the human mind has always been curious about what lies beyond its reach what
about what lies beyond its reach what
about what lies beyond its reach what lies beyond the tree floor what lies
lies beyond the tree floor what lies
lies beyond the tree floor what lies beyond the entrance of the cave beyond
beyond the entrance of the cave beyond
beyond the entrance of the cave beyond the next month in the sea the ocean and
the next month in the sea the ocean and
the next month in the sea the ocean and eventually the arises what opportunities
eventually the arises what opportunities
eventually the arises what opportunities are there other safer or better places
are there other safer or better places
are there other safer or better places to live this family drove us to wonder
to live this family drove us to wonder
to live this family drove us to wonder what lies beyond the earth itself how
what lies beyond the earth itself how
what lies beyond the earth itself how many worlds await us and are they
many worlds await us and are they
many worlds await us and are they inhabited I’ve been thrilled by these
inhabited I’ve been thrilled by these
inhabited I’ve been thrilled by these questions since childhood when I go
questions since childhood when I go
questions since childhood when I go searching for answer I’m an astronomer
searching for answer I’m an astronomer
searching for answer I’m an astronomer slightly planets beyond our solar system
slightly planets beyond our solar system
slightly planets beyond our solar system which are called excellence and although
which are called excellence and although
which are called excellence and although the question about their existence has
the question about their existence has
the question about their existence has been here for thousands of year it’s
been here for thousands of year it’s
been here for thousands of year it’s only 22 years ago that two researchers
only 22 years ago that two researchers
only 22 years ago that two researchers at the University of Geneva building so
at the University of Geneva building so
at the University of Geneva building so they meet in this very contem the first
they meet in this very contem the first
they meet in this very contem the first exoplanets around
exoplanets around
exoplanets around like star so it’s a very severe local
like star so it’s a very severe local
like star so it’s a very severe local story but it has now a worldwide impact
story but it has now a worldwide impact
story but it has now a worldwide impact because there is more than 3000
because there is more than 3000
because there is more than 3000 exoplanets that have been detected
exoplanets that have been detected
exoplanets that have been detected sister and there are two main to main
sister and there are two main to main
sister and there are two main to main facts that scientists established and
facts that scientists established and
facts that scientists established and the first one is that planets
the first one is that planets
the first one is that planets ubiquitous know every other star host a
ubiquitous know every other star host a
ubiquitous know every other star host a planet 20% of those Falls at least the
planet 20% of those Falls at least the
planet 20% of those Falls at least the planet that is the size of the earth now
planet that is the size of the earth now
planet that is the size of the earth now there is a hundred billion storing our
there is a hundred billion storing our
there is a hundred billion storing our galaxy so that will make for 20 billion
galaxy so that will make for 20 billion
galaxy so that will make for 20 billion earth-sized planets it’s mesmerizing
earth-sized planets it’s mesmerizing
earth-sized planets it’s mesmerizing but the second fact is to me even more
but the second fact is to me even more
but the second fact is to me even more striking and the fact that there is a
striking and the fact that there is a
striking and the fact that there is a fantastic diversity among the planet
fantastic diversity among the planet
fantastic diversity among the planet discovered it’s beyond imagination but
discovered it’s beyond imagination but
discovered it’s beyond imagination but it’s actually my job to try and imagine
it’s actually my job to try and imagine
it’s actually my job to try and imagine it and it’s very important this
it and it’s very important this
it and it’s very important this diversity because how a planet looks
diversity because how a planet looks
diversity because how a planet looks like today is how it formed and if you
like today is how it formed and if you
like today is how it formed and if you are able to understand processes at the
are able to understand processes at the
are able to understand processes at the origin of all the planets we know that
origin of all the planets we know that
origin of all the planets we know that it means that we can explain how our
it means that we can explain how our
it means that we can explain how our planets form and how life eventually
planets form and how life eventually
planets form and how life eventually appear and so these these two facts
appear and so these these two facts
appear and so these these two facts raises raise two fundamental questions
raises raise two fundamental questions
raises raise two fundamental questions if life arose under from there are
if life arose under from there are
if life arose under from there are billions of is life a common phenomenon
billions of is life a common phenomenon
billions of is life a common phenomenon in the universe and however if there is
in the universe and however if there is
in the universe and however if there is a huge diversity in life is able to
a huge diversity in life is able to
a huge diversity in life is able to blossom in very dire
blossom in very dire
blossom in very dire very different from our environment
very different from our environment
very different from our environment would we even be able to proceed to
would we even be able to proceed to
would we even be able to proceed to recognize it so I need to make a
recognize it so I need to make a
recognize it so I need to make a simplification here when we talk about
simplification here when we talk about
simplification here when we talk about life
life
life I will speak mainly about microbial life
I will speak mainly about microbial life
I will speak mainly about microbial life which my father mean it’s the biomass of
which my father mean it’s the biomass of
which my father mean it’s the biomass of the earth
the earth
the earth this beautiful organism that you see
this beautiful organism that you see
this beautiful organism that you see here is the reason of your presence in
here is the reason of your presence in
here is the reason of your presence in this room it’s the first organism this
this room it’s the first organism this
this room it’s the first organism this is GMO bacteria in all of photosynthesis
is GMO bacteria in all of photosynthesis
is GMO bacteria in all of photosynthesis so it’s at the origin it’s ancestor are
so it’s at the origin it’s ancestor are
so it’s at the origin it’s ancestor are the origin of the of the oxygen we are
the origin of the of the oxygen we are
the origin of the of the oxygen we are breathing so it literally 2 and 1/2
breathing so it literally 2 and 1/2
breathing so it literally 2 and 1/2 billion years ago fill the primordial
billion years ago fill the primordial
billion years ago fill the primordial and posture of the earth with oxygen so
and posture of the earth with oxygen so
and posture of the earth with oxygen so it completely changed the atmosphere of
it completely changed the atmosphere of
it completely changed the atmosphere of the earth and it’s the very reason why
the earth and it’s the very reason why
the earth and it’s the very reason why my colleagues and I are looking trying
my colleagues and I are looking trying
my colleagues and I are looking trying to look at atmospheres of exoplanets to
to look at atmospheres of exoplanets to
to look at atmospheres of exoplanets to try and detect such big changes to
try and detect such big changes to
try and detect such big changes to existence of oxygen that could be linked
existence of oxygen that could be linked
existence of oxygen that could be linked with microorganism living at the surface
with microorganism living at the surface
with microorganism living at the surface of the planet but in order to try this
of the planet but in order to try this
of the planet but in order to try this microorganism needs to make ingredients
microorganism needs to make ingredients
microorganism needs to make ingredients that are united on this country on this
that are united on this country on this
that are united on this country on this beautiful picture liquid water at the
beautiful picture liquid water at the
beautiful picture liquid water at the surface and sunlight and these two other
surface and sunlight and these two other
surface and sunlight and these two other of these two things are comes together
of these two things are comes together
of these two things are comes together in only one place in our solar system
in only one place in our solar system
in only one place in our solar system it’s the earth now there are all the
it’s the earth now there are all the
it’s the earth now there are all the places in the star system that looks
places in the star system that looks
places in the star system that looks like a list and one of the most striking
like a list and one of the most striking
like a list and one of the most striking example is this one so this is the green
example is this one so this is the green
example is this one so this is the green of the same sunlight on the sea at the
of the same sunlight on the sea at the
of the same sunlight on the sea at the surface of Titan which is Saturn’s
surface of Titan which is Saturn’s
surface of Titan which is Saturn’s because the only thing here is that
because the only thing here is that
because the only thing here is that Titan is very far from the Sun
Titan is very far from the Sun
Titan is very far from the Sun suppose it’s minus a hundred and eighty
suppose it’s minus a hundred and eighty
suppose it’s minus a hundred and eighty degrees Celsius so it’s low liquid water
degrees Celsius so it’s low liquid water
degrees Celsius so it’s low liquid water that you see it’s a lake of liquid
that you see it’s a lake of liquid
that you see it’s a lake of liquid methane that is actually laying onto the
methane that is actually laying onto the
methane that is actually laying onto the bed of rocks Lee’s water ice now below
bed of rocks Lee’s water ice now below
bed of rocks Lee’s water ice now below this ice shell that could be some water
this ice shell that could be some water
this ice shell that could be some water ocean one side down on other moons of of
ocean one side down on other moons of of
ocean one side down on other moons of of giant planets which are all very cold
giant planets which are all very cold
giant planets which are all very cold the only thing is that some I cannot
the only thing is that some I cannot
the only thing is that some I cannot reach these places directed and besides
reach these places directed and besides
reach these places directed and besides this the solar system we need to very
this the solar system we need to very
this the solar system we need to very friendly condition for life to blossom
friendly condition for life to blossom
friendly condition for life to blossom so what we do is that I will show you
so what we do is that I will show you
so what we do is that I will show you how the the Sun of the temple extent the
how the the Sun of the temple extent the
how the the Sun of the temple extent the fruit of a bunch of the thousands of
fruit of a bunch of the thousands of
fruit of a bunch of the thousands of exoplanet we have detected having no
exoplanet we have detected having no
exoplanet we have detected having no places like you have in the solar system
places like you have in the solar system
places like you have in the solar system makes it really critical to determine if
makes it really critical to determine if
makes it really critical to determine if there is some cedar places elsewhere
there is some cedar places elsewhere
there is some cedar places elsewhere around other stars so I will solve the
around other stars so I will solve the
around other stars so I will solve the planets by their temperature and density
planets by their temperature and density
planets by their temperature and density and I will make a pure now 500 of
and I will make a pure now 500 of
and I will make a pure now 500 of exoplanets for which we know the masses
exoplanets for which we know the masses
exoplanets for which we know the masses the spices hence there
the spices hence there
the spices hence there and there are distances to the song so
and there are distances to the song so
and there are distances to the song so we can assess their approximate surface
we can assess their approximate surface
we can assess their approximate surface temperature everything you see beyond
temperature everything you see beyond
temperature everything you see beyond that in this picture like overall
that in this picture like overall
that in this picture like overall stripes we it’s fantasy it’s an art
stripes we it’s fantasy it’s an art
stripes we it’s fantasy it’s an art especially just do not know and to me
especially just do not know and to me
especially just do not know and to me this is really fascinating because it is
this is really fascinating because it is
this is really fascinating because it is lots of room for imagination so playing
lots of room for imagination so playing
lots of room for imagination so playing with the laws of physics chemistry and
with the laws of physics chemistry and
with the laws of physics chemistry and climate sciences we use that as its
climate sciences we use that as its
climate sciences we use that as its angles I’m trying to make prediction
angles I’m trying to make prediction
angles I’m trying to make prediction that we try to verify and for instance
that we try to verify and for instance
that we try to verify and for instance it would be extremely tempting to apply
it would be extremely tempting to apply
it would be extremely tempting to apply a hockey planets that are about the size
a hockey planets that are about the size
a hockey planets that are about the size of the earth in the window in the
of the earth in the window in the
of the earth in the window in the Wrights temperature range so that liquid
Wrights temperature range so that liquid
Wrights temperature range so that liquid water could answer their stories on into
water could answer their stories on into
water could answer their stories on into their atmosphere
their atmosphere
their atmosphere it’s an unfortunate coincidence that
it’s an unfortunate coincidence that
it’s an unfortunate coincidence that these planets are precisely the one that
these planets are precisely the one that
these planets are precisely the one that are the most difficult to detect and the
are the most difficult to detect and the
are the most difficult to detect and the most difficult to characterize it’s much
most difficult to characterize it’s much
most difficult to characterize it’s much easier to characterize the atmosphere of
easier to characterize the atmosphere of
easier to characterize the atmosphere of giant hot giant gaseous planets and
giant hot giant gaseous planets and
giant hot giant gaseous planets and while it seems a tad frustrating at
while it seems a tad frustrating at
while it seems a tad frustrating at first the left field extraordinary
first the left field extraordinary
first the left field extraordinary findings that teachers about candidate
findings that teachers about candidate
findings that teachers about candidate are more logical
are more logical
are more logical so I would like to share with you know
so I would like to share with you know
so I would like to share with you know one of these this example it’s maybe the
one of these this example it’s maybe the
one of these this example it’s maybe the most exciting discovery I made in my in
most exciting discovery I made in my in
most exciting discovery I made in my in my career and it’s about a planet that
my career and it’s about a planet that
my career and it’s about a planet that is about the size of Neptune Neptune is
is about the size of Neptune Neptune is
is about the size of Neptune Neptune is up there in the cold part of this
up there in the cold part of this
up there in the cold part of this diagram and planet that is emphasized
diagram and planet that is emphasized
diagram and planet that is emphasized here is 4 GJ 4 3 6 and that exchange in
here is 4 GJ 4 3 6 and that exchange in
here is 4 GJ 4 3 6 and that exchange in spite of being mainly composed of of gas
spite of being mainly composed of of gas
spite of being mainly composed of of gas don’t squash one question even
don’t squash one question even
don’t squash one question even temperature
temperature
temperature that should call these planets gas giant
that should call these planets gas giant
that should call these planets gas giant so by golden baby urchins by lack
so by golden baby urchins by lack
so by golden baby urchins by lack of more adapted terminology and it helps
of more adapted terminology and it helps
of more adapted terminology and it helps because it’s very close to its stuff so
because it’s very close to its stuff so
because it’s very close to its stuff so let me try to give you the feeling of
let me try to give you the feeling of
let me try to give you the feeling of how close it is in our solar system
how close it is in our solar system
how close it is in our solar system mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
mercury is the closest planet to the Sun its orbit around the Sun in just 88 days
its orbit around the Sun in just 88 days
its orbit around the Sun in just 88 days that’s just one year from you if I take
that’s just one year from you if I take
that’s just one year from you if I take the system of GJ 4 3 6 9 instead of the
the system of GJ 4 3 6 9 instead of the
the system of GJ 4 3 6 9 instead of the Sun this is what they thought it would
Sun this is what they thought it would
Sun this is what they thought it would look like a star in just three days okay
look like a star in just three days okay
look like a star in just three days okay every three minutes surfaces extreme
every three minutes surfaces extreme
every three minutes surfaces extreme environment in terms of standard
environment in terms of standard
environment in terms of standard recognition fortunately for us the star
recognition fortunately for us the star
recognition fortunately for us the star is much smaller and colder and rather
is much smaller and colder and rather
is much smaller and colder and rather than at the Sun and that it’s easier to
than at the Sun and that it’s easier to
than at the Sun and that it’s easier to observe the atmosphere of the planet and
observe the atmosphere of the planet and
observe the atmosphere of the planet and the key thing here that makes it
the key thing here that makes it
the key thing here that makes it possible is the fact that as seen from
possible is the fact that as seen from
possible is the fact that as seen from the earth the planet is impassive in
the earth the planet is impassive in
the earth the planet is impassive in front of the star we call these
front of the star we call these
front of the star we call these transients where the planet from the
transients where the planet from the
transients where the planet from the rocks a tiny bit of the fraction of the
rocks a tiny bit of the fraction of the
rocks a tiny bit of the fraction of the Starlight and when it has an atmosphere
Starlight and when it has an atmosphere
Starlight and when it has an atmosphere and even tying a fraction is actually
and even tying a fraction is actually
and even tying a fraction is actually filters actually the Starlight and if
filters actually the Starlight and if
filters actually the Starlight and if you are able to to analyze the line that
you are able to to analyze the line that
you are able to to analyze the line that has filters who these are consumed with
has filters who these are consumed with
has filters who these are consumed with the instrument go spectrograph we can
the instrument go spectrograph we can
the instrument go spectrograph we can retrieve the composition of the
retrieve the composition of the
retrieve the composition of the planetary atmosphere the only thing is
planetary atmosphere the only thing is
planetary atmosphere the only thing is that it’s really challenging because I
that it’s really challenging because I
that it’s really challenging because I as you can see I really are cooled by
as you can see I really are cooled by
as you can see I really are cooled by the atmosphere or other surface of the
the atmosphere or other surface of the
the atmosphere or other surface of the star is very small so it’s very small
star is very small so it’s very small
star is very small so it’s very small signatures so by I do to God
signatures so by I do to God
signatures so by I do to God sure was try to get to detect the
sure was try to get to detect the
sure was try to get to detect the lightest possible species in the
lightest possible species in the
lightest possible species in the atmosphere because it would then be the
atmosphere because it would then be the
atmosphere because it would then be the top of the items you may recover a
top of the items you may recover a
top of the items you may recover a bigger fraction of the surface of the
bigger fraction of the surface of the
bigger fraction of the surface of the stomach in the single peak is mostly
stomach in the single peak is mostly
stomach in the single peak is mostly composed by hydrogen which is precisely
composed by hydrogen which is precisely
composed by hydrogen which is precisely the lightest gas in the universe so I
the lightest gas in the universe so I
the lightest gas in the universe so I thought okay let’s propose to observe to
thought okay let’s propose to observe to
thought okay let’s propose to observe to detect hydrogen in this in this sense
detect hydrogen in this in this sense
detect hydrogen in this in this sense and the observation were only possible
and the observation were only possible
and the observation were only possible with the help of the Hubble Space
with the help of the Hubble Space
with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope which is a very competitive
Telescope which is a very competitive
Telescope which is a very competitive instrument if you want to basically all
instrument if you want to basically all
instrument if you want to basically all astronomers to observe with it because
astronomers to observe with it because
astronomers to observe with it because it’s a kind of our choice so there’s a
it’s a kind of our choice so there’s a
it’s a kind of our choice so there’s a lot of demand actually took me four
lot of demand actually took me four
lot of demand actually took me four years to convince my peers in the
years to convince my peers in the
years to convince my peers in the selection committee of the observing
selection committee of the observing
selection committee of the observing programs there that it was worthwhile to
programs there that it was worthwhile to
programs there that it was worthwhile to do this this observation but when after
do this this observation but when after
do this this observation but when after after several years I can to be obtained
after several years I can to be obtained
after several years I can to be obtained all of my data so 2014 I was run against
all of my data so 2014 I was run against
all of my data so 2014 I was run against because what I saw on that I’m going to
because what I saw on that I’m going to
because what I saw on that I’m going to show to show to you it’s just something
show to show to you it’s just something
show to show to you it’s just something that nobody was prepared but you see
that nobody was prepared but you see
that nobody was prepared but you see here and I know it doesn’t look very
here and I know it doesn’t look very
here and I know it doesn’t look very impressive and it’s so because it’s all
impressive and it’s so because it’s all
impressive and it’s so because it’s all data from Hubble so you could see
data from Hubble so you could see
data from Hubble so you could see looking at the detector offer virtually
looking at the detector offer virtually
looking at the detector offer virtually putting your eyelids so it looks all
putting your eyelids so it looks all
putting your eyelids so it looks all dirty because it’s it’s not been
dirty because it’s it’s not been
dirty because it’s it’s not been properly accused in fact in age of the
properly accused in fact in age of the
properly accused in fact in age of the staff who spectrograph what they of the
staff who spectrograph what they of the
staff who spectrograph what they of the shape will the interesting thing is to
shape will the interesting thing is to
shape will the interesting thing is to compare what the data
compare what the data
compare what the data obtained with the Kinect is now in front
obtained with the Kinect is now in front
obtained with the Kinect is now in front of the star to the data set of penguin
of the star to the data set of penguin
of the star to the data set of penguin and he’s in front of the star and the
and he’s in front of the star and the
and he’s in front of the star and the sharper eyes the moon you might have
sharper eyes the moon you might have
sharper eyes the moon you might have noticed the decrease of the of the
noticed the decrease of the of the
noticed the decrease of the of the Starlight in the vehicle region here and
Starlight in the vehicle region here and
Starlight in the vehicle region here and the fact that we can see that it is
the fact that we can see that it is
the fact that we can see that it is absolutely extraordinary means that the
absolutely extraordinary means that the
absolutely extraordinary means that the signal is huge which in that’s the
signal is huge which in that’s the
signal is huge which in that’s the atmosphere of the planet it must be huge
atmosphere of the planet it must be huge
atmosphere of the planet it must be huge in front of the star how huge this is
in front of the star how huge this is
in front of the star how huge this is what my team and I try to determine with
what my team and I try to determine with
what my team and I try to determine with numerical simulation and we found out
numerical simulation and we found out
numerical simulation and we found out that the atmosphere of this planet
that the atmosphere of this planet
that the atmosphere of this planet associated with child commits cloud of
associated with child commits cloud of
associated with child commits cloud of hydrogen which was completely a complete
hydrogen which was completely a complete
hydrogen which was completely a complete surprise and what is happening to this
surprise and what is happening to this
surprise and what is happening to this to these subjects that is so close we
to these subjects that is so close we
to these subjects that is so close we saw that the planet is losing its
saw that the planet is losing its
saw that the planet is losing its atmosphere to space the star strips the
atmosphere to space the star strips the
atmosphere to space the star strips the planet out of its atmosphere slowly and
planet out of its atmosphere slowly and
planet out of its atmosphere slowly and others there are still gaps around it
others there are still gaps around it
others there are still gaps around it but the thing that is Rhema summarizing
but the thing that is Rhema summarizing
but the thing that is Rhema summarizing is when you consider that there are
is when you consider that there are
is when you consider that there are planets out there that this one but
planets out there that this one but
planets out there that this one but close to their star and actually this
close to their star and actually this
close to their star and actually this atmospheric evaporation would explain
atmospheric evaporation would explain
atmospheric evaporation would explain existence of a population hot very hot
existence of a population hot very hot
existence of a population hot very hot very close to the star rocky planets
very close to the star rocky planets
very close to the star rocky planets that doesn’t exist in the solar system
that doesn’t exist in the solar system
that doesn’t exist in the solar system and this path of formation of rocky
and this path of formation of rocky
and this path of formation of rocky planet physically evaporates a planet
planet physically evaporates a planet
planet physically evaporates a planet with orgasm you leave only the rocky
with orgasm you leave only the rocky
with orgasm you leave only the rocky core it’s something that never happened
core it’s something that never happened
core it’s something that never happened around the Sun and it’s very interesting
around the Sun and it’s very interesting
around the Sun and it’s very interesting to consider why around there are
to consider why around there are
to consider why around there are basically because the giant planet
basically because the giant planet
basically because the giant planet Jupiter Saturn did not migrate in more
Jupiter Saturn did not migrate in more
Jupiter Saturn did not migrate in more close to the Sun and that’s very
close to the Sun and that’s very
close to the Sun and that’s very fortunate for us because studies shows
fortunate for us because studies shows
fortunate for us because studies shows that if Jupiter had migrated in while
that if Jupiter had migrated in while
that if Jupiter had migrated in while very close to the Sun you could have
very close to the Sun you could have
very close to the Sun you could have ejected all the small planets on its
ejected all the small planets on its
ejected all the small planets on its path including earth so we wouldn’t
path including earth so we wouldn’t
path including earth so we wouldn’t either
either
either Jupiter are migrating so looking at
Jupiter are migrating so looking at
Jupiter are migrating so looking at these system review how kind of fragile
these system review how kind of fragile
these system review how kind of fragile we are in a way now let’s finish by
we are in a way now let’s finish by
we are in a way now let’s finish by getting back to birth and so you might
getting back to birth and so you might
getting back to birth and so you might folders okay this is all well a nice but
folders okay this is all well a nice but
folders okay this is all well a nice but how do we characterize the difference
how do we characterize the difference
how do we characterize the difference here of a place where we know there is
here of a place where we know there is
here of a place where we know there is there could be life but could we detect
there could be life but could we detect
there could be life but could we detect oxygen and water in this atmosphere so
oxygen and water in this atmosphere so
oxygen and water in this atmosphere so either good or the bad news the good
either good or the bad news the good
either good or the bad news the good news is that you can apply exactly the
news is that you can apply exactly the
news is that you can apply exactly the same technique I just explained to you
same technique I just explained to you
same technique I just explained to you the bad news is that Hubble is much too
the bad news is that Hubble is much too
the bad news is that Hubble is much too small to detect something you see the
small to detect something you see the
small to detect something you see the limp of the atmosphere of the earth it
limp of the atmosphere of the earth it
limp of the atmosphere of the earth it carries a 2.5 Muir diameter of newer
carries a 2.5 Muir diameter of newer
carries a 2.5 Muir diameter of newer space the cyber school bus but it’s much
space the cyber school bus but it’s much
space the cyber school bus but it’s much too small and actually my first job as a
too small and actually my first job as a
too small and actually my first job as a PhD students 13 years ago was to
PhD students 13 years ago was to
PhD students 13 years ago was to determine to calibrate how big a
determine to calibrate how big a
determine to calibrate how big a telescope should be to be able to detect
telescope should be to be able to detect
telescope should be to be able to detect this atmosphere of a nose like Venice
this atmosphere of a nose like Venice
this atmosphere of a nose like Venice the answer is well brutal is 40 meter
the answer is well brutal is 40 meter
the answer is well brutal is 40 meter telescope in space in the description
telescope in space in the description
telescope in space in the description below but activity dimensional 400
below but activity dimensional 400
below but activity dimensional 400 windows you have to find the good
windows you have to find the good
windows you have to find the good planets that you want to characterize
planets that you want to characterize
planets that you want to characterize and then there is a very because
and then there is a very because
and then there is a very because getting such furniture even they have
getting such furniture even they have
getting such furniture even they have already and especially in Switzerland we
already and especially in Switzerland we
already and especially in Switzerland we are really under the bridge
are really under the bridge
are really under the bridge we have conceived what is now considered
we have conceived what is now considered
we have conceived what is now considered the most the bests planet-hunting device
the most the bests planet-hunting device
the most the bests planet-hunting device the hospital graph which is installed in
the hospital graph which is installed in
the hospital graph which is installed in a telescope in Chile last month the
a telescope in Chile last month the
a telescope in Chile last month the say-so of this instrument Chinese
say-so of this instrument Chinese
say-so of this instrument Chinese spectrograph called espresso that we
spectrograph called espresso that we
spectrograph called espresso that we collect the lights out for a telescope
and the mass of appendix that is like
and the mass of appendix that is like now to get the density of such a planet
now to get the density of such a planet
now to get the density of such a planet we need also to measure size unfold it
we need also to measure size unfold it
we need also to measure size unfold it we will bring Switzerland beyond before
we will bring Switzerland beyond before
we will bring Switzerland beyond before we will switch them to space by building
we will switch them to space by building
we will switch them to space by building the first tree-sweet slit space mission
the first tree-sweet slit space mission
the first tree-sweet slit space mission which is specialist of cool chaos and
which is specialist of cool chaos and
which is specialist of cool chaos and it’s much smaller than half of it it
it’s much smaller than half of it it
it’s much smaller than half of it it will be very sensitive and very precise
will be very sensitive and very precise
will be very sensitive and very precise with the size of exoplanets and it
with the size of exoplanets and it
with the size of exoplanets and it involves a lot of institutions with say
involves a lot of institutions with say
involves a lot of institutions with say London in Europe the instrument has been
London in Europe the instrument has been
London in Europe the instrument has been bill it’s already in Paris what you see
bill it’s already in Paris what you see
bill it’s already in Paris what you see at the top of the screen and later I
at the top of the screen and later I
at the top of the screen and later I could be launched to leave any for
could be launched to leave any for
could be launched to leave any for launch at the end of next year and the
launch at the end of next year and the
launch at the end of next year and the data will arrive in so heavenly UNESCO
data will arrive in so heavenly UNESCO
data will arrive in so heavenly UNESCO in this very contem so
in this very contem so
in this very contem so we are ready to find the right planets
we are ready to find the right planets
we are ready to find the right planets but no no I just said if you slide ago
but no no I just said if you slide ago
but no no I just said if you slide ago well you need an extremely large
well you need an extremely large
well you need an extremely large telescope to characterize a certain
telescope to characterize a certain
telescope to characterize a certain sphere so remember from the introduction
sphere so remember from the introduction
sphere so remember from the introduction is old 7 as an S and you might see
is old 7 as an S and you might see
is old 7 as an S and you might see there’s a hole that leads to the Sun its
there’s a hole that leads to the Sun its
there’s a hole that leads to the Sun its Atacama Desert which coincidentally is
Atacama Desert which coincidentally is
Atacama Desert which coincidentally is the best place in the world for us a
the best place in the world for us a
the best place in the world for us a little observation this summit has been
little observation this summit has been
little observation this summit has been engineered it has been flattened to
engineered it has been flattened to
engineered it has been flattened to prepare for the construction of the
prepare for the construction of the
prepare for the construction of the biggest telescope ever built
biggest telescope ever built
biggest telescope ever built it’s cold then you guess the extremely
it’s cold then you guess the extremely
it’s cold then you guess the extremely large telescope
large telescope
large telescope the size of its mio is 40 meters so we
the size of its mio is 40 meters so we
the size of its mio is 40 meters so we have never been that close of being able
have never been that close of being able
have never been that close of being able to detect life elsewhere and I think
to detect life elsewhere and I think
to detect life elsewhere and I think this huge beam of makes a good
this huge beam of makes a good
this huge beam of makes a good conclusion for this store because it
conclusion for this store because it
conclusion for this store because it actually you know is something in which
actually you know is something in which
actually you know is something in which which reflects new image and the maybe
which reflects new image and the maybe
which reflects new image and the maybe the most beautiful I hear in all of this
the most beautiful I hear in all of this
the most beautiful I hear in all of this is that searching for life elsewhere
is that searching for life elsewhere
is that searching for life elsewhere with Zika teaches about ourselves
with Zika teaches about ourselves
with Zika teaches about ourselves thank you very much
thank you very much
thank you very much [Applause]
”
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