my father was a translator he spoke five languages fluently and he was pretty
languages fluently and he was pretty
languages fluently and he was pretty good at lots of others as well I used to
good at lots of others as well I used to
good at lots of others as well I used to marvel when I was a child we go on
marvel when I was a child we go on
marvel when I was a child we go on holiday to different countries he could
holiday to different countries he could
holiday to different countries he could converse with different people
converse with different people
converse with different people whatever the land we were in they could
whatever the land we were in they could
whatever the land we were in they could understand him he could understand them
understand him he could understand them
understand him he could understand them sadly I didn’t inherit his linguistic
sadly I didn’t inherit his linguistic
sadly I didn’t inherit his linguistic skills but methods of communication have
skills but methods of communication have
skills but methods of communication have remained with me as a fascination
remained with me as a fascination
remained with me as a fascination throughout my life
throughout my life
throughout my life what about messages what do they convey
what about messages what do they convey
what about messages what do they convey how do we decipher them how do we act on
how do we decipher them how do we act on
how do we decipher them how do we act on the information that we get can this
the information that we get can this
the information that we get can this translate not just into humans but into
translate not just into humans but into
translate not just into humans but into other things other forms of life I was
other things other forms of life I was
other things other forms of life I was always interested in science and in
always interested in science and in
always interested in science and in particular the science of the human body
particular the science of the human body
particular the science of the human body and how the body responds to threats
and how the body responds to threats
and how the body responds to threats from the environment how do we protect
from the environment how do we protect
from the environment how do we protect ourselves from infection what are the
ourselves from infection what are the
ourselves from infection what are the cells that are used in protecting the
cells that are used in protecting the
cells that are used in protecting the body from infection the cells of the
body from infection the cells of the
body from infection the cells of the immune system
immune system
immune system so I was lucky enough to become an
so I was lucky enough to become an
so I was lucky enough to become an immunologist and now I spend my time
immunologist and now I spend my time
immunologist and now I spend my time studying those cells studying how they
studying those cells studying how they
studying those cells studying how they respond to infectious threats and other
respond to infectious threats and other
respond to infectious threats and other threats in the environment and what I’ve
threats in the environment and what I’ve
threats in the environment and what I’ve learnt is a key component of how the
learnt is a key component of how the
learnt is a key component of how the immune system responds is the
immune system responds is the
immune system responds is the communication between the cells the
communication between the cells the
communication between the cells the cells are speaking to each other and
cells are speaking to each other and
cells are speaking to each other and that’s how we manifest our defense of
that’s how we manifest our defense of
that’s how we manifest our defense of the body let’s think about the lungs
the body let’s think about the lungs
the body let’s think about the lungs I’ve become very interested in the
I’ve become very interested in the
I’ve become very interested in the immune system in the lungs now I hope
immune system in the lungs now I hope
immune system in the lungs now I hope you’re all still breathing yeah we
you’re all still breathing yeah we
you’re all still breathing yeah we haven’t lost anybody yet that’s good
haven’t lost anybody yet that’s good
haven’t lost anybody yet that’s good every time you breathe you’re breathing
every time you breathe you’re breathing
every time you breathe you’re breathing in and out about a half a liter of air
in and out about a half a liter of air
in and out about a half a liter of air that equates to about 10,000 liters of
that equates to about 10,000 liters of
that equates to about 10,000 liters of air that pass through our lungs every
air that pass through our lungs every
air that pass through our lungs every day
everything in the air
everything in the air we’re breathing and let’s think about
we’re breathing and let’s think about
we’re breathing and let’s think about the challenges that poses to the lungs
the challenges that poses to the lungs
the challenges that poses to the lungs and in particular I want to tell you
and in particular I want to tell you
and in particular I want to tell you about a group of cells called epithelial
about a group of cells called epithelial
about a group of cells called epithelial cells these are cells that form the
cells these are cells that form the
cells these are cells that form the barrier in the lungs between the body
barrier in the lungs between the body
barrier in the lungs between the body the lungs themselves and the external
the lungs themselves and the external
the lungs themselves and the external environment the air that we are
environment the air that we are
environment the air that we are breathing and if you think about it they
breathing and if you think about it they
breathing and if you think about it they have a very very challenging job to do
have a very very challenging job to do
have a very very challenging job to do because yes we want to keep out noxious
because yes we want to keep out noxious
because yes we want to keep out noxious particles viruses and bacteria so they
particles viruses and bacteria so they
particles viruses and bacteria so they have to be able to do that but also they
have to be able to do that but also they
have to be able to do that but also they have to allow us to exchange the gases
have to allow us to exchange the gases
have to allow us to exchange the gases that we need for life every time we
that we need for life every time we
that we need for life every time we breathe in we’re taking a little little
breathe in we’re taking a little little
breathe in we’re taking a little little oxygen from the air we breathe and we’re
oxygen from the air we breathe and we’re
oxygen from the air we breathe and we’re returning a bit of carbon dioxide so
returning a bit of carbon dioxide so
returning a bit of carbon dioxide so these barrier cells are actually very
these barrier cells are actually very
these barrier cells are actually very useful to us these epithelial cells that
useful to us these epithelial cells that
useful to us these epithelial cells that act as barriers there allow us to
act as barriers there allow us to
act as barriers there allow us to exchange gases and they must protect us
exchange gases and they must protect us
exchange gases and they must protect us they must keep the outside out and the
they must keep the outside out and the
they must keep the outside out and the inside in and for a long time that’s all
inside in and for a long time that’s all
inside in and for a long time that’s all we thought they did we just thought they
we thought they did we just thought they
we thought they did we just thought they were barriers that they didn’t have much
were barriers that they didn’t have much
were barriers that they didn’t have much other functioning now we know of course
other functioning now we know of course
other functioning now we know of course that they do and in fact a key part of
that they do and in fact a key part of
that they do and in fact a key part of how they protect us from the outside
how they protect us from the outside
how they protect us from the outside environment how they maintain the
environment how they maintain the
environment how they maintain the integrity of the lungs how they keep us
integrity of the lungs how they keep us
integrity of the lungs how they keep us free from infection is that they
free from infection is that they
free from infection is that they communicate with other cells and some of
communicate with other cells and some of
communicate with other cells and some of the important cells that they
the important cells that they
the important cells that they communicate with are called macrophages
communicate with are called macrophages
communicate with are called macrophages that literally means cells that go
that literally means cells that go
that literally means cells that go around eating things they’re big eaters
around eating things they’re big eaters
around eating things they’re big eaters and the epithelial cells tell the
and the epithelial cells tell the
and the epithelial cells tell the macrophages what’s in the environment
macrophages what’s in the environment
macrophages what’s in the environment they send signals they communicate with
they send signals they communicate with
they send signals they communicate with the environment they send signals to the
the environment they send signals to the
the environment they send signals to the macrophages so that if there’s an
macrophages so that if there’s an
macrophages so that if there’s an infection coming if there’s a bacteria
infection coming if there’s a bacteria
infection coming if there’s a bacteria they’ve encountered for exam
they’ve encountered for exam
they’ve encountered for exam the macrophages become activated to deal
the macrophages become activated to deal
the macrophages become activated to deal with that threat and we call these
with that threat and we call these
with that threat and we call these activated macrophages M 1 as
activated macrophages M 1 as
activated macrophages M 1 as immunologists we’re not very imaginative
immunologists we’re not very imaginative
immunologists we’re not very imaginative so these are M 1 and they’re very
so these are M 1 and they’re very
so these are M 1 and they’re very aggressive they’re spoiling for a fight
aggressive they’re spoiling for a fight
aggressive they’re spoiling for a fight they’ll kick the hell out of bacteria
they’ll kick the hell out of bacteria
they’ll kick the hell out of bacteria but of course they might damage the
but of course they might damage the
but of course they might damage the surrounding just like in a bar brawl
surrounding just like in a bar brawl
surrounding just like in a bar brawl lots of windows get smashed so they take
lots of windows get smashed so they take
lots of windows get smashed so they take out the invaders but they can cause
out the invaders but they can cause
out the invaders but they can cause damage so we have to limit their
damage so we have to limit their
damage so we have to limit their aggression and so the barrier cells also
aggression and so the barrier cells also
aggression and so the barrier cells also have to send signals to macrophages to
have to send signals to macrophages to
have to send signals to macrophages to calm them down and in their calm state
calm them down and in their calm state
calm them down and in their calm state they’re chilled out state they’re known
they’re chilled out state they’re known
they’re chilled out state they’re known as m2 again very imaginative
as m2 again very imaginative
as m2 again very imaginative so the m2 macrophages are laid-back and
so the m2 macrophages are laid-back and
so the m2 macrophages are laid-back and what they do is they stop the m1
what they do is they stop the m1
what they do is they stop the m1 macrophages from being aggressive and
macrophages from being aggressive and
macrophages from being aggressive and the m2 macrophages go in and they repair
the m2 macrophages go in and they repair
the m2 macrophages go in and they repair any damages done they repair that
any damages done they repair that
any damages done they repair that barrier those epithelial cells clearly
barrier those epithelial cells clearly
barrier those epithelial cells clearly the signaling between the epithelial
the signaling between the epithelial
the signaling between the epithelial cells and the macrophages is very
cells and the macrophages is very
cells and the macrophages is very important and sometimes the macrophages
important and sometimes the macrophages
important and sometimes the macrophages return the favor they signal back to the
return the favor they signal back to the
return the favor they signal back to the epithelial cells as we shall see a bit
epithelial cells as we shall see a bit
epithelial cells as we shall see a bit later on they can instruct the
later on they can instruct the
later on they can instruct the epithelial cells to do things but this
epithelial cells to do things but this
epithelial cells to do things but this communication between the cells
communication between the cells
communication between the cells regulates the activity and it keeps us
regulates the activity and it keeps us
regulates the activity and it keeps us healthy it keeps our lungs healthy as we
healthy it keeps our lungs healthy as we
healthy it keeps our lungs healthy as we breathe we breathe in everything in the
breathe we breathe in everything in the
breathe we breathe in everything in the air particles of soot bacteria people
air particles of soot bacteria people
air particles of soot bacteria people coughing viruses diesel particles
coughing viruses diesel particles
coughing viruses diesel particles organic matter everything in the air
organic matter everything in the air
organic matter everything in the air that we are breathing passes into our
that we are breathing passes into our
that we are breathing passes into our lungs and of course that can cause
lungs and of course that can cause
lungs and of course that can cause damage to the lungs if we know how the
damage to the lungs if we know how the
damage to the lungs if we know how the damage is caused and perhaps which
damage is caused and perhaps which
damage is caused and perhaps which pollutants are causing that damage then
pollutants are causing that damage then
pollutants are causing that damage then maybe we can do something about it and
maybe we can do something about it and
maybe we can do something about it and the World Health Organization tell us
the World Health Organization tell us
the World Health Organization tell us that in the past year over 7 million
that in the past year over 7 million
that in the past year over 7 million people have died from air
people have died from air
people have died from air that’s about one in eight of the total
that’s about one in eight of the total
that’s about one in eight of the total deaths in the world is due to breathing
deaths in the world is due to breathing
deaths in the world is due to breathing polluted and contaminated air and that’s
polluted and contaminated air and that’s
polluted and contaminated air and that’s a problem
a problem
a problem in our country and particularly in many
in our country and particularly in many
in our country and particularly in many of the developing countries around the
of the developing countries around the
of the developing countries around the world pollutants can corrupt the
world pollutants can corrupt the
world pollutants can corrupt the signaling between those cells pollutants
signaling between those cells pollutants
signaling between those cells pollutants very often can activate the em1 those
very often can activate the em1 those
very often can activate the em1 those aggressive macrophages and keep them
aggressive macrophages and keep them
aggressive macrophages and keep them switched on so we get lots of damage as
switched on so we get lots of damage as
switched on so we get lots of damage as a result of course we can get chronic
a result of course we can get chronic
a result of course we can get chronic diseases asthma COPD chronic obstructive
diseases asthma COPD chronic obstructive
diseases asthma COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and many others that
pulmonary disease and many others that
pulmonary disease and many others that caused the deaths that we see due to air
caused the deaths that we see due to air
caused the deaths that we see due to air pollution other pollutants can activate
pollution other pollutants can activate
pollution other pollutants can activate the m-2 macrophages and keep them
the m-2 macrophages and keep them
the m-2 macrophages and keep them switched on and what can happen then is
switched on and what can happen then is
switched on and what can happen then is we get aberrant thickening of the
we get aberrant thickening of the
we get aberrant thickening of the epithelial cells and we might leave
epithelial cells and we might leave
epithelial cells and we might leave ourselves open to infection from
ourselves open to infection from
ourselves open to infection from bacteria and from viruses if we can
bacteria and from viruses if we can
bacteria and from viruses if we can understand those signals if we can
understand those signals if we can
understand those signals if we can understand the language between the
understand the language between the
understand the language between the epithelial cells and the macrophages and
epithelial cells and the macrophages and
epithelial cells and the macrophages and how the pollutants can corrupt that
how the pollutants can corrupt that
how the pollutants can corrupt that language then maybe we can start to do
language then maybe we can start to do
language then maybe we can start to do something about it
something about it
something about it and that’s the task that I set myself
and that’s the task that I set myself
and that’s the task that I set myself and my research group now the first
and my research group now the first
and my research group now the first thing to do of course is to find some
thing to do of course is to find some
thing to do of course is to find some lungs we want to work on this signaling
lungs we want to work on this signaling
lungs we want to work on this signaling between epithelial cells barrier cells
between epithelial cells barrier cells
between epithelial cells barrier cells in the lungs and immune cells the
in the lungs and immune cells the
in the lungs and immune cells the macrophages that interact with them so
macrophages that interact with them so
macrophages that interact with them so I’d like volunteer to donate some of
I’d like volunteer to donate some of
I’d like volunteer to donate some of their lungs it’s all in a good cause in
their lungs it’s all in a good cause in
their lungs it’s all in a good cause in science yeah I usually get that response
science yeah I usually get that response
science yeah I usually get that response not too many people want to give me some
not too many people want to give me some
not too many people want to give me some of their lungs actually there are some
of their lungs actually there are some
of their lungs actually there are some people that do and there’s a technique
people that do and there’s a technique
people that do and there’s a technique called bronchoalveolar lavage where you
called bronchoalveolar lavage where you
called bronchoalveolar lavage where you put a salt solution into the lungs and
put a salt solution into the lungs and
put a salt solution into the lungs and you wash out the lungs and with that
you wash out the lungs and with that
you wash out the lungs and with that comes some cells and we can grow the
comes some cells and we can grow the
comes some cells and we can grow the cells but we don’t really want to do
cells but we don’t really want to do
cells but we don’t really want to do that it’s a bit of an inconvenience and
that it’s a bit of an inconvenience and
that it’s a bit of an inconvenience and I wouldn’t recommend that you volunteer
I wouldn’t recommend that you volunteer
I wouldn’t recommend that you volunteer for that
for that
for that frankly what we’ve done is developed
frankly what we’ve done is developed
frankly what we’ve done is developed cells that grow continuously but are
cells that grow continuously but are
cells that grow continuously but are actually very very much like the
actually very very much like the
actually very very much like the alveolar epithelial cells and
alveolar epithelial cells and
alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages the cells of the lung that
macrophages the cells of the lung that
macrophages the cells of the lung that we want to study we can grow these soul
we want to study we can grow these soul
we want to study we can grow these soul cells together in special chambers in
cells together in special chambers in
cells together in special chambers in the lab so they’re like a lab lung so
the lab so they’re like a lab lung so
the lab so they’re like a lab lung so now we have a system that we can
now we have a system that we can
now we have a system that we can interrogate we can put different
interrogate we can put different
interrogate we can put different pollutants into that system and that’s
pollutants into that system and that’s
pollutants into that system and that’s what we’re doing we can add extracts
what we’re doing we can add extracts
what we’re doing we can add extracts from diesel exhaust particles we can add
from diesel exhaust particles we can add
from diesel exhaust particles we can add allergens we can add organic matter
allergens we can add organic matter
allergens we can add organic matter that’s come from composting or intensive
that’s come from composting or intensive
that’s come from composting or intensive agriculture sites that’s exactly what
agriculture sites that’s exactly what
agriculture sites that’s exactly what we’re doing and we’re looking at the
we’re doing and we’re looking at the
we’re doing and we’re looking at the responses that the macrophages have are
responses that the macrophages have are
responses that the macrophages have are they aggressive are they chilled out
they aggressive are they chilled out
they aggressive are they chilled out are they m1 are they m2 what’s happening
are they m1 are they m2 what’s happening
are they m1 are they m2 what’s happening to the epithelial cells we can study all
to the epithelial cells we can study all
to the epithelial cells we can study all these things in this lab lung that we’ve
these things in this lab lung that we’ve
these things in this lab lung that we’ve got now the cells don’t talk to each
got now the cells don’t talk to each
got now the cells don’t talk to each other using words would be great if they
other using words would be great if they
other using words would be great if they did but they talk to each other by
did but they talk to each other by
did but they talk to each other by producing small proteins those proteins
producing small proteins those proteins
producing small proteins those proteins are called cytokines so if we can
are called cytokines so if we can
are called cytokines so if we can identify those proteins that would be
identify those proteins that would be
identify those proteins that would be like identifying the language and then
like identifying the language and then
like identifying the language and then we could translate what they were saying
we could translate what they were saying
we could translate what they were saying we could understand the language of the
we could understand the language of the
we could understand the language of the cells so that’s what we need to do and
cells so that’s what we need to do and
cells so that’s what we need to do and that’s what we’ve been doing we’ve been
that’s what we’ve been doing we’ve been
that’s what we’ve been doing we’ve been taking samples from our lab lung our
taking samples from our lab lung our
taking samples from our lab lung our cell cultures that have had different
cell cultures that have had different
cell cultures that have had different stimulants added to them different
stimulants added to them different
stimulants added to them different pollutants and we’ve taken the mixture
pollutants and we’ve taken the mixture
pollutants and we’ve taken the mixture containing all the proteins that these
containing all the proteins that these
containing all the proteins that these cells are communicating to each other
cells are communicating to each other
cells are communicating to each other with and we we’re trying to identify
with and we we’re trying to identify
with and we we’re trying to identify what they are sometimes the macrophages
what they are sometimes the macrophages
what they are sometimes the macrophages talk back to the epithelial cells and if
talk back to the epithelial cells and if
talk back to the epithelial cells and if there are particular stresses in the
there are particular stresses in the
there are particular stresses in the environment the macrophages instruct the
environment the macrophages instruct the
environment the macrophages instruct the epithelial cells to commit suicide it’s
epithelial cells to commit suicide it’s
epithelial cells to commit suicide it’s a process called apoptosis
now sometimes this can be actually
now sometimes this can be actually beneficial but of course many times it
beneficial but of course many times it
beneficial but of course many times it can be detrimental and if you look at
can be detrimental and if you look at
can be detrimental and if you look at the difference between the the pictures
the difference between the the pictures
the difference between the the pictures the micrographs that you can see on the
the micrographs that you can see on the
the micrographs that you can see on the slides you can see that on the left
slides you can see that on the left
slides you can see that on the left you’ve got a nice mixture of macrophages
you’ve got a nice mixture of macrophages
you’ve got a nice mixture of macrophages and epithelial cells but the main
and epithelial cells but the main
and epithelial cells but the main difference is on the right that many of
difference is on the right that many of
difference is on the right that many of those cells have disappeared those are
those cells have disappeared those are
those cells have disappeared those are the epithelial cells that have committed
the epithelial cells that have committed
the epithelial cells that have committed suicide under instruction from the
suicide under instruction from the
suicide under instruction from the macrophages so we’re interested in what
macrophages so we’re interested in what
macrophages so we’re interested in what those signals are as well what’s that
those signals are as well what’s that
those signals are as well what’s that language okay to understand a language
language okay to understand a language
language okay to understand a language we need a translator just much like when
we need a translator just much like when
we need a translator just much like when we started I told you about my father
we started I told you about my father
we started I told you about my father translating languages we have to have a
translating languages we have to have a
translating languages we have to have a translator that can understand the
translator that can understand the
translator that can understand the protein language that the cells are
protein language that the cells are
protein language that the cells are speaking to each other
speaking to each other
speaking to each other we have to be able to take all the
we have to be able to take all the
we have to be able to take all the proteins in our system put it through a
proteins in our system put it through a
proteins in our system put it through a translator and hopefully some sensible
translator and hopefully some sensible
translator and hopefully some sensible sentences might come out the other end
sentences might come out the other end
sentences might come out the other end and to do that we use sophisticated
and to do that we use sophisticated
and to do that we use sophisticated equipment called a mass spectrometer
equipment called a mass spectrometer
equipment called a mass spectrometer what this does is it smashes up all the
what this does is it smashes up all the
what this does is it smashes up all the proteins into tiny fragments and then it
proteins into tiny fragments and then it
proteins into tiny fragments and then it separates those fragments according to
separates those fragments according to
separates those fragments according to their mass and it turns out that the
their mass and it turns out that the
their mass and it turns out that the mass of the fragments are unique to
mass of the fragments are unique to
mass of the fragments are unique to different proteins so if we can identify
different proteins so if we can identify
different proteins so if we can identify the fragments from their masses we can
the fragments from their masses we can
the fragments from their masses we can work back and tell which proteins are
work back and tell which proteins are
work back and tell which proteins are present and that’s exactly what we’re
present and that’s exactly what we’re
present and that’s exactly what we’re doing we’re looking at all the proteins
doing we’re looking at all the proteins
doing we’re looking at all the proteins in our system something called
in our system something called
in our system something called proteomics we’re analyzing that and then
proteomics we’re analyzing that and then
proteomics we’re analyzing that and then deciphering what proteins are produced
deciphering what proteins are produced
deciphering what proteins are produced under different conditions what
under different conditions what
under different conditions what pollutants are inducing certain proteins
pollutants are inducing certain proteins
pollutants are inducing certain proteins and what’s the response from our
and what’s the response from our
and what’s the response from our macrophages so this is the language of
macrophages so this is the language of
macrophages so this is the language of the cells this is the protein language
the cells this is the protein language
the cells this is the protein language of the cells it turns out the protein
of the cells it turns out the protein
of the cells it turns out the protein language is quite complex but we’re
language is quite complex but we’re
language is quite complex but we’re starting to understand it we’ve got a
starting to understand it we’ve got a
starting to understand it we’ve got a rudimentary understanding of the
rudimentary understanding of the
rudimentary understanding of the language of the cells and this will
language of the cells and this will
language of the cells and this will allow us to make predictions about how
allow us to make predictions about how
allow us to make predictions about how the cells might respond in different
the cells might respond in different
the cells might respond in different situations
situations
situations so what if we found out we’ve been able
so what if we found out we’ve been able
so what if we found out we’ve been able to grow lung cells in the lab we’ve been
to grow lung cells in the lab we’ve been
to grow lung cells in the lab we’ve been able to add different stimulants
able to add different stimulants
able to add different stimulants different pollutants to these lung cells
different pollutants to these lung cells
different pollutants to these lung cells and we’ve been able to look at whether
and we’ve been able to look at whether
and we’ve been able to look at whether they induce the aggressive m1
they induce the aggressive m1
they induce the aggressive m1 macrophages or the chilled-out m2
macrophages or the chilled-out m2
macrophages or the chilled-out m2 macrophages and how that impacts on the
macrophages and how that impacts on the
macrophages and how that impacts on the barrier cells we’ve been able to find
barrier cells we’ve been able to find
barrier cells we’ve been able to find out some of the protein language that
out some of the protein language that
out some of the protein language that instructs the aggressive m1 macrophage
instructs the aggressive m1 macrophage
instructs the aggressive m1 macrophage or the chilled-out m2 macrophage and
or the chilled-out m2 macrophage and
or the chilled-out m2 macrophage and this is allowing us to develop drugs
this is allowing us to develop drugs
this is allowing us to develop drugs that can maybe change that language so
that can maybe change that language so
that can maybe change that language so that when we’re faced with pollutants or
that when we’re faced with pollutants or
that when we’re faced with pollutants or other stresses that switch on the
other stresses that switch on the
other stresses that switch on the aggressive m1 we can change that
aggressive m1 we can change that
aggressive m1 we can change that language we can modify it back to a
language we can modify it back to a
language we can modify it back to a language it tells them to to chill out
language it tells them to to chill out
language it tells them to to chill out of it so we might be able to treat or
of it so we might be able to treat or
of it so we might be able to treat or even prevent diseases such as asthma and
even prevent diseases such as asthma and
even prevent diseases such as asthma and other airway diseases the more we
other airway diseases the more we
other airway diseases the more we understand about this language this
understand about this language this
understand about this language this protein language of the cells and more
protein language of the cells and more
protein language of the cells and more than that our mini lung is also we can
than that our mini lung is also we can
than that our mini lung is also we can work the ank language back the other way
work the ank language back the other way
work the ank language back the other way we can look at what it’s telling us and
we can look at what it’s telling us and
we can look at what it’s telling us and then understand what’s in the
then understand what’s in the
then understand what’s in the environment around us what is in the air
environment around us what is in the air
environment around us what is in the air around us so we’re using our cells as
around us so we’re using our cells as
around us so we’re using our cells as sensors to tell us what’s around every
sensors to tell us what’s around every
sensors to tell us what’s around every breath we take
breath we take
breath we take so please think about the language of
so please think about the language of
so please think about the language of the cells with every breath you take
the cells with every breath you take
the cells with every breath you take thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
”
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