inference being that
of inequality the inference being that there are many who are left behind
there are many who are left behind
there are many who are left behind Anthony Lake who has UNICEF has said
Anthony Lake who has UNICEF has said
Anthony Lake who has UNICEF has said that our national statistical national
that our national statistical national
that our national statistical national success cases are masking moral and
success cases are masking moral and
success cases are masking moral and practical failures because people are
practical failures because people are
practical failures because people are being left behind now who are these
being left behind now who are these
being left behind now who are these people the data tells us that these
people the data tells us that these
people the data tells us that these people are those who are the poorest of
people are those who are the poorest of
people are those who are the poorest of the poor those who are living in a slum
the poor those who are living in a slum
the poor those who are living in a slum maybe those who are living far off in
maybe those who are living far off in
maybe those who are living far off in the countryside women and children
the countryside women and children
the countryside women and children disproportionately girls indigenous
disproportionately girls indigenous
disproportionately girls indigenous populations the culturally marginalized
populations the culturally marginalized
populations the culturally marginalized and so on these are the people being
and so on these are the people being
and so on these are the people being left behind the question is why are they
left behind the question is why are they
left behind the question is why are they being left behind
being left behind
being left behind they’re being left behind because
they’re being left behind because
they’re being left behind because they’re hard to reach and they’re hard
they’re hard to reach and they’re hard
they’re hard to reach and they’re hard to reach because they are for all
to reach because they are for all
to reach because they are for all intents and purposes invisible consider
intents and purposes invisible consider
intents and purposes invisible consider for instance that until very recently
for instance that until very recently
for instance that until very recently fifty percent of India’s population
fifty percent of India’s population
fifty percent of India’s population about 650 million people did not have
about 650 million people did not have
about 650 million people did not have any form of identification consider in
any form of identification consider in
any form of identification consider in slums which are by definition an illegal
slums which are by definition an illegal
slums which are by definition an illegal settlement there are no addresses
settlement there are no addresses
settlement there are no addresses consider for instance that in the global
consider for instance that in the global
consider for instance that in the global South the vast majority of workers work
South the vast majority of workers work
South the vast majority of workers work in the informal sector there are
in the informal sector there are
in the informal sector there are irregular wage earners their
irregular wage earners their
irregular wage earners their agricultural or seasonal wage earners
agricultural or seasonal wage earners
agricultural or seasonal wage earners they work under the table they work for
they work under the table they work for
they work under the table they work for contracts in India for instance 92
contracts in India for instance 92
contracts in India for instance 92 percent of workers if you include
percent of workers if you include
percent of workers if you include agricultural workers are informally
agricultural workers are informally
agricultural workers are informally employed only one of ten work in the
employed only one of ten work in the
employed only one of ten work in the formal labor sector now consider that as
formal labor sector now consider that as
formal labor sector now consider that as of 2013 UNICEF estimates that 230
of 2013 UNICEF estimates that 230
of 2013 UNICEF estimates that 230 million children around the world under
million children around the world under
million children around the world under the age of five that’s one third of the
the age of five that’s one third of the
the age of five that’s one third of the world’s children under the age of five
world’s children under the age of five
world’s children under the age of five do not have their births registered
do not have their births registered
do not have their births registered which means they likely don’t have a
which means they likely don’t have a
which means they likely don’t have a birth certificate which means they are
birth certificate which means they are
birth certificate which means they are then shut out of health and education
then shut out of health and education
then shut out of health and education services and they are vulnerable to
services and they are vulnerable to
services and they are vulnerable to human atrocities such as human
human atrocities such as human
human atrocities such as human trafficking these children are children
trafficking these children are children
trafficking these children are children I met when I was doing some work in
I met when I was doing some work in
I met when I was doing some work in Ethiopia in all likelihood their births
Ethiopia in all likelihood their births
Ethiopia in all likelihood their births were not registered in all likelihood
were not registered in all likelihood
were not registered in all likelihood they don’t have a birth certificate
they don’t have a birth certificate
they don’t have a birth certificate because the birth registration rate in
because the birth registration rate in
because the birth registration rate in Ethiopia is seven percent so this is the
Ethiopia is seven percent so this is the
Ethiopia is seven percent so this is the kind of work that I’m doing in my own
kind of work that I’m doing in my own
kind of work that I’m doing in my own research lab the reach project here at
research lab the reach project here at
research lab the reach project here at the Munk school of global affairs at the
the Munk school of global affairs at the
the Munk school of global affairs at the University of Toronto is looking at
University of Toronto is looking at
University of Toronto is looking at cases around the world trying to
cases around the world trying to
cases around the world trying to understand how we can reach those who
understand how we can reach those who
understand how we can reach those who are hardest to reach and we have case we
are hardest to reach and we have case we
are hardest to reach and we have case we have researched sites in Rwanda Thailand
have researched sites in Rwanda Thailand
have researched sites in Rwanda Thailand India South Africa Brazil and in Jordan
India South Africa Brazil and in Jordan
India South Africa Brazil and in Jordan and we’ve learned a lot through our
and we’ve learned a lot through our
and we’ve learned a lot through our research we’ve learned that there are
research we’ve learned that there are
research we’ve learned that there are some really
some really
some really cool technological innovations that are
cool technological innovations that are
cool technological innovations that are being used to reach the hardest to reach
being used to reach the hardest to reach
being used to reach the hardest to reach so mobile technology as a platform for
so mobile technology as a platform for
so mobile technology as a platform for financial inclusion that is now getting
financial inclusion that is now getting
financial inclusion that is now getting people in both the cities and in the
people in both the cities and in the
people in both the cities and in the countryside into the banking sector
countryside into the banking sector
countryside into the banking sector drones that are delivering things to
drones that are delivering things to
drones that are delivering things to far-off places we have a project in
far-off places we have a project in
far-off places we have a project in Jordan in which iris scan technologies
Jordan in which iris scan technologies
Jordan in which iris scan technologies are used to ensure cash transfers
are used to ensure cash transfers
are used to ensure cash transfers satellite imaging providing geo codes or
satellite imaging providing geo codes or
satellite imaging providing geo codes or geo tags in lieu of an address for those
geo tags in lieu of an address for those
geo tags in lieu of an address for those who are living in slums a lot of cool
who are living in slums a lot of cool
who are living in slums a lot of cool technological stuff that you might read
technological stuff that you might read
technological stuff that you might read in Wired magazine or that my colleagues
in Wired magazine or that my colleagues
in Wired magazine or that my colleagues here at U of T are working on are
here at U of T are working on are
here at U of T are working on are reaching the hardest to reach we’re also
reaching the hardest to reach we’re also
reaching the hardest to reach we’re also learning however there is a lot of not
learning however there is a lot of not
learning however there is a lot of not so cool but equally effective ways in
so cool but equally effective ways in
so cool but equally effective ways in which we’re reaching the hardest to
which we’re reaching the hardest to
which we’re reaching the hardest to reach in Brazil for instance to deliver
reach in Brazil for instance to deliver
reach in Brazil for instance to deliver cash transfers to those living the
cash transfers to those living the
cash transfers to those living the Amazon rim they use a boat and there’s
Amazon rim they use a boat and there’s
Amazon rim they use a boat and there’s an ATM machine that goes upriver and
an ATM machine that goes upriver and
an ATM machine that goes upriver and delivers cash in Brazil there is the
delivers cash in Brazil there is the
delivers cash in Brazil there is the cadastral único which is a registry in
cadastral único which is a registry in
cadastral único which is a registry in which all low income households are
which all low income households are
which all low income households are registered in on that line where you are
registered in on that line where you are
registered in on that line where you are supposed to put your address if you live
supposed to put your address if you live
supposed to put your address if you live in a favela and you don’t have an
in a favela and you don’t have an
in a favela and you don’t have an address you can say that I live in
address you can say that I live in
address you can say that I live in so-and-so Falabella
so-and-so Falabella
so-and-so Falabella fourth lane third alley pass the law
fourth lane third alley pass the law
fourth lane third alley pass the law area house pass latrine second or red
area house pass latrine second or red
area house pass latrine second or red door on your right that’s the kind of
door on your right that’s the kind of
door on your right that’s the kind of precision that we’re uncovering in how
precision that we’re uncovering in how
precision that we’re uncovering in how people are reaching the hardest to reach
people are reaching the hardest to reach
people are reaching the hardest to reach we’ve had teams shadowing mobile units
we’ve had teams shadowing mobile units
we’ve had teams shadowing mobile units when people get in vans and drive
when people get in vans and drive
when people get in vans and drive literally hours to ensure that childrens
literally hours to ensure that childrens
literally hours to ensure that childrens are having their births registered and
are having their births registered and
are having their births registered and we’ve shout out community health workers
we’ve shout out community health workers
we’ve shout out community health workers who are literally pounding the pavement
who are literally pounding the pavement
who are literally pounding the pavement knocking on doors making sure that
knocking on doors making sure that
knocking on doors making sure that families are sending their kids to
families are sending their kids to
families are sending their kids to school that their children are receiving
school that their children are receiving
school that their children are receiving their vaccines or that they’re receiving
their vaccines or that they’re receiving
their vaccines or that they’re receiving their cash transfer the key point I’m
their cash transfer the key point I’m
their cash transfer the key point I’m trying to make here is that we need to
trying to make here is that we need to
trying to make here is that we need to reach the hardest to reach and to reach
reach the hardest to reach and to reach
reach the hardest to reach and to reach the hardest to reach means that we can’t
the hardest to reach means that we can’t
the hardest to reach means that we can’t simply be doing more of the same the
simply be doing more of the same the
simply be doing more of the same the MDGs were a great era it helped us
MDGs were a great era it helped us
MDGs were a great era it helped us reduce poverty but if we want to
reduce poverty but if we want to
reduce poverty but if we want to eliminate poverty we can’t be doing more
eliminate poverty we can’t be doing more
eliminate poverty we can’t be doing more the same we need some innovative
the same we need some innovative
the same we need some innovative thinking we need to reach the hardest to
thinking we need to reach the hardest to
thinking we need to reach the hardest to reach but we also need to want to reach
reach but we also need to want to reach
reach but we also need to want to reach the hardest to reach and that’s a
the hardest to reach and that’s a
the hardest to reach and that’s a political question that’s a reflection
political question that’s a reflection
political question that’s a reflection of political will but the problem is is
of political will but the problem is is
of political will but the problem is is that reaching the hardest to reach is
that reaching the hardest to reach is
that reaching the hardest to reach is expensive to reach voters in the ladis
expensive to reach voters in the ladis
expensive to reach voters in the ladis tricked in the northern mountains of
tricked in the northern mountains of
tricked in the northern mountains of India to reach those 140 voters to
India to reach those 140 voters to
India to reach those 140 voters to register them costs sixteen hundred US
register them costs sixteen hundred US
register them costs sixteen hundred US dollars per voter likely three times
dollars per voter likely three times
dollars per voter likely three times more than what that person earns in a
more than what that person earns in a
more than what that person earns in a year is you have to get on a plane get
year is you have to get on a plane get
year is you have to get on a plane get in a truck pay for the fuel ride camels
in a truck pay for the fuel ride camels
in a truck pay for the fuel ride camels hike overnight in order to reach that
hike overnight in order to reach that
hike overnight in order to reach that person who is hard to reach sending cash
person who is hard to reach sending cash
person who is hard to reach sending cash up the Amazon means you have to have a
up the Amazon means you have to have a
up the Amazon means you have to have a boat the boat has to be secured you have
boat the boat has to be secured you have
boat the boat has to be secured you have to pay for fuel all the time in order to
to pay for fuel all the time in order to
to pay for fuel all the time in order to deliver those cash transfers to people
deliver those cash transfers to people
deliver those cash transfers to people living in the jungle here in Canada we
living in the jungle here in Canada we
living in the jungle here in Canada we know that food prices in northern Canada
know that food prices in northern Canada
know that food prices in northern Canada are five or six times higher than what
are five or six times higher than what
are five or six times higher than what we pay here in Toronto and it shouldn’t
we pay here in Toronto and it shouldn’t
we pay here in Toronto and it shouldn’t come as a surprise that 50% of
come as a surprise that 50% of
come as a surprise that 50% of indigenous children suffer from food
indigenous children suffer from food
indigenous children suffer from food insecurity now the issue is not the cost
insecurity now the issue is not the cost
insecurity now the issue is not the cost of the intervention itself because after
of the intervention itself because after
of the intervention itself because after all a cash transfer in South Paulo is
all a cash transfer in South Paulo is
all a cash transfer in South Paulo is the same as a cash transfer in the
the same as a cash transfer in the
the same as a cash transfer in the Amazon Rim just as the intrinsic value
Amazon Rim just as the intrinsic value
Amazon Rim just as the intrinsic value of a bunch of grapes here in Toronto is
of a bunch of grapes here in Toronto is
of a bunch of grapes here in Toronto is the same as the value of a bunch of
the same as the value of a bunch of
the same as the value of a bunch of grapes in northern Canada it’s not the
grapes in northern Canada it’s not the
grapes in northern Canada it’s not the cost of the intervention itself that’s
cost of the intervention itself that’s
cost of the intervention itself that’s expensive it’s delivering that
expensive it’s delivering that
expensive it’s delivering that intervention that’s expensive it’s
intervention that’s expensive it’s
intervention that’s expensive it’s reaching the hardest to reach that is
reaching the hardest to reach that is
reaching the hardest to reach that is expensive so the idea that we are going
expensive so the idea that we are going
expensive so the idea that we are going to experience the economies of scale as
to experience the economies of scale as
to experience the economies of scale as we expand out whereby things get cheaper
we expand out whereby things get cheaper
we expand out whereby things get cheaper is simply not true in fact in our
is simply not true in fact in our
is simply not true in fact in our research what we’re finding is that the
research what we’re finding is that the
research what we’re finding is that the marginal cost of reaching the hardest to
marginal cost of reaching the hardest to
marginal cost of reaching the hardest to reach increases the further out you go
reach increases the further out you go
reach increases the further out you go from an economic point of view this is
from an economic point of view this is
from an economic point of view this is dollars and cents this is expressed as
dollars and cents this is expressed as
dollars and cents this is expressed as cost from a political point of view this
cost from a political point of view this
cost from a political point of view this is
is
is about redistribution the redistribution
about redistribution the redistribution
about redistribution the redistribution of resources from the haves to the
of resources from the haves to the
of resources from the haves to the have-nots now as a political scientist I
have-nots now as a political scientist I
have-nots now as a political scientist I could tell you a few things about the
could tell you a few things about the
could tell you a few things about the politics of redistribution the haves
politics of redistribution the haves
politics of redistribution the haves don’t tend to like to redistribute
don’t tend to like to redistribute
don’t tend to like to redistribute resources to the have-nots the very poor
resources to the have-nots the very poor
resources to the have-nots the very poor tend not to politically mobilize because
tend not to politically mobilize because
tend not to politically mobilize because frankly they have more important things
frankly they have more important things
frankly they have more important things to do like getting their next meal on
to do like getting their next meal on
to do like getting their next meal on the table and three it’s generally not
the table and three it’s generally not
the table and three it’s generally not politically worthwhile for governments
politically worthwhile for governments
politically worthwhile for governments to reach the hardest to reach so what do
to reach the hardest to reach so what do
to reach the hardest to reach so what do we know them we know that it’s
we know them we know that it’s
we know them we know that it’s imperative to reach the hardest to reach
imperative to reach the hardest to reach
imperative to reach the hardest to reach we know it’s very difficult to reach
we know it’s very difficult to reach
we know it’s very difficult to reach those who are hard to reach and we know
those who are hard to reach and we know
those who are hard to reach and we know it’s very expensive to reach those that
it’s very expensive to reach those that
it’s very expensive to reach those that are hard to reach but we have to do all
are hard to reach but we have to do all
are hard to reach but we have to do all of that if we want to achieve the
of that if we want to achieve the
of that if we want to achieve the sustainable development goals what we
sustainable development goals what we
sustainable development goals what we need is disruptive development and this
need is disruptive development and this
need is disruptive development and this is what we’re doing in the reach lab
is what we’re doing in the reach lab
is what we’re doing in the reach lab here at the University of Toronto we’re
here at the University of Toronto we’re
here at the University of Toronto we’re uncovering what we see to be the
uncovering what we see to be the
uncovering what we see to be the ingredients of disruptive development
ingredients of disruptive development
ingredients of disruptive development what are some of these ingredients first
what are some of these ingredients first
what are some of these ingredients first solutions over technology we need to
solutions over technology we need to
solutions over technology we need to find solutions technology is a
find solutions technology is a
find solutions technology is a phenomenal enabler but we don’t push the
phenomenal enabler but we don’t push the
phenomenal enabler but we don’t push the technologies unless they are solving a
technologies unless they are solving a
technologies unless they are solving a problem
problem
problem second politics is just as important if
second politics is just as important if
second politics is just as important if not more important than dollars and
not more important than dollars and
not more important than dollars and cents because if we don’t have the
cents because if we don’t have the
cents because if we don’t have the political will we’re never going to
political will we’re never going to
political will we’re never going to reach the hardest to reach and third
reach the hardest to reach and third
reach the hardest to reach and third reality boots on the ground seeing with
reality boots on the ground seeing with
reality boots on the ground seeing with your own eyes
your own eyes
your own eyes smelling with your own noses hearing
smelling with your own noses hearing
smelling with your own noses hearing with your own ears is how we’re going to
with your own ears is how we’re going to
with your own ears is how we’re going to generate solutions more than any of the
generate solutions more than any of the
generate solutions more than any of the theories that we’re going to write and
theories that we’re going to write and
theories that we’re going to write and transcribe here at the University and
transcribe here at the University and
transcribe here at the University and this is where you come in the disruptive
this is where you come in the disruptive
this is where you come in the disruptive generation the work that I’m doing with
generation the work that I’m doing with
generation the work that I’m doing with my students and we have students from
my students and we have students from
my students and we have students from across the University of Toronto working
across the University of Toronto working
across the University of Toronto working in this lab my students tell me that the
in this lab my students tell me that the
in this lab my students tell me that the SDGs is their generations call it
SDGs is their generations call it
SDGs is their generations call it they tell me it’s their generations
they tell me it’s their generations
they tell me it’s their generations responsibility the MDGs were mine the
responsibility the MDGs were mine the
responsibility the MDGs were mine the SDGs are theirs and I’m really
SDGs are theirs and I’m really
SDGs are theirs and I’m really optimistic I have seen extraordinary
optimistic I have seen extraordinary
optimistic I have seen extraordinary commitment on the part of these young
commitment on the part of these young
commitment on the part of these young people in recognizing this to be their
people in recognizing this to be their
people in recognizing this to be their generations college I have been told by
generations college I have been told by
generations college I have been told by these young people that they do not see
these young people that they do not see
these young people that they do not see their future life’s work in terms of
their future life’s work in terms of
their future life’s work in terms of climbing rung after rung up the
climbing rung after rung up the
climbing rung after rung up the corporate ladder but rather moving from
corporate ladder but rather moving from
corporate ladder but rather moving from project to project solution to solution
project to project solution to solution
project to project solution to solution these young people tell me that impact
these young people tell me that impact
these young people tell me that impact is more important than profit and it eat
is more important than profit and it eat
is more important than profit and it eat I’ve seen that for these young people
I’ve seen that for these young people
I’ve seen that for these young people the world is a much smaller place
the world is a much smaller place
the world is a much smaller place technology has made the world a much
technology has made the world a much
technology has made the world a much smaller place and empathy has made the
smaller place and empathy has made the
smaller place and empathy has made the world a much smaller place and so while
world a much smaller place and so while
world a much smaller place and so while I’m a vex and I will continue to vex
I’m a vex and I will continue to vex
I’m a vex and I will continue to vex about questions like how do we deliver
about questions like how do we deliver
about questions like how do we deliver vaccines to children living in a slum I
vaccines to children living in a slum I
vaccines to children living in a slum I expect that your generation will not be
expect that your generation will not be
expect that your generation will not be vexed by these questions and I look
vexed by these questions and I look
vexed by these questions and I look forward to hearing your solutions Thank
forward to hearing your solutions Thank
forward to hearing your solutions Thank You professor Joseph Wald
You professor Joseph Wald
You professor Joseph Wald [Applause]
”
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