we share this planet with about a million of animal species we all know
million of animal species we all know
million of animal species we all know that some are dangerous the big the
that some are dangerous the big the
that some are dangerous the big the aggressive they can attack and kill ants
aggressive they can attack and kill ants
aggressive they can attack and kill ants but it is less common knowledge that a
but it is less common knowledge that a
but it is less common knowledge that a small group of tiny mosquito and the
small group of tiny mosquito and the
small group of tiny mosquito and the most dangerous animal on earth they
most dangerous animal on earth they
most dangerous animal on earth they transmit a number of severe and
transmit a number of severe and
transmit a number of severe and life-threatening disease this is include
life-threatening disease this is include
life-threatening disease this is include malaria yellow fever dengue and Zika
malaria yellow fever dengue and Zika
malaria yellow fever dengue and Zika this to give you an idea about the scale
this to give you an idea about the scale
this to give you an idea about the scale of the problem this mosquito transmitted
of the problem this mosquito transmitted
of the problem this mosquito transmitted about 300 million cases of disease every
about 300 million cases of disease every
about 300 million cases of disease every year it account for 3 million deaths
year it account for 3 million deaths
year it account for 3 million deaths every year
every year
every year malaria alone kills half a million
malaria alone kills half a million
malaria alone kills half a million children every year under the age of
children every year under the age of
children every year under the age of five so today I will tell you how
five so today I will tell you how
five so today I will tell you how manipulating the law of heredity it’s
manipulating the law of heredity it’s
manipulating the law of heredity it’s possible to develop a technology to
possible to develop a technology to
possible to develop a technology to spread a genetic modification design to
spread a genetic modification design to
spread a genetic modification design to block transmission of disease in the
block transmission of disease in the
block transmission of disease in the mosquito in other word make this
mosquito in other word make this
mosquito in other word make this mosquito immune from a small laboratory
mosquito immune from a small laboratory
mosquito immune from a small laboratory mosquito to an entire large population
mosquito to an entire large population
mosquito to an entire large population now this technology can change the
now this technology can change the
now this technology can change the history of vector control I want to
history of vector control I want to
history of vector control I want to start with something that we are all
start with something that we are all
start with something that we are all familiar with every object breaks wear
familiar with every object breaks wear
familiar with every object breaks wear out get damaged when I was a child every
out get damaged when I was a child every
out get damaged when I was a child every time I was given a toy wander was soon
time I was given a toy wander was soon
time I was given a toy wander was soon replaced by curiosity I really want to
replaced by curiosity I really want to
replaced by curiosity I really want to find out how it worked invariably I open
find out how it worked invariably I open
find out how it worked invariably I open it I disassembled it and it was a very
it I disassembled it and it was a very
it I disassembled it and it was a very rewarding experience but frustrating at
rewarding experience but frustrating at
rewarding experience but frustrating at the same time because the object the toy
the same time because the object the toy
the same time because the object the toy very often got broken in the process and
very often got broken in the process and
very often got broken in the process and this takes me to another thing that we
this takes me to another thing that we
this takes me to another thing that we all learned the process the least damage
all learned the process the least damage
all learned the process the least damage is irreversible toy don’t get fixed by
is irreversible toy don’t get fixed by
is irreversible toy don’t get fixed by themselves and this is true for every
themselves and this is true for every
themselves and this is true for every objects around us when I studied
objects around us when I studied
objects around us when I studied medicine
medicine
medicine I also learned another thing their DNA
I also learned another thing their DNA
I also learned another thing their DNA is not immune to this process like any
is not immune to this process like any
is not immune to this process like any other objects DNA gets damaged breaks
other objects DNA gets damaged breaks
other objects DNA gets damaged breaks into piece DNA is continuously damaged
into piece DNA is continuously damaged
into piece DNA is continuously damaged by radiation by chemical compounds and
by radiation by chemical compounds and
by radiation by chemical compounds and by viruses well the good news is that
by viruses well the good news is that
by viruses well the good news is that unlike toys living living in cells have
unlike toys living living in cells have
unlike toys living living in cells have developed from all organism I have
developed from all organism I have
developed from all organism I have developed the ability to repair the DNA
developed the ability to repair the DNA
developed the ability to repair the DNA and this happens mainly through two
and this happens mainly through two
and this happens mainly through two mechanism one is very simple is what it
mechanism one is very simple is what it
mechanism one is very simple is what it does occludes the two pieces together
does occludes the two pieces together
does occludes the two pieces together and we call it head to tail joining this
and we call it head to tail joining this
and we call it head to tail joining this mechanism is not very efficient because
mechanism is not very efficient because
mechanism is not very efficient because often the process is not very effective
often the process is not very effective
often the process is not very effective the the hands are damaged and when they
the the hands are damaged and when they
the the hands are damaged and when they brought together they carry on the
brought together they carry on the
brought together they carry on the damage another mechanism that he used is
damage another mechanism that he used is
damage another mechanism that he used is much it’s much more effective and in
much it’s much more effective and in
much it’s much more effective and in principle exploit the fact that all
principle exploit the fact that all
principle exploit the fact that all living organisms have inherited two
living organisms have inherited two
living organisms have inherited two copies of their DNA one from the father
copies of their DNA one from the father
copies of their DNA one from the father and one from the matter and all the
and one from the matter and all the
and one from the matter and all the genes are arranged in segments that we
genes are arranged in segments that we
genes are arranged in segments that we call chromosomes so what happened when
call chromosomes so what happened when
call chromosomes so what happened when the damage kicks in and breaks the DNA
the damage kicks in and breaks the DNA
the damage kicks in and breaks the DNA in two piece what happens is that
in two piece what happens is that
in two piece what happens is that damaged ends are trimmed the damaged
damaged ends are trimmed the damaged
damaged ends are trimmed the damaged fragments aligned to the undamaged copy
fragments aligned to the undamaged copy
fragments aligned to the undamaged copy of the chromosome and the gap it’s
of the chromosome and the gap it’s
of the chromosome and the gap it’s filled and you generate a faithful copy
filled and you generate a faithful copy
filled and you generate a faithful copy of the damaged chromosome this mechanism
of the damaged chromosome this mechanism
of the damaged chromosome this mechanism is very effective and is mainly used by
is very effective and is mainly used by
is very effective and is mainly used by reproductive cells those that produce
reproductive cells those that produce
reproductive cells those that produce spermatozoa in the mail and egg cells in
spermatozoa in the mail and egg cells in
spermatozoa in the mail and egg cells in the female and this is very important
the female and this is very important
the female and this is very important because you’d want to transmit an
because you’d want to transmit an
because you’d want to transmit an undamaged copy of your chromosome to
undamaged copy of your chromosome to
undamaged copy of your chromosome to your daughters and sons now why this is
your daughters and sons now why this is
your daughters and sons now why this is important why I’m telling you these
important why I’m telling you these
important why I’m telling you these mechanism about DNA repair well because
mechanism about DNA repair well because
mechanism about DNA repair well because they are very relevant to understand how
they are very relevant to understand how
they are very relevant to understand how this mechanism can be harnessed to
this mechanism can be harnessed to
this mechanism can be harnessed to develop a technology can spread the
develop a technology can spread the
develop a technology can spread the genetic modification from few organism
genetic modification from few organism
genetic modification from few organism to an entire species and this is a way
to an entire species and this is a way
to an entire species and this is a way the way we use this technology is the
the way we use this technology is the
the way we use this technology is the story that I’m going to tell you today
story that I’m going to tell you today
story that I’m going to tell you today we use this mechanism to transform the
we use this mechanism to transform the
we use this mechanism to transform the way how we can control vector borne
way how we can control vector borne
way how we can control vector borne disease
disease
disease now the story starts about 15 years ago
now the story starts about 15 years ago
now the story starts about 15 years ago when myself and my colleague at imperial
when myself and my colleague at imperial
when myself and my colleague at imperial college develop a technology to
college develop a technology to
college develop a technology to genetically modified mosquitoes so the
genetically modified mosquitoes so the
genetically modified mosquitoes so the vector of human malaria we thought that
vector of human malaria we thought that
vector of human malaria we thought that by inserting a genetic modification that
by inserting a genetic modification that
by inserting a genetic modification that impair the ability of the parasite to
impair the ability of the parasite to
impair the ability of the parasite to develop in the mosquito we could
develop in the mosquito we could
develop in the mosquito we could contribute we new tool for for vector
contribute we new tool for for vector
contribute we new tool for for vector control the objective as I said was to
control the objective as I said was to
control the objective as I said was to introduce DNA in the mosquito in this we
introduce DNA in the mosquito in this we
introduce DNA in the mosquito in this we started at the beginning by just
started at the beginning by just
started at the beginning by just introducing fluorescent gene that it was
introducing fluorescent gene that it was
introducing fluorescent gene that it was to monitor how the genetic modification
to monitor how the genetic modification
to monitor how the genetic modification passed on generation by generation and
passed on generation by generation and
passed on generation by generation and this was done in mosquito that transmits
this was done in mosquito that transmits
this was done in mosquito that transmits human malaria because I mentioned to you
human malaria because I mentioned to you
human malaria because I mentioned to you before malaria is a huge health problem
before malaria is a huge health problem
before malaria is a huge health problem and it kills half a million children
and it kills half a million children
and it kills half a million children every year and it’s very difficult to
every year and it’s very difficult to
every year and it’s very difficult to control with available tools so we’ll
control with available tools so we’ll
control with available tools so we’ll come to this a little later now the
come to this a little later now the
come to this a little later now the problem we had there is out to spread
problem we had there is out to spread
problem we had there is out to spread this useful genetic modification from a
this useful genetic modification from a
this useful genetic modification from a few organism in the lab to an entire
few organism in the lab to an entire
few organism in the lab to an entire wild population now the the problem
wild population now the the problem
wild population now the the problem there originates from the very law of
there originates from the very law of
there originates from the very law of genetic ready T now this was the as we
genetic ready T now this was the as we
genetic ready T now this was the as we talked about boundary the boundary in
talked about boundary the boundary in
talked about boundary the boundary in which we had to break was the law of
which we had to break was the law of
which we had to break was the law of heredity now every organism that
heredity now every organism that
heredity now every organism that reproduces sexually as I mentioned to
reproduces sexually as I mentioned to
reproduces sexually as I mentioned to you before inherited two sets of DNA one
you before inherited two sets of DNA one
you before inherited two sets of DNA one from the father and one from the mother
from the father and one from the mother
from the father and one from the mother the arranging chromosome each chromosome
the arranging chromosome each chromosome
the arranging chromosome each chromosome contains genes now the genes are
contains genes now the genes are
contains genes now the genes are transmitted to the MA to the progeny the
transmitted to the MA to the progeny the
transmitted to the MA to the progeny the genes of the father and two genes of the
genes of the father and two genes of the
genes of the father and two genes of the mother only twelve of them in a mutually
mother only twelve of them in a mutually
mother only twelve of them in a mutually exclusive manner either you transmit the
exclusive manner either you transmit the
exclusive manner either you transmit the gene of the mother or you transmit the
gene of the mother or you transmit the
gene of the mother or you transmit the gene of the father now
gene of the father now
gene of the father now this generates a big problem because the
this generates a big problem because the
this generates a big problem because the genetic modification does not increase
genetic modification does not increase
genetic modification does not increase generation after generation we can make
generation after generation we can make
generation after generation we can make a sort of small beautiful experiment
a sort of small beautiful experiment
a sort of small beautiful experiment ourselves we start with a genetic level
ourselves we start with a genetic level
ourselves we start with a genetic level they fight mosquito which has to copy of
they fight mosquito which has to copy of
they fight mosquito which has to copy of our DNA one modified and whatnot and we
our DNA one modified and whatnot and we
our DNA one modified and whatnot and we cross it with a wild-type mosquito we
cross it with a wild-type mosquito we
cross it with a wild-type mosquito we see that the beginning we start with one
see that the beginning we start with one
see that the beginning we start with one chromosome genetically modified after
chromosome genetically modified after
chromosome genetically modified after the second generation we have two but if
the second generation we have two but if
the second generation we have two but if you see the frequency as in change it
you see the frequency as in change it
you see the frequency as in change it was one in fourth and now is in two
was one in fourth and now is in two
was one in fourth and now is in two eight we can continue this experiment
eight we can continue this experiment
eight we can continue this experiment for hundreds of and regeneration the
for hundreds of and regeneration the
for hundreds of and regeneration the frequency will not change so what are
frequency will not change so what are
frequency will not change so what are our options
our options
our options how can we have an impact or malaria
how can we have an impact or malaria
how can we have an impact or malaria transmission well this is a big problem
transmission well this is a big problem
transmission well this is a big problem because our modeling scientists tell us
because our modeling scientists tell us
because our modeling scientists tell us that in order to reach an impact in in
that in order to reach an impact in in
that in order to reach an impact in in malaria endemic area which genetically
malaria endemic area which genetically
malaria endemic area which genetically modified mosquito you have to reach a
modified mosquito you have to reach a
modified mosquito you have to reach a frequency of 90% this means that the
frequency of 90% this means that the
frequency of 90% this means that the only way that we have to do it since the
only way that we have to do it since the
only way that we have to do it since the genetic modification doesn’t spread is
genetic modification doesn’t spread is
genetic modification doesn’t spread is to outnumber the resident mosquito with
to outnumber the resident mosquito with
to outnumber the resident mosquito with genetically modified mosquito this
genetically modified mosquito this
genetically modified mosquito this entails delivering billions of billions
entails delivering billions of billions
entails delivering billions of billions of mosquito of advanced air I mean I am
of mosquito of advanced air I mean I am
of mosquito of advanced air I mean I am sure we all agree that this is
sure we all agree that this is
sure we all agree that this is absolutely not possible and then at one
absolutely not possible and then at one
absolutely not possible and then at one point a friend of a colleague of mine a
point a friend of a colleague of mine a
point a friend of a colleague of mine a super bird came in my life in my
super bird came in my life in my
super bird came in my life in my allotment told me point out well you
allotment told me point out well you
allotment told me point out well you know not all the genes behave in this
know not all the genes behave in this
know not all the genes behave in this way there are some genes they have the
way there are some genes they have the
way there are some genes they have the ability to spread from few organism to
ability to spread from few organism to
ability to spread from few organism to an entire population this has been
an entire population this has been
an entire population this has been discovered and this gene has been
discovered and this gene has been
discovered and this gene has been discovered in yeast they have the
discovered in yeast they have the
discovered in yeast they have the ability to spread so we’re very much
ability to spread so we’re very much
ability to spread so we’re very much interesting to understand how this gene
interesting to understand how this gene
interesting to understand how this gene work you know what I told you about this
work you know what I told you about this
work you know what I told you about this copy and paste repair mechanism will
copy and paste repair mechanism will
copy and paste repair mechanism will come very useful to understand how this
come very useful to understand how this
come very useful to understand how this gene work and they can spread into a
gene work and they can spread into a
gene work and they can spread into a population so what they do these genes
population so what they do these genes
population so what they do these genes they’re in principle encode for enzyme
they’re in principle encode for enzyme
they’re in principle encode for enzyme they have the ability to damage the DNA
they have the ability to damage the DNA
they have the ability to damage the DNA to make it in pieces to count they’re
to make it in pieces to count they’re
to make it in pieces to count they’re very specific they bind to DNA and to
very specific they bind to DNA and to
very specific they bind to DNA and to break into piece now when this happens
break into piece now when this happens
break into piece now when this happens during the
during the
during the production of spermatozoa and germ cells
production of spermatozoa and germ cells
production of spermatozoa and germ cells in the in reproductive cells then the
in the in reproductive cells then the
in the in reproductive cells then the genetic modification is copied to both
genetic modification is copied to both
genetic modification is copied to both maternal and paternal and maternal and
maternal and paternal and maternal and
maternal and paternal and maternal and paternal chromosomes so they all the
paternal chromosomes so they all the
paternal chromosomes so they all the progeny all inherited the genetic
progeny all inherited the genetic
progeny all inherited the genetic modification so in principle they’re
modification so in principle they’re
modification so in principle they’re able to subvert the law of heredity we
able to subvert the law of heredity we
able to subvert the law of heredity we call these genes homing endonucleases
call these genes homing endonucleases
call these genes homing endonucleases but today we will we will call them copy
but today we will we will call them copy
but today we will we will call them copy and paste genes because this is exactly
and paste genes because this is exactly
and paste genes because this is exactly what they do for the purpose of this of
what they do for the purpose of this of
what they do for the purpose of this of my presentation so what we did then we
my presentation so what we did then we
my presentation so what we did then we utilize these genes and we simply
utilize these genes and we simply
utilize these genes and we simply generate a genetic modified mosquito
generate a genetic modified mosquito
generate a genetic modified mosquito which carry the yeast copy and paste
which carry the yeast copy and paste
which carry the yeast copy and paste gene and we monitor whether we were able
gene and we monitor whether we were able
gene and we monitor whether we were able to spread a genetic modification in the
to spread a genetic modification in the
to spread a genetic modification in the population the genetic modification as I
population the genetic modification as I
population the genetic modification as I mentioned to you for sake of simplicity
mentioned to you for sake of simplicity
mentioned to you for sake of simplicity was a gene that confers a fluorescent
was a gene that confers a fluorescent
was a gene that confers a fluorescent green color to the mosquito so that we
green color to the mosquito so that we
green color to the mosquito so that we could monitor how this genetic
could monitor how this genetic
could monitor how this genetic modification was passed on from
modification was passed on from
modification was passed on from generation to generation and the results
generation to generation and the results
generation to generation and the results was completely astonishing starting from
was completely astonishing starting from
was completely astonishing starting from few genetically modified mosquito we
few genetically modified mosquito we
few genetically modified mosquito we could see that the genetic modification
could see that the genetic modification
could see that the genetic modification spread to an entire population however
spread to an entire population however
spread to an entire population however the story doesn’t finish here because
the story doesn’t finish here because
the story doesn’t finish here because this copy and paste this gene they have
this copy and paste this gene they have
this copy and paste this gene they have a problem they are very difficult to
a problem they are very difficult to
a problem they are very difficult to re-engineer so if you want to use in
re-engineer so if you want to use in
re-engineer so if you want to use in mosquito you have in principle to
mosquito you have in principle to
mosquito you have in principle to reprogram they are used to attack yeast
reprogram they are used to attack yeast
reprogram they are used to attack yeast sequence if you want to attack a
sequence if you want to attack a
sequence if you want to attack a mosquito gene or you want to make a
mosquito gene or you want to make a
mosquito gene or you want to make a modification in the mosquito you have to
modification in the mosquito you have to
modification in the mosquito you have to reprogram their specificity in order to
reprogram their specificity in order to
reprogram their specificity in order to bind and cut mosquito sequence that is
bind and cut mosquito sequence that is
bind and cut mosquito sequence that is proven to be very very difficult however
proven to be very very difficult however
proven to be very very difficult however few years ago and you genes the has the
few years ago and you genes the has the
few years ago and you genes the has the ability to counter the DNA has been
ability to counter the DNA has been
ability to counter the DNA has been discovered I’m sure some of you are
discovered I’m sure some of you are
discovered I’m sure some of you are familiar with his name is CRISPR this is
familiar with his name is CRISPR this is
familiar with his name is CRISPR this is a it’s nothing special about this
a it’s nothing special about this
a it’s nothing special about this Jim this is an enzyme that cuts DNA what
Jim this is an enzyme that cuts DNA what
Jim this is an enzyme that cuts DNA what makes it special is as very easy to
makes it special is as very easy to
makes it special is as very easy to reprogram it’s very easy in principle
reprogram it’s very easy in principle
reprogram it’s very easy in principle allows to attack and target any DNA
allows to attack and target any DNA
allows to attack and target any DNA sequence that you wish and currently
sequence that you wish and currently
sequence that you wish and currently this gene is widely used for genetic
this gene is widely used for genetic
this gene is widely used for genetic engineer for gene editing and for this
engineer for gene editing and for this
engineer for gene editing and for this and for manipulating DNA so we thought
and for manipulating DNA so we thought
and for manipulating DNA so we thought that we could use this genes the cat DNA
that we could use this genes the cat DNA
that we could use this genes the cat DNA in place of the copy and paste gene of
in place of the copy and paste gene of
in place of the copy and paste gene of the yeast because it offers much more
the yeast because it offers much more
the yeast because it offers much more flexibility but this time rather than
flexibility but this time rather than
flexibility but this time rather than carrying a fluorescent gene we want to
carrying a fluorescent gene we want to
carrying a fluorescent gene we want to attack a gene of the mosquito that is
attack a gene of the mosquito that is
attack a gene of the mosquito that is involved with mosquito reproduction to
involved with mosquito reproduction to
involved with mosquito reproduction to the ability of the mosquito to lay egg
the ability of the mosquito to lay egg
the ability of the mosquito to lay egg so our expectation was that the gene
so our expectation was that the gene
so our expectation was that the gene spread as that is spread it diminished
spread as that is spread it diminished
spread as that is spread it diminished the ability of the mosquito to lay egg
the ability of the mosquito to lay egg
the ability of the mosquito to lay egg up to the point of the population crash
up to the point of the population crash
up to the point of the population crash and doing so we developed this this
and doing so we developed this this
and doing so we developed this this genetic modification and the results
genetic modification and the results
genetic modification and the results were astonishing the gene spread very
were astonishing the gene spread very
were astonishing the gene spread very effectively the mosquito have lost the
effectively the mosquito have lost the
effectively the mosquito have lost the ability to lay egg and in principle this
ability to lay egg and in principle this
ability to lay egg and in principle this shows that is possible to introduce a
shows that is possible to introduce a
shows that is possible to introduce a genetic modification in few library
genetic modification in few library
genetic modification in few library mosquito spread to an entire population
mosquito spread to an entire population
mosquito spread to an entire population and interfere with their ability to
and interfere with their ability to
and interfere with their ability to multiply and reproduce this is I think a
multiply and reproduce this is I think a
multiply and reproduce this is I think a changing moment in the in the time of
changing moment in the in the time of
changing moment in the in the time of genetics and offers the possibility to
genetics and offers the possibility to
genetics and offers the possibility to develop genetic modification the spread
develop genetic modification the spread
develop genetic modification the spread that make mosquito immune to disease
that make mosquito immune to disease
that make mosquito immune to disease that make mosquito in enable to
that make mosquito in enable to
that make mosquito in enable to reproduce but can also be applied to
reproduce but can also be applied to
reproduce but can also be applied to other field for example for to attack
other field for example for to attack
other field for example for to attack invasive species or to combat other
invasive species or to combat other
invasive species or to combat other plant or animal which imprints for
plant or animal which imprints for
plant or animal which imprints for contaminate environment so the
contaminate environment so the
contaminate environment so the implication goes beyond vector control
implication goes beyond vector control
implication goes beyond vector control now of course for us this was a moment
now of course for us this was a moment
now of course for us this was a moment of great excitement however also
of great excitement however also
of great excitement however also generate tremendous debate because we
generate tremendous debate because we
generate tremendous debate because we read that this technology in principle
read that this technology in principle
read that this technology in principle is dangerous
is dangerous
is dangerous accidental release could swipe through
accidental release could swipe through
accidental release could swipe through the earth and changing the mock-up of a
the earth and changing the mock-up of a
the earth and changing the mock-up of a species is so easy to do the biology
species is so easy to do the biology
species is so easy to do the biology student could develop a gene Drive on on
student could develop a gene Drive on on
student could develop a gene Drive on on its own well let me assure you this is
its own well let me assure you this is
its own well let me assure you this is this is not the case this technology is
this is not the case this technology is
this is not the case this technology is very complex require a lot of skill from
very complex require a lot of skill from
very complex require a lot of skill from mathematical modeling genetic engineer
mathematical modeling genetic engineer
mathematical modeling genetic engineer from molecular biology a population
from molecular biology a population
from molecular biology a population genetics is not a do-it-yourself
genetics is not a do-it-yourself
genetics is not a do-it-yourself technology now you may ask why we need
technology now you may ask why we need
technology now you may ask why we need to use this technology well the reason
to use this technology well the reason
to use this technology well the reason is that current technology to control
is that current technology to control
is that current technology to control vector borne disease are not under point
vector borne disease are not under point
vector borne disease are not under point it’s more than 100 years that the
it’s more than 100 years that the
it’s more than 100 years that the mesquita have been identified and the
mesquita have been identified and the
mesquita have been identified and the cause of malaria and we still are not
cause of malaria and we still are not
cause of malaria and we still are not able to eradicate the disease we have
able to eradicate the disease we have
able to eradicate the disease we have bed nets
bed nets
bed nets we have drag treatment we have
we have drag treatment we have
we have drag treatment we have insecticides we can use environmental
insecticides we can use environmental
insecticides we can use environmental management power all this measure
management power all this measure
management power all this measure requires huge effort requires logistics
requires huge effort requires logistics
requires huge effort requires logistics require political commitment they
require political commitment they
require political commitment they require sustainability something is very
require sustainability something is very
require sustainability something is very rare to find in the most poor country in
rare to find in the most poor country in
rare to find in the most poor country in the world where the problem was
the world where the problem was
the world where the problem was stability sustainability is one of the
stability sustainability is one of the
stability sustainability is one of the major issue what they are the advantage
major issue what they are the advantage
major issue what they are the advantage of the gene Drive well they do the work
of the gene Drive well they do the work
of the gene Drive well they do the work for us
for us
for us they are cost-effective and at the same
they are cost-effective and at the same
they are cost-effective and at the same time they’re very democratic because
time they’re very democratic because
time they’re very democratic because everybody will benefit independent of
everybody will benefit independent of
everybody will benefit independent of social status or their wealth and their
social status or their wealth and their
social status or their wealth and their culture so we believe that this
culture so we believe that this
culture so we believe that this technology in the very near future will
technology in the very near future will
technology in the very near future will be available now the problem is not for
be available now the problem is not for
be available now the problem is not for us to decide whether this technology
us to decide whether this technology
us to decide whether this technology will be released in the field we have
will be released in the field we have
will be released in the field we have the responsibility to make a safe and
the responsibility to make a safe and
the responsibility to make a safe and effective technology but is the
effective technology but is the
effective technology but is the responsibility of the people living in
responsibility of the people living in
responsibility of the people living in the endemic country is the
the endemic country is the
the endemic country is the responsibility of the government of
responsibility of the government of
responsibility of the government of their health authority to assess the
their health authority to assess the
their health authority to assess the risk of benefit ultimately decide
risk of benefit ultimately decide
risk of benefit ultimately decide whether to use or not I don’t want to
whether to use or not I don’t want to
whether to use or not I don’t want to take the credit for what I have told you
take the credit for what I have told you
take the credit for what I have told you actually that where the credit goes to
actually that where the credit goes to
actually that where the credit goes to number of student and work and people
number of student and work and people
number of student and work and people that work in my lab that put a lot of
that work in my lab that put a lot of
that work in my lab that put a lot of enthusiasm a lot of I in iDVD and energy
enthusiasm a lot of I in iDVD and energy
enthusiasm a lot of I in iDVD and energy my objective and my aspiration is to
my objective and my aspiration is to
my objective and my aspiration is to live in a better world a world without
live in a better world a world without
live in a better world a world without malaria
”
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