genetic manipulation of plants
transformed synthetic life one is
full of questions also from many
fears and hear many rumors in those
rumors
maybe the idea of discovering the
The scope of these advances is to begin with
the beginning and for me the start is
know the DNA molecule
the deoxyribonucleic acid the
hereditary material of all beings
alive
this wonderful molecule is formed
by a double chain of a few units
structural called nucleotides a of
mine thymine cytosine and guanine form the
genetic language of all beings
alive and this should call us the
attention that then differs between a
species and others and we all have the same
biochemical structure actually the
molecule is the same only change the
order of these letters and this also
brings us to another question why the
adn and maybe there we should investigate the
beginning of life in conditions
extreme environmental high temperatures
maybe an atmosphere without oxygen
many variations
there were many attempts many molecules
that competed that were organized and the
triumph was when inside a
membrane there was a group of molecules
among them one that could
self-replicating that means that
could transmit information from a
cell to another and this happened
approximately about 3,500 million
of years
that’s what the fossils tell us
ancient found in australia up
the moment and here what happened how
we come to this awesome
biodiversity that we have now a
biodiversity that we must understand by
the richness of ecosystems and also by
the diversity of species and again
what has to call our attention
is that within each of the
animal or plant species or of
invertebrates there is the same molecule
of the ever present DNA and maybe
we want to understand how this is formed
diversity and we have to go back to the
start when there were few cells
unicellular some bacteria and that
they made those bacteria country and
diversifying they began to exchange
genes the DNA began to mix
began to form vivid molecules of
different origins the DNA does not have
fear of forming mestizo molecules and is
why when we now analyze
now with all the knowledge
this tree of life we see two great
archaea groups and bacteria millions of
bacteria that are adapted to all
the environments that you can imagine
high temperatures low temperatures
zero
within other organisms in the
surface environments acidic environments
alkaline where you imagine there are
bacteria can not see them but they are
present and why so many because their
adn could mix he could forget because
the DNA of bacteria is a mixture of
various origins
good we multicellular
we breathe and we say of those are the
bacteria but we in this third
group the tree of life the one of the
eukaryotes is where the
multicellular where is the human being
and all the other animals plants
algae mushrooms
we not that genetic promiscuity
which is the mark of evolution in this
planet earth and that is evidenced
in bacteria that promiscuity
we leave it to the bacteria and
we do not have genomes
intact be true
will be that the multicellular are not
promiscuous and maybe to understand this
we have to ask again for
that there is genetic promiscuity and this
promiscuity exists to be diverse and
the multis usa
chávez are also diverse but
another mechanism that is not present in
the bacteria that is the reproduction
sexual
that wonderful process of forming
gametes, ovules and sperm and each
they form
new combinations of genes and in each
Fertilization process when joined
an egg and a sperm creates a
genetically different organism but
again
we believe that the genes of a species
although they go through sexual reproduction
they are only of their kind only from the
kind of a primate or just the
kind of any plant but
analyzing only one example the example
of our genome that of being human
we see that we share 98% of the
information with chimpanzees the 92
percent with the mice the 44 by
cent with the drosophila fly with a
insect 26 percent with a fungus
unicellular yeast and 18 by
cent with the plants so far the
investigations tell us who
We share more than 200 families of
genes between bacteria and archaea and the
cario test that reflects this we
reflects this wonderful feature
from the DNA its plasticity
as I said the addition is not afraid and
the coloma was implanted
transmission of information throughout
of thousands of years of evolution for its
faculty to spot and maybe we have to
think about this DNA plasticity
when we analyze the selection
artificial
these activities that the
humans for thousands of years
when you practice livestock or
agriculture and an example that I like
tell or remember is the corn
as you all know corn
origin in mesoamerica is the species
ancestral of corn is the
the zinc you and the teosinte has a
cob and in the grains that are almost
invisible and uaw what we eat now
this giant more gallows with these grains
huge how this could have happened
this pause has passed thanks to the thousands
of years of conventional improvement
the farmers have been selecting
for hundreds of years
specific features to create
new varieties and this improvement is
has done with more or less technology and
when we think of any example not
only in the corn or and the carrot
broccoli or any crop that
now we eat is the result of
genetic improvement and we ask ourselves
is this natural and the answer
overwhelming is that this is not natural
this has been given thanks only has
possible because the human being has
been directing each of these
artificial crosses and these new
agricultural varieties or if we think about
the animals are only possible
because at the level of its genome there have been
immense genetic rearrangements their
chromosomes have been regulated to give
these varieties that we now consume and
this is paradoxical and it is paradoxical
when we think and listen that now
in the laboratory with the development of
genetic engineering is achieved
introduce a few genes in these
agricultural varieties and we are scared to
changes but at the DNA level the changes
with these more modern techniques is
much smaller
I’m not talking about the political debate
ideological social that awaken the
genetically modified organisms
surely that is another is another level of
debate and another reality but at the level of
the debate there is no organism
genetically modified
it only represents a new way
spot in the
dn when we think about this we have to
analyze advances in technology
the awakening of this century began with
the era of genomics dawned and the
genome of the human being was sequenced
then other plant species like
that of rice and other species that
they serve for research but that
it means that we have a genome
sequenced means we know
all the letters of all the molecules
of DNA that are in a species is like
have a book that has hundreds thousands
of leaves but letter to letter to letter no
words are recognized and that’s why
the final goal has not been reached and that
sea in that ocean of letters
now it’s about discovering the words
those words that make sense and how
those words are writing sentences
and how those sentences are forming
paragraphs and how are the
instruction manual by which
each one of these species works
there is still a lot to discover and
Although until today we have
more than 23 thousand genomes among bacteria
animals and plants sequenced me
I dare to say the DNA information
it is very important to know your letters on
order of the letters is fabulous but not
it’s enough and it’s not enough to
understand the complexity that defines the
life and we said we meet the
words and that tells us genomics
but those words are the genes and those
genes are whimsical and are not
awake all the time and that’s why
we need transcriptomics that
is telling us what genes are
awake at what time and when
we know what genes are awake the
proteomics tells us that they produce those
genes and those genes produce proteins and
these proteins are these new
authors these protagonists of the routes
metabolic and thanks to the goal
ism species are adapted to their
medium and they are successful and if this box is
very complex very complex
it’s like having a huge puzzle and
despite all the progress and maybe
every hour of certain we follow
discovering things but it’s a great
puzzle and many millions of pieces
they are still unknown
however there are many applications of
these advances an application that
it seems interesting to mention is the
synthetic biology and that is the
synthetic biology is this possibility
now to synthesize DNA sequences
genes from the information that is
accumulates in the vessels in the banks of
data on computers and here is not
true
in 2010 it spread this news
could synthesize a bacterial genome
complete the parents of this genome was
Computer
this revolution not because this genome
synthetic was put in a cell and that
cell reacted to synthetic gene and
that’s wow is unthinkable and now it
work on that to make bacteria and
energy and field applications
doctor
this news caused panic terror until
where researchers the technology
it does not have limits
it was said and once again
they heard many rumors
maybe tomorrow or the day after tomorrow
let’s have synthetic flowers
synthetic and why not human beings
synthetic and because I think that’s not
true
or at least it is very far from that
become a reality because the
multicellular organisms we are
structurally much more complex
that bacteria a single detail is
analyze how the DNA of these
multicellular organisms
enter some cells you have
They are rolling and want to enroll in a
new protagonists that are the
histones and when they roll these
stories are marked and form a new
language the epigenetic language and
we have two languages the genetic and the
epigenetic who try to converse
among them to determine how
a living being works
that’s why I insist the DNA is the first
level is the beginning to try to
understand what defines life and
functioning of living beings is
fabulous knows the words and how
those words are mixed to go
weaving stories however we are missing
understand a lot we need to understand the
molecular interactions we are missing
discover the new protagonists and we
it is necessary to know the molecular languages
that direct life on this planet
Earth
of course the advances of the
genetics in genomics in the
synthetic biology wake up
public perception questions
there is a debate between the positive and the
negative is very important power
disseminate adequate information about
everything to be able to differentiate beliefs from
media events
play a fundamental role in this
proper and truthful transmission of
information regulations are needed
of course yes, perhaps regulations that
be based on science and evidence and not
only in ideology and in six the
extremists
my experience tells me that
prohibitions come to us to handle the
technological development and dust and worse
the handling of information
there is so much development accumulation
of information that I dare say
what is the ethics of the people of the
researchers and the authors who
direct this development
the one that should prevail is ethics the
only one that can win us
use the proper use of this
information
but when we hear about DNA when
we hear about we should not think
only in genetic transformation in
edition of genes in biology
synthetic
I love studying and understanding these
molecular processes that define life
it fascinates me to immerse myself in this
complexity but in my real life and
used the DNA information to
understand genetic diversity and
population structure of several
species of animals and plants that
inhabit the diverse ecosystems of
this wonderful country of the equator so
megadiverse and I do this for purposes of
conservation and agricultural management or
environmental the DNA does not lie its
information
tell stories stories of mixtures and
vibrations and these mixtures
civilizations reveal an evolution and
an adaptation to conditions
environmental changes in the past
years and with the development of
technology and this immense creativity
of the human being have been conquered
borders that were unthinkable
unattainable until a few decades ago
the conquest is made the information
is available and there are no steps towards
back but without new horizons to 1
conquered and there goes the
knowledge development
the stories to discover will be
fascinating your applications will have
followers and detractors but the
reality will continue the adn account
stories that go beyond the
human or belief limits
ideological or religious
Thank you
the laws
”
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